R P Evershed
Biographic Data
| ID | 101787 |
|---|---|
| NAME | R P Evershed |
| GIVEN NAMES | R P |
| FAMILY NAME | Evershed |
| SIGNATURE | EVERSHED R P |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Bristol |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-9483-2750 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 147 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 1764 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 147 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1985 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 25 |
Exploring local and regional dynamics in the Bronze Age Kythera Island, Greece, through an analytical approach on archaeological data from Kataphygadi cave
Evidence that beekeeping and Beeswax by-products are present in the Island of Kythera since the 3rd millenia BCE. • Evidence of the importance of beeswax related products for cults and mortuary practices. • Evidence of continuous production of local pottery in Kythera throughout the Bronze Age. • Strontium and Oxygen data from Bronze Age skeletal remains from Kataphygadi cave. Interactions between islands and mainland has long been the subject of…
Volatile compounds reveal the composition of embalming materials used in Egyptian mummification
The distinctive musty odour of Egyptian mummies is evident to anyone who has encountered their tissues and balms. A reasonable assumption is that this odour is the product of the decay of the mummy body tissues combined with volatile compounds released from aged balms and bandages. Given the established complexities and variabilities in the compositions of mummy balms, it is expected that variations in balm compositions will be reflected in the c…
Chemical and isotopic analyses confirm dietary change marks the Early Medieval Slavic expansion into Central and Eastern Europe
Prehistoric Landscape Development and Romano-British Farming near Rossington, South Yorkshire
In 2016–2017 Wessex Archaeology undertook excavations between Rossington and Doncaster in South Yorkshire prior to the development of a strategic rail freight interchange. The earliest evidence related to peat formation within two different parts of the site, with a pair of sequences radiocarbon dated to between the Mesolithic period and the Bronze Age. Pollen preserved within the peat provides evidence for woodland development over this period, …
Production and Use of Ceramics in the First Millennium BC
The site of Jebel Moya, situated in the center of the southern Gezira Plain in southcentral Sudan, has an occupational sequence spanning at least five millennia until around 2000 years ago. Renewed excavation is shedding new light on its occupational chronology and socioeconomic history, including activities such as burial, savanna herding, and domesticated sorghum cultivation practices dating to at least the mid-third millennium BC. In the prese…
Radiocarbon dating of lipids preserved in pottery vessels
Pottery vessels played a central role in the processing, storage and transport of animal and plant products by prehistoric and historic peoples with their chemical residues surviving for thousands of years. Accurate radiocarbon dating of archaeological pottery vessels by isolating reliable sources of carbon relating to the use of pots has long been a major challenge, but is now possible using compound-specific radiocarbon analysis of absorbed org…
Meals for the dead
Accessory vessels, including platters, dishes, beakers, flagons, jars, and amphorae, are a common feature of Romano-British burials, raising questions as to their provenance; for example, were such vessels recycled from the domestic sphere or made specially for funerary purposes? Furthermore, uncertainty surrounds their purpose: did they contain foods for the deceased, possibly for their final journey to the underworld? Interestingly, organic res…
Lipid preservation in ceramics and bones from the Iranian Plateau
The Milky Way
In the light of discussions surrounding the social changes attributed to the arrival of the Corded Ware culture in central Europe, here we investigate the economic strategies of one of the cultural complexes of the immediately preceding Late Neolithic. The Cham culture of southern Bavaria is characterised by a variety of economic choices but problems remain in synthesising and combining archaeozoological and archaeobotanical evidence. Using lipid…
Wild Food
Al-Khiday, located on the bank of the White Nile in Sudan, offers an exceptionally preserved stratigraphic sequence, providing a unique opportunity to use organic residue analysis to investigate diet and subsistence during the Khartoum Mesolithic and the Early Neolithic, a period of nearly 3500 years (7000–4500 cal BC). While the vast and diverse Mesolithic fish assemblage indicates a strong reliance on products from aquatic habitats, floodplains…
Expanding current understanding of the function, style and chronology of Grooved Ware from the A9 Dualling
In 2018 on behalf of Transport Scotland AOC Archaeology Group undertook archaeological investigations in advance of the construction of the 9.5km A9 Dualling: Luncarty to Pass of Birnam. Six archaeological sites were excavated, revealing evidence of activity spanning the Early Neolithic to the early medieval period. Neolithic activity was confined to four sites, consisting of a palimpsest of pits, post holes and vestigial structures, some of whic…
A Stone Cresset from Dulverton House, Gloucester
A COMPLETE, ALMOST CYLINDRICAL, LIMESTONE VESSEL was recovered from a postmedieval dump of soil outside Dulverton House, Pitt Street, Gloucester. The area lies between the former Infirmary and the Infirmarer’s Lodging of St Peter’s Abbey, now Gloucester Cathedral. The vessel has been identified as a cresset (lamp) based on analysis of the thick burnt residues coating its inner walls, which indicates it contained a mix of ruminant animal fats (pro…
Direct 14C dating of equine products preserved in archaeological pottery vessels from Botai and Bestamak, Kazakhstan
Direct and accurate radiocarbon dating of lipid residues preserved in ceramics is a recently established method that allows direct dating of specific food products and their inception in human subsistence strategies. The method targets individual fatty acids originating from animal fats such as ruminant dairy, ruminant adipose, non-ruminant adipose and aquatic fats. Horse lipid residues found in Central Asian pottery vessels are also directly dat…
Making the invisible visible
Animal exploitation and pottery use during the early LBK phases of the Neolithic site of Bylany (Czech Republic) tracked through lipid residue analysis
Compound-specific radiocarbon dating of lipid residues in pottery vessels
A call for caution in the analysis of lipids and other small biomolecules from archaeological contexts
Generation of Two New Radiocarbon Standards for Compound-Specific Radiocarbon Analyses of Fatty Acids From Bog Butter Finds
The analysis of processing standards alongside samples for quality assurance in radiocarbon ( 14 C) analyses is critical. Ideally, these standards should be similar both in nature and age to unknown samples. A new compound-specific approach was developed at the University of Bristol for dating pottery vessels using palmitic and stearic fatty acids extracted from within the clay matrix and isolated by preparative capillary gas chromatography. Obta…
Feeding Babies at the Beginnings of Urbanization in Central Europe
Small ceramic vessels with spouts, from which liquid can be poured, became popular during the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages in Central Europe ( c . 1200-600 BC). Such feeding vessels represent a functional type and are highly variable in size, shape and decoration. Found both on settlements and within graves, their association with child burials suggest they might have been used to feed babies and small children. Combined lipid and isotope anal…
Finding Oxford's medieval Jewry using organic residue analysis, faunal records and historical documents
Food is often one of the most distinctive expressions of social, religious, cultural or ethnic groups. However, the archaeological identification of specific religious dietary practices, including the Jewish tradition of keepingkosher, associated with ritual food practices and taboos, is very rare. This is arguably one of the oldest known diets across the world and, for an observant Jew, maintaining dietary laws (known as Kashruth) is a fundament…
Holocene resource exploitation along the Nile
The subsistence practices of Holocene communities living in the Nile Valley of Central Sudan are comparatively little known. Recent excavations at Khor Shambat, Sudan, have yielded well-defined Mesolithic and Neolithic stratigraphy. Here, for the first time, archaeozoological, palaeobotanical, phytolith and dental calculus studies are combined with lipid residue analysis of around 100 pottery fragments and comparative analysis of faunal remains a…
Anta 1 de Val da Laje – the first direct view of diet, dairying practice and socio-economic aspects of pottery use in the final Neolithic of central Portugal
Technological variability in foragers’ pottery productions at the early-mid Holocene site of Sphinx, western part of Jebel Sabaloka, Sudan
Fit for purpose? Organic residue analysis and vessel specialisation
Organic residue evidence for the processing of marine animal products in pottery vessels from the pre-Colonial archaeological site of Kasteelberg D East, South Africa
Pre-colonial herding communities from coastal sites in South Africa are known to have exploited sheep and seal products. Animal bone assemblages from various archaeological sites on Kasteelberg on the west coast suggest that these species dominated the economy of the region. This appears to be mirrored in different pottery vessel types, and it has been suggested that one particular vessel type, spouted wares, is associated with dairying. Organic …
Experimental approaches to the interpretation of absorbed organic residues in archaeological ceramics
All scientific investigations require experimentation to test hypotheses and support interpretations. Thus, experimental studies are an indispensable aspect of investigations of organic residues from archaeological ceramics. Experimental methods have been applied to provide insights into factors relating to vessels use and burial. Studies relating to vessel use have used replica vessels, ceramic chips and powder to investigate both physical and c…
Biomolecular archaeology and lipids
Medium‐sized biomolecules, particularly lipids, can frequently be detected in ancient materials. The structures and compositions of mixtures of lipids can provide direct evidence for their origin, and hence, evidence for human activity in the past. An important concept in the field of biomolecular archaeology of lipids is that of 'biomarkers'. Archaeological biomarkers are characteristic compounds (or mixtures of compounds) found in archaeologica…
Organic Residue Analysis in Archaeology
Organic residue analysis utilizes analytical organic chemical techniques to identify the nature and origins of organic remains that cannot be characterized using traditional techniques of archaeological investigation (because they are either amorphous or invisible). The field is founded upon the principle that the biomolecular, or biochemical, components of organic materials associated with human activity survive in a wide variety of locations an…
Expression of the dietary isotope signal in the compound-specific δ13C values of pig bone lipids and amino acids
Pigs were raised on six isotopically controlled diets to examine the dietary macronutrients used in the synthesis of bulk bone biochemical components (apatite, collagen and lipids) and individual compounds (bone fatty acids, cholesterol and amino acids from collagen). δ13C values of apatite and bulk bone lipids reflected those of the whole diet, with Δ13Capatite-wholediet = 10.2 ± 1.3‰ and Δ13Cbonelipids-wholediet = −2.4 ± 0.7‰. A wide variation …
Evidence for Varying Patterns of Exploitation of Animal Products in Different Prehistoric Pottery Traditions Based on Lipids Preserved in Surface and Absorbed Residues
Simulation Experiments for Determining the Use of Ancient Pottery Vessels
Dairying in antiquity. III. Evidence from absorbed lipid residues dating to the British Neolithic
Effects of migration of soil lipids on organic residues associated with buried potsherds
A call for caution in the analysis of lipids and other small biomolecules from archaeological contexts
Quantification and Distribution of Lipid in Archaeological Ceramics
Organic residue analysis has been performed on 62 reconstructed vessels from a single archaeological site (Rounds, Northamptonshire, U.K.). In order to establish regions of lipid accumulation within a vessel, sherds were sampled from different parts of a vessel, for example base, body and rim, and submitted to lipid extraction procedures. The techniques of high‐temperature gas chromatography (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) were then used to…
Biomolecular and micromorphological analysis of suspected faecal deposits at Neolithic Çatalhöyük, Turkey
Dairying in antiquity. II. Evidence from absorbed lipid residues dating to the British Bronze Age
A novel marine dietary indicator utilising compound-specific bone collagen amino acid δ13C values of ancient humans
New Chemical Evidence for the Use of Combed Ware Pottery Vessels as Beehives in Ancient Greece
Dairying in antiquity. I. Evidence from absorbed lipid residues dating to the British Iron Age
The effect of charring and burial on the biochemical composition of cereal grains
New insights into the Early Neolithic economy and management of animals in Southern and Central Europe revealed using lipid residue analyses of pottery vessels
Analyses of organic residues preserved in ceramic potsherds enable the identification of foodstuffs processed in archaeological vessels. Differences in the isotopic composition of fatty acids allow differentiation of non-ruminant and ruminant fats, as well as adipose and dairy fats. This paper investigates the trends in milk use in areas where sheep and goats are dominant in the faunal assemblage and in some sites from the Linearbandkeramik cultu…
Β-Stigmastanol and Related 5β-Stanols as Biomarkers of Manuring
Fuel for thought? Beeswax in lamps and conical cups from Late Minoan Crete
What was burned in lamps in the prehistoric Mediterranean? Olive oil, as one would first suppose? Analysis of absorbed lipids preserved in the fabric of lamps and conical cups from the Minoan site of Mochlos in eastern Crete shows for the first time that beeswax was used as an illuminant
Patterns of pastoralism in later Bronze Age Kazakhstan
Early Anthropogenic Soil Formation at Tofts Ness, Sanday, Orkney
The Study of Molecular Markers of Human Activity
Identification of an Adhesive Used to Repair a Roman Jar
A combination of micro‐analytical techniques, including thin layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography (GC), and combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), was employed to study the lipid composition of an adhesive used to repair an Ecton ware jar, recovered from Roman sediments of the River Nene at West Cotton (Rounds, Northamptonshire, U.K.). GC of the total lipid extract of the adhesive showed a complex pattern which was diffi…
Direct dating of pottery from its organic residues
Techniques for identifying organic residues in pottery have been refined over the years by Professor Evershed and his colleagues. Here they address the problem of radiocarbon dating these residues by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) which in turn dates the use of the pot. Fatty acids from carcass and dairy products cooked in the pot were isolated from early Neolithic carinated bowls found at the Sweet Track, Somerset Levels, England, and then …
From the inside out
The investigation of organic residues associated with archaeological pottery using modern analytical chemical methods began in the 1970s. It was recognised early on that the analysis of lipids (i.e. fats, waxes and resins) preserved in surface residues or the fabric of single potsherds, representative of single vessels, was a powerful method for ascertaining pottery use, with a high degree of specificity. Subsequent developments saw a significant…
Red Pigments in Petroleum Exploration
Naturally occurring plant and animal pigments have long aroused intense scientific interest. The vivid red organic pigments, the petroporphyrins, present as minor components of many sediments and petroleums, are now receiving increasing attention in the field of organic geochemistry. First observed 50 years ago, and thought to arise in part from the green photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll in ancient organisms, they provided the first firm eviden…
Analysis of organic residues of archaeological origin by high-temperature gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
Organic residues are extracted from materials of archaeological interest by solvent extraction and subjected directly to high-temperature gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The use of high-temperature GC allows intact acyl lipids, e.g., triacylglycerols, diacylglycerols, monoacylglycerols and wax esters, to be analysed without prior degradation (e.g., saponification) to release constituent fatty acids and al…
Lipids From Samples of Skin From Seven Dutch Bog Bodies
A combination of micro‐analytical techniques including thin layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography (GC). and combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GCIMS) have been employed to study the lipid compositions of samples of skin from seven Dutch bog bodies. TLC showed that, while phospholipids have been degraded, other acyl lipids, for example triacylglycerols and steryl esters, may remain intact. GC and GC/MS analyses, following trea…
Effects of migration of soil lipids on organic residues associated with buried potsherds
Epicuticular wax components preserved in potsherds as chemical indicators of leafy vegetables in ancient diets
The determination of the leafy vegetable constituents of the diets of early societies is notoriously difficult using traditional archaeobotanical techniques. In an effort to provide a solution to this problem, a new approach, using gas chromatography (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), has been adopted to detect the presence of preserved epicuticular leaf wax components absorbed in potsherds. The characteristic compounds identified can serve a…
Chemical Composition of a Bog Body Adipocere
Chemical analyses were carried out on adipocere obtained from a bog body recovered from a peat bog at Meenybradden, County Donegal, Ireland. Chromatographic (thin‐layer chromatography and gas chromatography) and mass spectrometric analyses, combined with microanalytical chemical transformations, have yielded detailed compositional information. An absence of intact triacylglycerols, diacylglycerols and monoacylglycerols indicates that hydrolysis i…
Identification of an Adhesive Used to Repair a Roman Jar
A combination of micro‐analytical techniques, including thin layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography (GC), and combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), was employed to study the lipid composition of an adhesive used to repair an Ecton ware jar, recovered from Roman sediments of the River Nene at West Cotton (Rounds, Northamptonshire, U.K.). GC of the total lipid extract of the adhesive showed a complex pattern which was diffi…
Quantification and Distribution of Lipid in Archaeological Ceramics
Organic residue analysis has been performed on 62 reconstructed vessels from a single archaeological site (Rounds, Northamptonshire, U.K.). In order to establish regions of lipid accumulation within a vessel, sherds were sampled from different parts of a vessel, for example base, body and rim, and submitted to lipid extraction procedures. The techniques of high‐temperature gas chromatography (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) were then used to…
Biomolecular archaeology and lipids
Medium‐sized biomolecules, particularly lipids, can frequently be detected in ancient materials. The structures and compositions of mixtures of lipids can provide direct evidence for their origin, and hence, evidence for human activity in the past. An important concept in the field of biomolecular archaeology of lipids is that of 'biomarkers'. Archaeological biomarkers are characteristic compounds (or mixtures of compounds) found in archaeologica…
The Study of Molecular Markers of Human Activity
Post-Mortem Transformations of Sterols in Bog Body Tissues
Formation of long-chain ketones in ancient pottery vessels by pyrolysis of acyl lipids
Preliminary Results for the Analysis of Lipids in Ancient Bone
Evidence for the Mixing of Fats and Waxes in Archaeological Ceramics
Lipid residues from two Late Saxon/early medieval ceramic vessels recovered from excavations at West Cotton, Raunds, Northamptonshire, U.K., have been investigated by high‐temperature gas chromatography (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The solvent extracts of sherds sampled from different points on each vessel (i.e., base, body and rim) were analysed quantitatively and qualitatively and compounds were identified which were characteristic of…
Proteinaceous Material from Potsherds and Associated Soils
Formation of long-chain ketones in archaeological pottery vessels by pyrolysis of acyl lipids
New Criteria for the Identification of Animal Fats Preserved in Archaeological Pottery
Compound-specific δ15N amino acid signals in palaeosols as indicators of early land use
Compound-specific δ15N amino acid signals in soils demonstrate differences between manured grassland, unmanured grassland and continuous cereal cultivation under long-term experimental land-use control conditions, with δ15N values of hydrophobic amino acids providing the most distinctive signals. Analysis of anthropogenic palaeosols from Orkney demonstrates that such signals are retained in archaeological contexts. Relict medieval to early modern…
Compound‐specific δ15N amino acid signals in palaeosols as indicators of early land use
Compound-specific δ15N amino acid signals in soils demonstrate differences between manured grassland, unmanured grassland and continuous cereal cultivation under long-term experimental land-use control conditions, with δ15N values of hydrophobic amino acids providing the most distinctive signals. Analysis of anthropogenic palaeosols from Orkney demonstrates that such signals are retained in archaeological contexts. Relict medieval to early modern…
Simulation Experiments for Determining the Use of Ancient Pottery Vessels
Β-Stigmastanol and Related 5β-Stanols as Biomarkers of Manuring
Fuel for thought? Beeswax in lamps and conical cups from Late Minoan Crete
What was burned in lamps in the prehistoric Mediterranean? Olive oil, as one would first suppose? Analysis of absorbed lipids preserved in the fabric of lamps and conical cups from the Minoan site of Mochlos in eastern Crete shows for the first time that beeswax was used as an illuminant
Direct Demonstration of Milk as an Element of Archaeological Economies
The stable carbon isotope (δ 13 C) compositions of individual fatty acid components of remnant fats preserved in archaeological pottery vessels show that dairying was a component of archaeological economies. Characteristic δ 13 C values arise from biases in the biosynthetic origins of the C 18:0 fatty acids in milk and adipose fat. Milk and adipose fat from animals raised on similar pastures and fodders have distinct isotopic signatures.
Assessing microbial lipid contributions during laboratory degradations of fats and oils and pure triacylglycerols absorbed in ceramic potsherds
Early Anthropogenic Soil Formation at Tofts Ness, Sanday, Orkney
Archaeology and ancient environmental studies (119 works) · Archaeology (102 works) · Geography (93 works) · Biology (84 works) · Isotope Analysis in Ecology (70 works) · Chemistry (69 works) · Pottery (58 works) · Ecology (52 works) · Cultural Heritage Materials Analysis (32 works) · Pacific and Southeast Asian Studies (30 works)