Frank Hole
Biographic Data
| ID | 101329 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Frank Hole |
| GIVEN NAMES | Frank |
| FAMILY NAME | Hole |
| SIGNATURE | HOLE F |
| AFFILIATIONS | Yale University |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 41 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 479 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 41 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1959 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2020 |
| H-INDEX | 10 |
Ali Kosh
Cueva Blanca
Cueva Blanca lies in a volcanic tuff cliff some 4 km northwest of Mitla, Oaxaca, Mexico. It is one of a series of Archaic sites excavated by Kent Flannery and Frank Hole as part of a project on the prehistory and human ecology of the Valley of Oaxaca. The oldest stratigraphic level in Cueva Blanca yielded Late Pleistocene fauna, including some species no longer present in southern Mexico. The second oldest level, Zone E, produced Early Archaic ma…
Drought stress variability in ancient Near Eastern agricultural systems evidenced by δ 13 C in barley grain
Significance Collapse and resilience of ancient Near Eastern societies is intrinsically tied to agricultural production. Despite intensive palaeoclimate research, the role of environmental conditions in ancient agricultural production is little understood. Stable carbon isotope analysis on cereal grains from archaeological sites provides a direct evidence for drought stress. This paper demonstrates that drought stress correlated with major climat…
A two-part, two-stage model of domestication
Somewhat more than 9000 years ago, certain human populations in China changed their subsistence patterns from hunting to a more settled way of life and began to cultivate plants and to domesticate animals. Pigs especially were of economic importance throughout the period, since they could provide meat rapidly, ensuring a regular food supply for large groups of people, and organic fertilizer for farming. As a supplier of meat, the horse was of lit…
New perspectives on the use of kites in mass-kills of Levantine gazelle
Role of mass-kill hunting strategies in the extirpation of Persian gazelle ( Gazella subgutturosa ) in the northern Levant
Continuous and intensive exploitation of wildlife resources by early agricultural societies had major ecological consequences in the ancient Near East. In particular, hunting strategies of post-Neolithic societies involving the mass killing of wild ungulates contributed to the eventual extirpation of a number of wild species. A remarkable deposit of bones of Persian gazelle ( Gazella subgutarosa ) from fourth millennium BCE levels at Tell Kuran i…
The Organization of Ceramic Production during the Susa I Period
Mondialement connues et illustrées dans les livres d’art préhistorique, les céramiques de Suse I manifestent un très haut niveau de perfection dans le style, les proportions et les représentations. Cependant, les vases publiés ne représentent qu’une fraction de l’ensemble découvert dans la nécropole de Suse. Environ mille céramiques ont été restaurées montrant ainsi une grande gamme de styles et de compétences artistiques. La nécropole a probable…
Recent Advances in Middle Eastern Archaeology
Drivers of Unsustainable Land Use in the Semi-Arid Khabur River Basin, Syria
The semi-arid zone of Southwest Asia, known as the Fertile Crescent, is under unprecedented stress because of agricultural development. Where rain-fed agriculture and transhumant herding had prevailed over ten millennia, today intensive cultivation with irrigation threatens future sustainability. A number of interconnected, but uncoordinated drivers of change combine to shape the landscape and its future, and their changes make it hard to anticip…
The Neolithic Revolution in the near East. Alan Simmons
Settlement and Society
The Oldest Depictions of Canines and a Possible Early Breed of Dog in Iran
While dogs occur in Levantine Natufian sites as early as the 13th millennium BC, images of canines date only to the early 8th millennium. The oldest depictions of dogs and the first representations of a breed similar to that of the modern Persian Gazelle Hound or saluki are found in sites in Deh Luran and Khuzistan, Iran. This brief paper shows the oldest illustrations of canines and evidence for a saluki-like breed. We conclude with some possibl…
Nature's Role in the Origins of Agriculture
Robert Braidwood’un ilk olarak 1950’lerde, tarimin baslangicini arastirmaya basladigindan beri gerceklestirilen yeni buluslar, bu ‘devrim’de degisen iklimin ve atmosferin ne denli surukleyici bir rol oynadiklarina dikkatleri cekmistir. Ayni zamanda, Braidwood’un da uzerinde durdugu gibi, insanlik evcillestirmeyi saglayacak aletleri yapacak ortami da yaratmistir
A Radiocarbon Chronology for the Middle Khabur, Syria
Following several seasons of survey and sampling of prehistoric sites in the middle and western Khabur drainage, we have secured more than fifty radiocarbon dates that provide an internally consistent, accurate and detailed chronology for this region. In this paper we provide a short synopsis of each sampled site by archaeological period (Table 1), accompanied by drawings of diagnostic ceramics. A complete presentation of the archaeological, arti…
Economic Implications of Possible Storage Structures at Tell Ziyadeh, NE Syria
Economic Implications of Possible Storage Structures at Tell Ziyadeh NE Syria
The first concentrated settlement on the middle Khabur River of NE Syria and of the surrounding semi-arid steppe occurred during the first half of the 3rd millennium B.C., shortly before the emergence of urban sites in northern Mesopotamia. The number and variety of probable storage structures at several relatively small sites on the river have led to competing hypotheses as to their function: was grain grown and stored for local use or for expor…
Paleoenvironment and Human Society in the Jezireh of Northern Mesopotamia 20 000-6 000 BP
Climate change from the Last Glacial maximum to the onset of modern climatic conditions in the Jezireh of Northern Mesopotamia alternately allowed and discouraged human settlement of this semi-arid steppe. Few sites predate the Younger Dryas. Agricultural settlements first appeared and quickly spread after the Younger Dryas, during the Climatic Optimum. The lack of good archaeological sequences and the general absence of paleoclimatic data from m…
The Origins of Agriculture and Settled Life
The Excavations in Kebara Cave, Mt. Carmel [and Comments and Replies]
This paper summarizes the results of recent excavations (1982-90) at the Middle Paleolithic site of Kebara Cave. Work at the cave by earlier excavators is also discussed. Although analysis of the Kebara materials is still far from completed, an overview of the current stage of the investigations includes (1) a synthesis of the site's complex stratigraphy and dating; (2) a description of the spatial patterning of hearths, ash lenses, and bone and …
Reply to Graber
Archeology
To the Euphrates and Beyond
The Ecology of Seasonal Stress and the Origins of Agriculture in the Near East
The time, place, and reasons for the first domestication of cereals and legumes in the Near East can now be securely identified using combined evidence from paleoenvironmental studies, models of ecosystem dynamics, and regional archeology. The heartland of domestication was the Jordan Valley and surrounding region in the Southern Levant. Approximately 10,000 years ago, people began planting crops where the wild ancestral species had proliferated …
The Organization of Susiana Society. Periodization of Site Distributions
Hole Frank. The Organization of Susiana Society. Periodization of Site Distributions. In: Paléorient, 1985, vol. 11, n°2. Actes du séminaire CNRS/NSF de Bellevaux (24-29 juin 1985) : L'évolution des sociétés complexes du sud-ouest de l'Iran. pp. 21-24
A Reassessment of the Neolithic Revolution
Domestication in the Near East was a two-part, two-stage sequence that involved separate processes and histories for cereals and livestock. Archaeological data suggest that plants were domesticated in lowland regions of the Near East in a process that began as early as 18,000 years ago. By contrast, the caprines and cattle show no signs of human control before about 10,000 years ago. Domestication of livestock occurred in the Zagros and Taurus mo…
The Excavations in Kebara Cave, Mt. Carmel [and Comments and Replies]
This paper summarizes the results of recent excavations (1982-90) at the Middle Paleolithic site of Kebara Cave. Work at the cave by earlier excavators is also discussed. Although analysis of the Kebara materials is still far from completed, an overview of the current stage of the investigations includes (1) a synthesis of the site's complex stratigraphy and dating; (2) a description of the spatial patterning of hearths, ash lenses, and bone and …
The Ecology of Seasonal Stress and the Origins of Agriculture in the Near East
The time, place, and reasons for the first domestication of cereals and legumes in the Near East can now be securely identified using combined evidence from paleoenvironmental studies, models of ecosystem dynamics, and regional archeology. The heartland of domestication was the Jordan Valley and surrounding region in the Southern Levant. Approximately 10,000 years ago, people began planting crops where the wild ancestral species had proliferated …
Anthropological Perspectives on Ancient Trade [and Comments and Replies]
Most studies of ancient trade, it is argued, have tended to isolate the subject too narrowly as habitual patterns in the movement of goods. New knowledge continues to be generated using that approach, partly as a result of recent technical advances in archaeology. Substantial further progress, however, will require an understanding of the more complex and multifaceted significance of trade that must be derived mainly from ethnographic and ethnohi…
The Prehistory of Southwestern Iran
Current research on the prehistory of the Near East is proceeding at a pace unmatched since the ‘golden era of archaeology’ immediately preceding World War II. Iran, because of its great archeological potential and its stable political situation, has become a prime target for new investigations. Expeditions from the United States, Great Britain, Denmark, France, and Japan have all made substantial contributions to knowledge of Iranian prehistory …
A Reassessment of the Neolithic Revolution
Domestication in the Near East was a two-part, two-stage sequence that involved separate processes and histories for cereals and livestock. Archaeological data suggest that plants were domesticated in lowland regions of the Near East in a process that began as early as 18,000 years ago. By contrast, the caprines and cattle show no signs of human control before about 10,000 years ago. Domestication of livestock occurred in the Zagros and Taurus mo…
Tepe Tula'i, an early campsite in Khuzistan, Iran
Un sondage, effectué au printemps de 1973 en Iran sur un site préhistorique du Khuzistan près ďAndimeshk, a permis de reconnaître un vaste campement de pasteurs. Les vestiges de campement appartiennent à la phase "Sefid" selon la chronologie établie au Deh Loran. Le site, Tūlā'ī, a été occupé pendant, peut-être, 200 ans, entre 6200 et 5900 av. J.C
Paleoenvironment and Human Society in the Jezireh of Northern Mesopotamia 20 000-6 000 BP
Climate change from the Last Glacial maximum to the onset of modern climatic conditions in the Jezireh of Northern Mesopotamia alternately allowed and discouraged human settlement of this semi-arid steppe. Few sites predate the Younger Dryas. Agricultural settlements first appeared and quickly spread after the Younger Dryas, during the Climatic Optimum. The lack of good archaeological sequences and the general absence of paleoclimatic data from m…
Analysis of structure and design in prehistoric ceramics
This paper describes a new method of ceramic analysis and gives preliminary results of an example of its application to a large body of data from the fifth millennium site of Susa, in southwestern Iran. The method distinguishes between structural and design elements and relates these to vessel form. Coding of elements proceeds until enough information is stored to enable one to regenerate the pots from the code alone. The analysis allows one to d…
Studies in the Archeological History of the Deh Luran Plain
In 1968 and 1969, Frank Hole directed the excavation of Chagha Sefid, a prehistoric site on the Deh Luran plain in Iran occupied from about 7000 to 3500 BC. This volume contains an analysis of the architecture, burials, and artifacts uncovered on the site. Contributions by M. J. Kirkby and Colin Renfrew
Early Agriculture and Animal Husbandry in Deh Luran, Iran
The Oldest Depictions of Canines and a Possible Early Breed of Dog in Iran
While dogs occur in Levantine Natufian sites as early as the 13th millennium BC, images of canines date only to the early 8th millennium. The oldest depictions of dogs and the first representations of a breed similar to that of the modern Persian Gazelle Hound or saluki are found in sites in Deh Luran and Khuzistan, Iran. This brief paper shows the oldest illustrations of canines and evidence for a saluki-like breed. We conclude with some possibl…
A Critical Analysis of the Magosian
Cueva Blanca
Cueva Blanca lies in a volcanic tuff cliff some 4 km northwest of Mitla, Oaxaca, Mexico. It is one of a series of Archaic sites excavated by Kent Flannery and Frank Hole as part of a project on the prehistory and human ecology of the Valley of Oaxaca. The oldest stratigraphic level in Cueva Blanca yielded Late Pleistocene fauna, including some species no longer present in southern Mexico. The second oldest level, Zone E, produced Early Archaic ma…
Pollen evidence of subsistence and environment in ancient Iran
Une nouvelle technique d 'extraction du pollen mise au point pour les sédiments de milieux arides a permis d'obtenir des quantités importantes de pollens provenant de sites archéologiques. Des échantillons recueillis à Ali Kosh, à Chaga Sefid et à Tepe Sabz dans la plaine de Deh Luran, ont révélé non seulement des espèces dont la pollinisation se fait par l'intermédiaire du vent (anémophiles), mais aussi des quantités appréciables d'espèces dont …
Drivers of Unsustainable Land Use in the Semi-Arid Khabur River Basin, Syria
The semi-arid zone of Southwest Asia, known as the Fertile Crescent, is under unprecedented stress because of agricultural development. Where rain-fed agriculture and transhumant herding had prevailed over ten millennia, today intensive cultivation with irrigation threatens future sustainability. A number of interconnected, but uncoordinated drivers of change combine to shape the landscape and its future, and their changes make it hard to anticip…
The Organization of Susiana Society. Periodization of Site Distributions
Hole Frank. The Organization of Susiana Society. Periodization of Site Distributions. In: Paléorient, 1985, vol. 11, n°2. Actes du séminaire CNRS/NSF de Bellevaux (24-29 juin 1985) : L'évolution des sociétés complexes du sud-ouest de l'Iran. pp. 21-24
Archaeological survey in Southwest Asia
During the last fifty years the purposes and methods of archaeological survey in Southwest Asia have changed from the inventory of sites and study of the distribution of ceramics, to intensive analyses of sites and their surroundings in relation to questions of population trends and organizational complexity. Survey is an efficient method of assessing archaeological resources because it can be carried out relatively quickly without destruction of…
Archeology
The Comparative Stratigraphy of the Early Prehistoric periods in Khuzistan
Hole Frank. The Comparative Stratigraphy of the Early Prehistoric periods in Khuzistan. In: Paléorient, 1978, vol. 4. pp. 229-232
Survey of Excavations in Iran, 1967-8
Clare Goff, L. Vanden Berghe, Frank Hole, Murray B. Nicol, Henry T. Wright, Ezat O. Negahban, C. A. Burney, Robert H. Dyson, Jr., Oscar White Muscarella, Mary M. Voigt, Maurizio Tosi, David Whitehouse, M. -J. Steve, C. C. Lamberg-Karlovsky, R. R. B. Kearton, Wolfram Kleiss, Ralph S. Solecki, Theodore A. Wertime, Paul Gotch, Dietrich Huff, Survey of Excavations in Iran, 1967-8, Iran, Vol. 7 (1969), pp. 169-193
An Introduction to Prehistoric Archaeology
A Reanalysis of Basal Tabbat Al-Hammam, Syria
Hole Frank. A Reanalysis of Basal Tabbat Al-Hammam, Syria. In: Syria. Tome 36 fascicule 3-4, 1959. pp. 149-183
A Critical Analysis of the Magosian
Early Agriculture and Animal Husbandry in Deh Luran, Iran
An Introduction to Prehistoric Archaeology
The Prehistory of Southwestern Iran
Current research on the prehistory of the Near East is proceeding at a pace unmatched since the ‘golden era of archaeology’ immediately preceding World War II. Iran, because of its great archeological potential and its stable political situation, has become a prime target for new investigations. Expeditions from the United States, Great Britain, Denmark, France, and Japan have all made substantial contributions to knowledge of Iranian prehistory …
Prehistory and Human Ecology of the Deh Luran Plain
xv, 438 p. : ill. (part fold.), maps ; 27 cm
Survey of Excavations in Iran, 1967-8
Clare Goff, L. Vanden Berghe, Frank Hole, Murray B. Nicol, Henry T. Wright, Ezat O. Negahban, C. A. Burney, Robert H. Dyson, Jr., Oscar White Muscarella, Mary M. Voigt, Maurizio Tosi, David Whitehouse, M. -J. Steve, C. C. Lamberg-Karlovsky, R. R. B. Kearton, Wolfram Kleiss, Ralph S. Solecki, Theodore A. Wertime, Paul Gotch, Dietrich Huff, Survey of Excavations in Iran, 1967-8, Iran, Vol. 7 (1969), pp. 169-193
Archeology
Anthropological Perspectives on Ancient Trade [and Comments and Replies]
Most studies of ancient trade, it is argued, have tended to isolate the subject too narrowly as habitual patterns in the movement of goods. New knowledge continues to be generated using that approach, partly as a result of recent technical advances in archaeology. Substantial further progress, however, will require an understanding of the more complex and multifaceted significance of trade that must be derived mainly from ethnographic and ethnohi…
Tepe Tula'i, an early campsite in Khuzistan, Iran
Un sondage, effectué au printemps de 1973 en Iran sur un site préhistorique du Khuzistan près ďAndimeshk, a permis de reconnaître un vaste campement de pasteurs. Les vestiges de campement appartiennent à la phase "Sefid" selon la chronologie établie au Deh Loran. Le site, Tūlā'ī, a été occupé pendant, peut-être, 200 ans, entre 6200 et 5900 av. J.C
Studies in the Archeological History of the Deh Luran Plain
In 1968 and 1969, Frank Hole directed the excavation of Chagha Sefid, a prehistoric site on the Deh Luran plain in Iran occupied from about 7000 to 3500 BC. This volume contains an analysis of the architecture, burials, and artifacts uncovered on the site. Contributions by M. J. Kirkby and Colin Renfrew
The Comparative Stratigraphy of the Early Prehistoric periods in Khuzistan
Hole Frank. The Comparative Stratigraphy of the Early Prehistoric periods in Khuzistan. In: Paléorient, 1978, vol. 4. pp. 229-232
Pollen evidence of subsistence and environment in ancient Iran
Une nouvelle technique d 'extraction du pollen mise au point pour les sédiments de milieux arides a permis d'obtenir des quantités importantes de pollens provenant de sites archéologiques. Des échantillons recueillis à Ali Kosh, à Chaga Sefid et à Tepe Sabz dans la plaine de Deh Luran, ont révélé non seulement des espèces dont la pollinisation se fait par l'intermédiaire du vent (anémophiles), mais aussi des quantités appréciables d'espèces dont …
Archaeological survey in Southwest Asia
During the last fifty years the purposes and methods of archaeological survey in Southwest Asia have changed from the inventory of sites and study of the distribution of ceramics, to intensive analyses of sites and their surroundings in relation to questions of population trends and organizational complexity. Survey is an efficient method of assessing archaeological resources because it can be carried out relatively quickly without destruction of…
Archeology
A Reassessment of the Neolithic Revolution
Domestication in the Near East was a two-part, two-stage sequence that involved separate processes and histories for cereals and livestock. Archaeological data suggest that plants were domesticated in lowland regions of the Near East in a process that began as early as 18,000 years ago. By contrast, the caprines and cattle show no signs of human control before about 10,000 years ago. Domestication of livestock occurred in the Zagros and Taurus mo…
Analysis of structure and design in prehistoric ceramics
This paper describes a new method of ceramic analysis and gives preliminary results of an example of its application to a large body of data from the fifth millennium site of Susa, in southwestern Iran. The method distinguishes between structural and design elements and relates these to vessel form. Coding of elements proceeds until enough information is stored to enable one to regenerate the pots from the code alone. The analysis allows one to d…
The Organization of Susiana Society. Periodization of Site Distributions
Hole Frank. The Organization of Susiana Society. Periodization of Site Distributions. In: Paléorient, 1985, vol. 11, n°2. Actes du séminaire CNRS/NSF de Bellevaux (24-29 juin 1985) : L'évolution des sociétés complexes du sud-ouest de l'Iran. pp. 21-24
To the Euphrates and Beyond
The Ecology of Seasonal Stress and the Origins of Agriculture in the Near East
The time, place, and reasons for the first domestication of cereals and legumes in the Near East can now be securely identified using combined evidence from paleoenvironmental studies, models of ecosystem dynamics, and regional archeology. The heartland of domestication was the Jordan Valley and surrounding region in the Southern Levant. Approximately 10,000 years ago, people began planting crops where the wild ancestral species had proliferated …
The Excavations in Kebara Cave, Mt. Carmel [and Comments and Replies]
This paper summarizes the results of recent excavations (1982-90) at the Middle Paleolithic site of Kebara Cave. Work at the cave by earlier excavators is also discussed. Although analysis of the Kebara materials is still far from completed, an overview of the current stage of the investigations includes (1) a synthesis of the site's complex stratigraphy and dating; (2) a description of the spatial patterning of hearths, ash lenses, and bone and …
Reply to Graber
Archeology
The Origins of Agriculture and Settled Life
Paleoenvironment and Human Society in the Jezireh of Northern Mesopotamia 20 000-6 000 BP
Climate change from the Last Glacial maximum to the onset of modern climatic conditions in the Jezireh of Northern Mesopotamia alternately allowed and discouraged human settlement of this semi-arid steppe. Few sites predate the Younger Dryas. Agricultural settlements first appeared and quickly spread after the Younger Dryas, during the Climatic Optimum. The lack of good archaeological sequences and the general absence of paleoclimatic data from m…
Archaeology (34 works) · Geography (32 works) · Archaeology and ancient environmental studies (23 works) · History (22 works) · History (18 works) · Eurasian Exchange Networks (14 works) · Biology (12 works) · Ecology (10 works) · Agriculture (9 works) · Ancient Near East History (9 works)