R Giulianotti
Biographic Data
| ID | 10390 |
|---|---|
| NAME | R Giulianotti |
| GIVEN NAMES | R |
| FAMILY NAME | Giulianotti |
| SIGNATURE | GIULIANOTTI R |
| AFFILIATIONS | Loughborough University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-7561-3755 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 91 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 1329 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 91 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1991 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 20 |
Social research with women in Saudi Arabia
This article examines the opportunities and challenges of conducting qualitative research in Saudi Arabia through the lens of a Saudi women researcher educated abroad. Drawing on interviews with Saudi women from different generational and socioeconomic backgrounds in Jeddah and Riyadh, it reflects on how the researcher’s positionality – shaped by insider/outsider dynamics – influenced research access, rapport, and data interpretation. The study e…
Introduction
This special issue is the result of a project that started in 2021 on football culture and religion in the Middle East.1 In 2024, we made a call for papers on the role of football as a force for cu
‘Who can represent the city?’ Football fandom, derby rivalry and civic identity in Shanghai
Little research has examined how football rivalries shape civic identity in Asian megacities characterised by rapid urbanisation and high internal mobility. Drawing on 30 semi-structured interviews and online non-participant observation, this study examines how the football fans of Shanghai Shenhua F.C. and Shanghai Port F.C. shape and reflect civic identity in Shanghai through their derby rivalry. The findings reveal that Shenhua fans assert loc…
Deconstructing sport for development and peace in China through assemblage theory
Saudi women and sport participation
This study investigates the alignment between Saudi Arabia's Sports for All (SFA) policy and women's experiences in sports participation. The study employs Bacchi's ‘What Is the Problem Represented to Be?’ (WPR) framework as its theoretical framework. This framework not only enables a policy critique but also provides a lens to uncover unexamined narratives influencing women's experiences in sports. Interviews were conducted with women from diver…
Leisure, sustainability and power
Introduction to Annals of Leisure Research - Special Issue on Leisure, Sustainability and Power
Sport and Power
This paper makes an original and significant contribution to knowledge by rethinking the role of power in sport and leisure studies. Notably, the paper provides much needed theoretical clarity on the concept of ‘smart power’, and in doing so, then advances the first smart power analysis of sport and leisure. Furthermore, the paper implements a systematic framework for analysing power in sport and leisure, one that locates how hard, soft and smart…
Alcohol consumption among UK football supporters
Aim This paper investigates alcohol consumption within cultures of football fandom through the innovative combination of theories of the carnivalesque and Bourdieu’s concepts of habitus, field, and capital.Methods Focus groups (n = 79) were conducted with football supporters in England and Scotland. Semi-structured interviews (n = 15) were also conducted with key organizational stakeholders. Research explored the importance and role of alcohol co…
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Refugee footballers
Against the background of the recent European 'refugee crisis' and its long-term consequences, this article investigates the research question 'how do footballers with a refugee background experience the process of accessing top-level football?', using ethnographic material and interviews with competitive footballers with a refugee background in Italy and Germany from two studies. The material was examined using qualitative content analysis and i…
Career consolidation or reformulation? A careership theory approach to football coaches’ transnational migration and career development
This article examines the career development of international football coaches in the context of their transnational migration. Previous research has mainly relied on the normative stages models to explain coaching career development, which has limitations in capturing the complexity and diversity of coach career trajectories, particularly in terms of unique individual experiences and contextual impacts on their career development. Drawing upon t…
Unlocking the whole of soft power
Soft power is one of most applied, yet nebulous, concepts in social science. In this paper, we show that it is not soft power per se that is of issue here, but rather the Newtonian parameters through which the concept has been described. In making an original and significant contribution, we introduce a radical break from conventional attempts to explain soft power by drawing on quantum international relations. Through this, we show that Newtonia…
Soccer
Association football, also known as soccer, is the world's most popular team sport, and has been the subject of substantial sociological interest across the globe. This entry examines six dimensions of football, particularly at elite and professional levels, that have attracted particular sociological interest: identity, belonging, and differentiation; governance and politics; the cultural politics of race, gender, sexuality, and disability; comm…
New horizons in the sociology of sport
The relevance of a sociological view on the problems of society has never been as important as it is today. To quote the editors of the journal Nature in their editorial, Time for the Social Sciences, from 2015: if you want science to deliver for society, you need to support a capacity to understand that society. In other words, the technological and scientific disciplines cannot simply transfer their findings into everyday life without knowing h…
Stakeholder views of current laws surrounding alcohol at UK football matches
Our data suggests an evidence-based review of current laws regarding alcohol and football may be appropriate. However, any discussion regarding changes to the law regarding alcohol at football stadia, including potential pilot schemes, should be evaluated and monitored in terms of both financial impact and the impact on public health and safety
Special issue of annals of leisure research
Sport Fan Attitudes on Alcohol
Availability of alcohol at football matches in the UK is much debated and subject to multiple restrictions, yet there is little understanding of supporters' attitudes. A cross-sectional survey of football supporters in Scotland and England (n = 1750) was conducted April-June 2019. Most supporters viewed drinking at matches as acceptable (74.4%) and thought alcohol should be available at grounds (76.0%); around two-fifths thought most supporters c…
Sport, disability and (inclusive) education
It has long been held that participation in sport, physical activity (PA) and physical education (PE) can yield valuable benefits for young people (Bailey et al., 2009 Bailey, R., Armour, K., Kirk, D., Jess, M., Pickup, I., & Sandford, R. (2009). The educational benefits claimed for physical education and school sport: An academic review. Research Papers in Education, 24(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/02671520701809817[Taylor & Francis Online]…
Volunteers in the sport for development and peace sector
In this paper, we seek to advance understandings of the contemporary global ‘sport for development and peace’ (SDP) sector, with respect to volunteers and volunteering in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Volunteers play a critical role in organizing and delivering SDP social intervention programmes across the world; most SDP volunteer work is undertaken by local young people who are often presented as a current peer or future community l…
Greening Sport for Development and Peace
The global "sport for development and peace" (SDP) sector uses sport as a field of social activity to promote diverse types of non-sport social development. In this short perspective article, I critically examine and advocate the engagement of SDP with environmental issues. I argue for the adoption of a "socio-ecological" approach, to enable a greening of SDP that promotes both environmental and social justice. To that end, the article is organiz…
Sport and the Covid-19 Pandemic
This paper provides a systematic, detailed analysis of UK mass media online reports and narratives on sport and Covid-19 during the main lockdown period over March-May 2020. A "structuralist thematic" approach is utilized to identify and to map systematically the main themes within the mass media. The research is based on reports and narratives on sport-Covid which featured in five leading online UK mass media outlets. The analysis sets out four …
Sports and Active Living Are Medicine, and Education, Happiness, Performance, Business, Innovation, and Culture…for a Sustainable World
About 30% of adults worldwide The inactivity starts in adolescence with a high proportion (80%) of inactive adolescents [aged 13-15 years and doing less than the WHO-recommended minimum of 60 min daily of physical activity (PA)] Physical inactivity leads to many pathologies, from cardio-metabolic disorders to cardiovascular diseases Physical inactivity is now the fourth leading cause of death worldwide The deleterious effects of physical inactivi…
Football events, memories and globalization
Key events and episodes in football’s history are central to the making of personal and collective understandings of the global game at local, national and transnational levels. To explore these themes, this paper is organized into three main parts. First, I explore how diverse key events are spotlighted in the game’s social history, including episodes that are socially contested and/or with aspects of ‘disaster’. Second, I outline how events con…
Rethinking Sportland
Sport for Development and Peace (SDP) has grown into a huge global field of sport-related activity and intervention and is a heavily researched subject in the social scientific study of sport. In this article, we advance the case for a new research agenda in SDP, in part to contribute more fully to sustainable development through substantial societal change. We argue that SDP research should engage with wider literatures and theories, notably on …
Supporters, Followers, Fans, and Flaneurs
World football (or soccer) has undergone an intensive hypercommodification over the past decade or so. This article examines the impact of this process on forms of spectator identification with top professional football clubs. Drawing upon previous analyses by Taylor and Critcher (on football) and the theories of Bryan Turner (on body culture), the article advances four ideal types of spectator identity: supporters, followers, fans, and flâneurs.…
The globalization of football
Sport, in particular football, constitutes one of the most dynamic, sociologically illuminating domains of globalization. This paper examines the globalization of football with particular reference to Robertson's theorizations of global processes. We examine football's cultural globalization through the concept of 'glocalization', which highlights the interdependence of local and global processes within the game's identities and institutions. We …
Security Governance and Sport Mega-events
In the post-9/11 context, security issues have become increasingly central to the hosting of sport mega-event (SMEs). Security budgets for events like the Olympic Games now run into billions of dollars. This article seeks to advance the emerging field of SME security research in substantive and analytical terms. We identify three sets of issues and problems that are taking shape within this field: first, comparative issues in relationship to the …
Sport Spectators and the Social Consequences of Commodification
The commodification of football has been the subject of substantial sociological debate but has received relatively limited scrutiny in terms of sustained comparative empirical research. This article draws heavily on interviews with supporter groups, journalists, and officials in Scottish football to examine a range of issues relating to fan experiences and understandings of football's commodification. The author examines how fans respond to thei…
Glocalization, Globalization and Migration
The concept of glocalization is used to analyse the ways in which social actors construct meanings, identities and institutional forms within the sociological context of globalization, conceived in multidimensional terms. This article seeks to advance the sociological grasp of glocalization processes through a field-work-rooted study of particular migrant, culturally defined social groups: North American-based supporters of the Scottish football …
Sport, peacemaking and conflict resolution
n In recent years, a wide variety of organizations (notably the UN and nongovernmental ones) have used sport as an interventionist tool to nurture peacemaking across divided communities. This paper examines and theorizes these peacemaking initiatives across the expanding `sport, development and peace? (SDP) sector. I begin by locating SDP projects within their historical contexts, and as significant elements within the emerging `global civil soci…
Recovering the social
In this article, we place the social and football (as a sporting realm) at the heart of social scientific analysis of globalization processes. Our theoretical framework sets out, in turn, the concepts of glocalization, with particular reference to what we term the ‘duality of glocality’; transnationalism, notably its socio‐historical aspects; connectivity, with particular reference to its antonym, ‘disconnectivity’; and cosmopolitanism, with stro…
Participant Observation and Research into Football Hooliganism
This paper discusses the author's fieldwork experiences while initiating and undertaking substantive participant observation research with two rival groups of Scottish football hooligans ("football casuals"). Key problems examined are those that emerge from attempted entrée into the hooligan subcultures and the everyday risks of comparative research with violent fans. The author provides regular illustrations to highlight how dangers such as the …
Sport Mega-Events and Public Opposition
This article examines the diverse forms of public opposition, protest, criticism, and complaint in the United Kingdom on the staging of the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games in London. Our discussion draws heavily on empirical research, primarily fieldwork and interviews in East London with local residents, opposition groups, business people, politicians, and other stakeholders. The article is separated into three main parts. First, we explore th…
The Sport, Development and Peace Sector
This paper examines the 'sport, development and peace' (SDP) sector which has grown substantially at a global level over the past decade. The SDP sector is located conceptually within the broader 'global civil society', a highly contested policy field that features diverse political actors and ideologies. The main discussion sets out four ideal-types within the SDP policy domain that tend to be associated with specific institutions: first, neo-li…
Forms of Glocalization
The concept of glocalization has the potential to advance sociological understanding of globalization with reference to social agency and cultural differentiation. In this article, we develop a four-fold typology of glocalization projects, with reference to relativization, accommodation, hybridization and transformation. We illustrate and elaborate this typology through substantive reference to specific migrant cultures, namely the North American…
Mapping the global football field
This paper provides a sociological model of the key transnational political and economic forces that are shaping the 'global football field'. The model draws upon, and significantly extends, the theory of the 'global field' developed previously by Robertson. The model features four quadrants, each of which contains a dominant operating principle, an 'elemental reference point', and an 'elemental theme'. The quadrants contain, first, neo-liberalis…
Rethinking Sportland
Sport for Development and Peace (SDP) has grown into a huge global field of sport-related activity and intervention and is a heavily researched subject in the social scientific study of sport. In this article, we advance the case for a new research agenda in SDP, in part to contribute more fully to sustainable development through substantial societal change. We argue that SDP research should engage with wider literatures and theories, notably on …
Football and the Politics of Carnival
At football's 1992 European Championship Finals in Sweden, the 5,000 Scottish fans ('The Tartan Army') attending, won the UEFA 'Fair Play' award for their friendly and sporting conduct. The award appears to be the culmination of a major 'change' in the international identity of the Scottish supporter over the last two decades. However, as this paper seeks to demonstrate, the nature of Scottish support's behaviour and cultural identity is the subj…
Sport, Transnational Peacemaking, and Global Civil Society
In recent years, there has been considerable political and public interest in the 'sport, development and peace' (SDP) sector. SDP agencies employ sport as an interventionist tool to promote peace, reconciliation, and development in different locations across the world. This article examines how SDP officials view their work and the sector in general. The analysis situates the SDP sector in relation to contemporary transnational processes and the…
Soft power and soft disempowerment
This paper examines the critical role of global sport within Qatar’s international strategy, most notably through the successful bid to stage the 2022 football World Cup. Our discussion draws particularly on interviews with key stakeholders in the Qatari sport system, as well as fieldwork in Qatar and the analysis of relevant documents and secondary materials. The paper is separated into five main parts. First, we set out our theoretical framewor…
Avenues of contestation. Football hooligans running and ruling urban spaces
Mind your manors'. Football hooligans, space and the academic fieldIn the past thirty years, few issues have attracted the breadth of explanation and intensity of debate as that of football hooliganism. 2Those working from Marxist, 3 social psychological 4 and figurational perspectives 5 have constituted the main protagonists, though others within the overlapping fields of cultural studies, 6 anthropology, 7 and post-structuralist sociology 8 com…
The soft power-soft disempowerment nexus
There are four areas in which soft power is open to critical scrutiny. First, research has centred on large and/or developed nations, notably in North America, Europe, east Asia and the BRICs. Second, scholars have called for greater clarity of the concept, noting that it lacks clear explanation of how instances of attraction equate to various power outcomes. Third, others suggest Joseph Nye developed an Americanized-centric understanding of soft…
Sport Mega Events, Urban Football Carnivals and Securitised Commodification
This paper explores the interrelationships of security policies and processes of commodification with respect to contemporary sport mega events (SMEs). First, it is argued that we need to move beyond conventional understandings of SMEs, as specific occasions fixed in time and space. Instead, we should examine more diffuse forms of SME, as illustrated by major sport leagues such as the English Premier League (EPL). Secondly, the paper discusses th…
Scotland's Tartan Army in Italy
This short paper seeks to explain the activities of Scottish fans in Genoa and Turin, during the 1990 World Cup, by drawing on some key concepts offered by contemporary writers in the field of post-modernism and post-structuralism. These writers include Foucault, Derrida, Barthes and Baudrillard. All emphasize a re-empowerment of agency, evading more conventional forms of domination: Foucault within the domain of enabling discourse, Derrida on th…
The Beijing 2008 Olympics
This article explores the national and global significance and impact of Beijing’s hosting of the 2008 summer Olympic Games. The discussion is organized into four main parts. First, I locate the 2008 Beijing Olympics in the context of wider processes of globalization; in particular, I explore how China ‘glocalized’ the Olympics, by giving the event distinctive meanings that were then experienced by global television audiences. Second, I employ th…
Olympic and world sport
This paper introduces the special issue of the British Journal of Sociology on the subject of the transnational aspects of Olympic and world sport. The special issue is underpinned by the perspective that because sport provides a space for the forging of transnational connections and global consciousness, it is increasingly significant within contemporary processes of globalization and the making of transnational society. In this article, we exam…
Sport and globalization
The aims of this special issue are to both raise the social scientific status of sport and to advance understanding of transnational processes through the role of sport in global change. The Introduction argues that sport, like globalization, can be understood in transdisciplinary terms, and the papers included contributions informed by sociology, anthropology, political sciences and history. As well as placing the issue in the context of recent …
The Sociability of Sport
Georg Simmel is one of sociology's most influential early figures, although arguably his work has been under-utilized in many scholarly fields, including sport studies. Some of Simmel's most important theoretical and substantive arguments are deployed to develop a sociological analysis of a specific sports subculture: the 'Tartan Army' of supporters that travels to Scotland football matches. Of particular interest are Simmel's formal sociological…
Global sport and consumer culture
This paper introduces the Special Issue of the Journal of Consumer Culture on the theme of ‘Global Sport and Consumer Culture'. We begin by briefly setting out how the interrelations of global sport and consumer culture have intensified through three historical stages: first, a ‘take-off' phase from the late 19th century to the mid-1940s; second, an ‘integrative and expansionist' phase from the late 1940s to the late 1980s; third, a ‘transnationa…
Scotland's Tartan Army in Italy
This short paper seeks to explain the activities of Scottish fans in Genoa and Turin, during the 1990 World Cup, by drawing on some key concepts offered by contemporary writers in the field of post-modernism and post-structuralism. These writers include Foucault, Derrida, Barthes and Baudrillard. All emphasize a re-empowerment of agency, evading more conventional forms of domination: Foucault within the domain of enabling discourse, Derrida on th…
Scoring away from Home
This paper explores the logistic, social structural and affective properties of Scotland football supporters attending two types of international fixture abroad: a high prestige tournament in Sweden and a low prestige qualifier in Romania. Representative samples of supporters were canvassed on both occasions, and the accruing data subjected to univariate and bivariate analysis. The findings indicate that the comparatively positive fan identity of…
Sport, Identity and Globalisation
Participant Observation and Research into Football Hooliganism
This paper discusses the author's fieldwork experiences while initiating and undertaking substantive participant observation research with two rival groups of Scottish football hooligans ("football casuals"). Key problems examined are those that emerge from attempted entrée into the hooligan subcultures and the everyday risks of comparative research with violent fans. The author provides regular illustrations to highlight how dangers such as the …
Football and the Politics of Carnival
At football's 1992 European Championship Finals in Sweden, the 5,000 Scottish fans ('The Tartan Army') attending, won the UEFA 'Fair Play' award for their friendly and sporting conduct. The award appears to be the culmination of a major 'change' in the international identity of the Scottish supporter over the last two decades. However, as this paper seeks to demonstrate, the nature of Scottish support's behaviour and cultural identity is the subj…
‘All the Olympians
Utilising fieldwork with Irish fans, and interviews with leading Irish journalists and football officials, this article examines five major themes surrounding USA ‘94 for the Irish: i) the cultural and ethnic symbiosis of Ireland with the USA; ii) aspects of the political economics behind the United States’ allocation of the Finals; iii) the Irish supporters‘ culture of ‘carnivalesque’, and any internal changes involved; iv) the possible impacts …
Back to the Future
This article examines from an ethnographic perspective Irish soccer fan activities at the 1994 World Cup Finals in the United States. An introductory discussion notes the limited previous study of Irish soccer fans, and critically assesses the relationship of Irish nationalism to sport. The activities of Irish fans are then examined in relation to their siting in New York and Orlando; the minimal level of sectarian/republican politics imbuing the…
Drugs and the media in the era of postmodernity
This article addresses the vast heterogeneity of UK media reports on illicit drugs by applying Michel Foucault's archaeological methodology. Accordingly, the media reports are classified to reflect their connections within a discursive formation that is itself situated within the milieu of postmodernity. By using the binary oppositions of private-public and societal-subcultural as classificatory axes, the author identifies four categories of medi…
Built by the two Varelas
(1999). Built by the two Varelas: The rise and fall of football culture and national identity in Uruguay. Culture, Sport, Society: Vol. 2, Football Culture Local Contests, Global Visions, pp. 134-154
Local contests and global visions
(1999). Local contests and global visions: Sporting difference and international change. Culture, Sport, Society: Vol. 2, Football Culture Local Contests, Global Visions, pp. 1-9
Old visions, old issues
(1999). Old visions, old issues: New horizons, new openings? Change, continuity and other contradictions in world football. Culture, Sport, Society: Vol. 2, Football Culture Local Contests, Global Visions, pp. 256-282
Soccer Goes Glocal
Avenues of contestation. Football hooligans running and ruling urban spaces
Mind your manors'. Football hooligans, space and the academic fieldIn the past thirty years, few issues have attracted the breadth of explanation and intensity of debate as that of football hooliganism. 2Those working from Marxist, 3 social psychological 4 and figurational perspectives 5 have constituted the main protagonists, though others within the overlapping fields of cultural studies, 6 anthropology, 7 and post-structuralist sociology 8 com…
Supporters, Followers, Fans, and Flaneurs
World football (or soccer) has undergone an intensive hypercommodification over the past decade or so. This article examines the impact of this process on forms of spectator identification with top professional football clubs. Drawing upon previous analyses by Taylor and Critcher (on football) and the theories of Bryan Turner (on body culture), the article advances four ideal types of spectator identity: supporters, followers, fans, and flâneurs.…
Forging Identities
Globalização Cultural Nas Fronteiras - O Caso Do Futebol Escocês
Neste texto Giulianotti estuda a relação tensa existente entre identidade nacional e globalização, na experiência recente dos clubes e do selecionado nacional na Escócia, refletindo sempre o complexo contexto do Reino Unido. Cultural globalization on the borders: the case of scottish football Abstract In this text, Giulianotti studies the tense relations that exist between national identity and globalization in the recent experience of clubs and …
Celtic, the Uefa Cup Final, and the Condition of Scottish Club Football
Introduction
In 1997 Alan Ingham and Peter Donnelly published a long and challenging article detailing the history of the sociology of sport in North America. In conclusion, they posed the twin questions: ‘Is any position hegemonic in our current stage of development?’ and ‘Should any position be hegemonic in the future?’ While answering firmly in the negative on both counts, Ingham and Donnelly lamented the lack of constructive dialogue within sport sociolog…
The Fate of Hyperreality
Jean Baudrillard has been probably the most provocative and controversial social theorist of the last twenty years. His theories of the masses, fatal strategies, symbolic exchange and hyperreality have courted widespread critical comment across the social sciences. More general public controversy has surrounded his sensationalist claims that the Gulf War ‘did not happen’ and that women should be offered up as sacrifices in the American desert (19…
Civilizing Games
Norbert Elias's status as an influential sociologist was secured only in the late 1970s, when the first volume of his magnum opus, The Civilizing Process, was finally published in English. By that stage, already over 80 years old, Elias had given an extraordinary lifetime's service to the discipline of sociology.KeywordsGame ModelRational Choice TheorySociological ImaginationCivilize ProcessSocial FigurationThese keywords were added by machine an…
The globalization of football
Sport, in particular football, constitutes one of the most dynamic, sociologically illuminating domains of globalization. This paper examines the globalization of football with particular reference to Robertson's theorizations of global processes. We examine football's cultural globalization through the concept of 'glocalization', which highlights the interdependence of local and global processes within the game's identities and institutions. We …
The Sociability of Sport
Georg Simmel is one of sociology's most influential early figures, although arguably his work has been under-utilized in many scholarly fields, including sport studies. Some of Simmel's most important theoretical and substantive arguments are deployed to develop a sociological analysis of a specific sports subculture: the 'Tartan Army' of supporters that travels to Scotland football matches. Of particular interest are Simmel's formal sociological…
Towards a Critical Anthropology of Voice
While it features regularly in anthropological literature, the concept of voice is rarely elaborated by way of definition or substantive application. In this article I develop a critical anthropological theorization of voice with reference to the ideas of Hymes, Bernstein, Bourdieu, Foucault and Bakhtin. I extend these conceptual claims substantively, by focusing on the relationship of cultural politics, phatic communion and globalization process…
Sport Spectators and the Social Consequences of Commodification
The commodification of football has been the subject of substantial sociological debate but has received relatively limited scrutiny in terms of sustained comparative empirical research. This article draws heavily on interviews with supporter groups, journalists, and officials in Scottish football to examine a range of issues relating to fan experiences and understandings of football's commodification. The author examines how fans respond to thei…
Ethics, Money and Sport
Written from the contrasting yet complementary perspectives of sociology and philosophy, this book explores the far-reaching ethical consequences of the runaway commodification of sport, focusing on those instances where commodification gives rise to morally undesirable consequences. The authors consider three main areas of concern for participators and observers alike: the corrosion of the core meanings and values of sport, the increasing elitis…
Sport and Mega-Event Impacts (73 works) · Sports, Gender, and Society (70 works) · Political science (68 works) · Sociology (66 works) · Law (58 works) · Law (40 works) · Politics (35 works) · Football (33 works) · Social science (27 works) · Media studies (21 works)