Shmuel Shulman
Biographic Data
| ID | 109155 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Shmuel Shulman |
| GIVEN NAMES | Shmuel |
| FAMILY NAME | Shulman |
| SIGNATURE | SHULMAN S |
| AFFILIATIONS | Bar-Ilan University |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-7853-8247 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 69 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 318 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 69 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1974 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 9 |
Turning Points in the Therapeutic Relationship
Stability of breakup distress following romantic dissolutions during emerging adulthood
Patterns of Change in Healthcare Use and Cost Before and During Psychotherapy
Previous research has found an increase in healthcare costs before psychotherapy, followed by a decrease thereafter—a pattern also observed in our sample. However, research on the patterns of change is still lacking. Healthcare quarterly cost patterns of change were examined in a field study of 1508 patients before and during outpatient psychotherapy. Several models assess the patterns of change of the entire sample and in subgroups of those unde…
Breakup Distress Trajectories Across Emerging Adulthood and the Quality of Romantic Relationships
One hundred and twenty-four Israeli emerging adults reported at the ages of 20, 23, 25, and 28, on the level of breakup distress they experienced. At age 28, romantic competence was assessed via interviews. A trajectory analysis yielded two breakup distress trajectories. The first trajectory represented a stable, low level of breakup distress, comprising two-thirds of the sample. The second trajectory represented a stable high breakup distress an…
The long arm of rejection sensitivity and young adults' romantic relationships
INTRODUCTION: In an earlier study, we followed adolescents from age 16 to 23, examining the effect of rejection sensitivity (RS) on the quality of future romantic relationships. Findings showed that RS decreased over time, and the decrease associated with a higher quality of future romantic relationships. In contrast, the effect of the earlier level of RS on the quality of future romantic relationships was minor. METHODS: Extending the earlier st…
Developmental Pathways and Adjustment of Adult Women Who Experienced Early Pubertal Development
Early maturation among girls is a major stressful event that might affect their development and wellbeing during the adolescent years. However, the research literature is inconsistent as to whether the impact of early maturation among girls continues into their adult life. Taking a narrative approach, 45 adult women were interviewed and asked to describe their developmental life history following early maturation. Further, they reported on their …
The longitudinal correlates of breakup distress in early young adulthood
Objectives: Existing research on romantic breakups focused on the predictors of breakup, or on its emotional and behavioral sequelae. The current study examines the longitudinal correlates of a breakup experience over a period of eight years, and questions whether breakup experiences may also have negative and positive outcomes. Methods: Data were collected from 124 Israeli emerging adults (mean age 20.22 years; 79 females). Participants were app…
Understanding stability and change in depressive symptom trajectories across young adulthood through the lens of career development
Research has documented both stable and nonstable trajectories of depressive symptoms across young adulthood, but has not explored the mechanisms that might explain change in level of depressive affect over time. To explore this question, the current study draws on data from an Israeli longitudinal study of 205 young adults who reported their depressed symptoms four times from ages 23 to 35 years. Employing a latent profile analysis (LPA), three …
Casual sexual relationships and their increase over time among Israeli emerging adults
While casual sexual relationships (CSREs) have become common among emerging adults, it is unknown whether these affect future relationships. Guided by a developmental perspective, the current study questions whether engagement in CSREs might be associated with the quality of future relationships by serving as a model of instability. Data were collected from 110 Israeli emerging adults at ages 23, 25, and 28. Contrary to our expectations, the leve…
Smoking behavior and symptoms of depression and anxiety among young adult backpackers
Levels of smoking and smoking initiation have been found to increase during the transition to adulthood. Symptoms of depression and anxiety may both precede or follow smoking behavior, yet there is equivocal evidence regarding the direction of this relationship. The aim of the current study was to examine the direction of this relationship in a group of young adult backpackers who traveled to social environments which are permissive of smoking. T…
Trajectories of Smoking Among Emerging Adult Backpackers and Their Antecedents
Public health reports document an increase in rates of smoking among emerging adults. This study examines environmental influences and temperament as predictors of this increase. One hundred ninety-nine emerging adults were followed from before embarking on a journey outside of Israel and on their return. Participants reported their levels of daily smoking (before, during, and after the journey), novelty seeking, harm avoidance, depressive sympto…
The role of change in self‐criticism across young adulthood in explaining developmental outcomes and psychological wellbeing
OBJECTIVE: Past research has confirmed the role of self-criticism in numerous forms of psychopathology and negative interpersonal outcomes. However, the majority of these studies were cross-sectional and have not addressed the role of possible changes in self-criticism across time for future outcomes. The current study investigated the degree to which changes in self-criticism during young adulthood precede better psychological outcomes beyond th…
Change in Self-Criticism Across Emerging Adulthood and Psychological Well-Being at Age 35
Recent conceptualization and research in personality development have shown that significant changes in personality taking place during emerging adulthood where young people tend to become more emotionally mature and stable. In line with these contentions, we examined in a sample of 205 Israeli emerging adults the longitudinal association between change in self-criticism across ages 23 and 29 and positive developmental and psychological well-bein…
Patterns of Romantic Pathways among 23 Year Olds and their Adolescent Antecedents
Adolescents’ Sexual Encounters With Either Romantic or Casual Partners and the Quality of Their Romantic Relationships Four Years Later
Adolescent sexual behavior was examined within a health perspective. Assuming a developmental perspective, the current study investigated the associations between sexual behavior in either stable relationships or in casual encounters, and the quality of romantic relationships and affect 4 years later. Data were collected from 144 Israeli adolescents aged 16-18 years (mean age 16.57 years). Participants completed diary data over a period of 10 day…
Adolescent Depressive Symptoms and Breakup Distress During Early Emerging Adulthood
Breakups are a normative and frequent part of the romantic experience. In this longitudinal study, we followed 144 adolescents (mean age = 16.57) for a period of 4 years and examined the extent to which level of depressive symptoms predicts the intensity of breakup distress during emerging adulthood and, further, the extent to which breakup distress reported during emerging adulthood is associated with the quality of a current romantic relationsh…
Effects of Group Psychotherapy on Young Adults’ Romantic and Career Functioning
A growing number of young adults have difficulties meeting developmental challenges and experience psychological distress as a consequence of which they seek help to address these difficulties. A time-limited group psychotherapy focusing on addressing age-related tasks was developed to meet the needs of young people. Thirty-one young people seeking psychological help participated in 16 to 18 sessions of group psychotherapy. Psychological distress…
Is Sexual Activity During Adolescence Good for Future Romantic Relationships
Adolescent romantic competence and parenting attitudes
The current study examined the distinctive gender-related expressions of adolescent romantic competence and patterns of maternal and paternal attitudes toward daughters' and sons' romantic involvements. Employing a qualitative approach, an in-depth interview assessing romantic competence was given to 69 Israeli adolescents (37 boys) ranging in age from 15 to 18 years, M = 16.74 ( SD = .81). In addition, parents were interviewed regarding their at…
Achieving Work and Love Authorship in Emerging Adulthood
The present study examined the achievement of work and romantic authorship in 100 Israeli emerging adults (54 men) who were followed from age 22 to 29. At the age of 29, participants were asked to talk about their current occupational and romantic statuses and the changes they underwent and to reflect on the meaning of these changes. Qualitative analyses of the interviews yielded four types of achieving work and romantic authorship: in both or ei…
Changes in Romantic Competence and Career Adaptability Among Emerging Adults in Psychotherapy
While studies indicate that a growing number of emerging adults have difficulty meeting developmental challenges and, as a consequence, experience distress, the extent to which psychotherapy can help emerging adult clients cope with developmental tasks remains unexplored. This study examined the extent to which two core developmental capabilities of emerging adults—romantic competence and career adaptability—change during psychotherapy and the as…
The Role of Romantic Attraction and Conflict Resolution in Predicting Shorter and Longer Relationship Maintenance Among Adolescents
Fathers and Adolescents
Turning points in the romantic history of emerging adults
This study examined patterns of romantic relationship turning points in 100 Israeli emerging adults (54 males) who were followed from age 22 to 29. Analyses of interviews at age 29 yielded four distinctive patterns of romantic transitions that are associated with different levels of concurrent well-being: positive outcome turning points, negative outcome turning points, formal turning points, and young people who could not identify any relational…
Gender Differences in the Spillover Between Romantic Experiences, Work Experiences, and Individual Adjustment Across Emerging Adulthood
This study examines the interplay between negative romantic experiences, negative work experiences, and anxiety/depressive symptoms at three time points across ages 24–29 in a sample of 176 Israeli emerging adults. Males ( n = 96) and females ( n = 80) described different patterns of longitudinal spillover between work, romantic relationships, and well-being. For males, higher levels of negative romantic experiences predicted increases in negativ…
Adolescent Romantic Behaviors and Perceptions
This study examined the role of age, gender, and dating experience in adolescent romantic behaviors and perceptions. In addition, the linkage between the quality of relationships with parents and peers, and affective intensity with a romantic partner was investigated. Interviews were held with 168 Israeli adolescents, who also completed questionnaires assessing romantic behaviors, romantic perceptions, and quality of relationships with their roma…
Sibling Relationships in Emerging Adulthood and in Adolescence
In this study, 116 emerging adults and adolescents completed questionnaires and were interviewed about their relationship with a sibling. Respondents’ siblings and their mothers also rated the quality of the sibling relationship. Emerging adults were found to spend less time and to be less involved in joint activities with their siblings than adolescents, but they reported being more involved in emotional exchanges with and feeling more warmth to…
The Role of Parentification and Family Climate in Adaptation Among Immigrant Adolescents in Israel
Parentification has been defined as the familial interactional pattern in which children and adolescents are assigned or assume roles and responsibilities normally the province of adults. Two studies were conducted to examine the role that parentification takes in the context of immigration with regard to its impact on adolescent adaptation. In study 1, a comparison between 70 adolescent immigrants from the Former Soviet Union (FSU) in Israel wit…
Stages of Friendship Growth in Preadolescence as Related to Attachment History
A process model of friendship formation in preadolescence is proposed in this article, and the continuity of early parent-child relationships (quality of attachment) with later friendship processes and peer competence is explored. Thirty-two preadolescents, subjects in a longitudinal study of attachment and subsequent social development, were observed in 4-week summer day camps. Those who had been securely attached with their caregivers as infant…
Adolescent Intimacy Revisited
Adolescent Precursors of Romantic Relationships in Young Adulthood
In a six-year longitudinal study, the early contributors to romantic relationships in young adults were analyzed. Seventy-two adolescents participated annually in a survey assessing their relationships with parents and close friends at the ages of 14, 15, and 17 years. In addition, developmental progression in establishing a separate identity and developing a mature body concept was assessed. At the age of 20, the sample was again investigated wi…
Coping Style in Adolescence
The present study compares the coping styles of adolescents in two different cultures. Two carefully equated samples, consisting of 353 German and 187 Israeli adolescents, aged 15 to 17 years, were investigated. Coping styles were defined by a matrix of 20 coping strategies applied across eight different developmental areas. Factor analysis revealed comparable dimensional structures of coping styles. Both German and Israeli adolescents most frequ…
Cognitive appraisals, coping strategies, and support resources as correlates of parenting and infant development
By applying R. S. Lazarus's (1993) theoretical model, the authors explored the dynamics of stress and coping as central mechanisms underlying parenting adjustment and infant development. Longitudinal assessment of 140 primiparous mothers included measures of cognitive appraisals of parenting, coping strategies used, and supportive coping resources at pregnancy and 1 month, 6 months, and 12 months postpartum. Maternal outcome measures of adjustmen…
Emerging Adulthood
Seventy-two Israeli emerging adults were interviewed for descriptions of themselves and accounts of their personal, social, and professional dreams, current life status, romantic relationships, and relationships with their parents. Interviews were transcribed and rated on scales assessing self-processes, attainment of professional and romantic tasks, and relationships with parents. Cluster analysis revealed three distinctive types of emerging adu…
Meeting Developmental Challenges During Emerging Adulthood
A one-year follow-up study examined the role of developmental challenges, personality (dependency, self-criticism, and personal efficacy), and support systems in adaptation among Israeli emerging adults ( N = 236) participating in a preparatory academic program. Participants were assessed during their enrollment in the preparatory academic program and one year later, after graduation, when their academic success or failure could be determined. Pe…
Romantic Contexts, Sexual Behavior, and Depressive Symptoms among Adolescent Males and Females
Resolution of Disagreements Between Romantic Partners, Among Adolescents, and Young Adults
The study was designed to explore qualitatively developmental differences in disagreement negotiation and resolution skills between adolescent and young adult romantic partners. Twenty adolescent and 20 young adult couples participated in the study. The Knox inventory was used to measure the level of disagreement between partners on ten domains (e.g., friends or money). Partners were asked to discuss and resolve their greatest disagreement. Joint…
Adolescent Coping Style as a Function of Perceived Family Climate
The study compares adolescent coping styles across different perceived family climates. Analyses indicated that the perception of family cohesion and organization, combined with respect for individual development, were related to a higher level of functional coping in the adolescent. A sense of lack of family support, or a sense of an over-controlling family climate, was related to a higher level of dysfunctional coping. Adolescent perception of …
Children's psychological reactions to wartime stress
Parent-Child Relationships and Peer-Perceived Competence During Middle Childhood and Preadolescence in Israel
This study examined parent-child relationships in middle childhood and preadolescence and their significance for children's peer-perceived social competence. A sample of 9-and 11-year-old Israeli children (n = 95 and 98, respectively) completed inventories of mothers' and fathers' perceived acceptance, rejection, psychological autonomy, and psychological control. Their mothers and fathers indicated perceptions of their child on rebellious behavio…
Turning points in the romantic history of emerging adults
This study examined patterns of romantic relationship turning points in 100 Israeli emerging adults (54 males) who were followed from age 22 to 29. Analyses of interviews at age 29 yielded four distinctive patterns of romantic transitions that are associated with different levels of concurrent well-being: positive outcome turning points, negative outcome turning points, formal turning points, and young people who could not identify any relational…
Adolescent Daughters’ Romantic Competence
Pathways of sleep, affect, and stress constellations during the first year of college
One hundred and fifty Israeli first-year college students were assessed twice: during the first semester following the commencement of their undergraduate studies and toward the end of the second semester. At each semester, participants completed web-based daily diaries for seven consecutive days assessing daily sleep, affective mood, stress, and inventories assessing quality of sleep and indices of adjustment. Cluster analysis of daily sleep, af…
Systemic Patterns of Parenting as Reported by Adolescents
Parent behaviors are usually characterized globally in research on psychosocial outcomes, but mothers and fathers may show disparate patterns of control and influence. To examine perceived incongruence in parents' behaviors, 5th, 8th, and 11th graders' reports of each parent's childrearing practices were cluster analyzed Four clusters emerged: atn authoritative congruent pattern, in which both parents were accepting and allowed autonomy, with app…
Adolescent romantic competence and parenting attitudes
The current study examined the distinctive gender-related expressions of adolescent romantic competence and patterns of maternal and paternal attitudes toward daughters' and sons' romantic involvements. Employing a qualitative approach, an in-depth interview assessing romantic competence was given to 69 Israeli adolescents (37 boys) ranging in age from 15 to 18 years, M = 16.74 ( SD = .81). In addition, parents were interviewed regarding their at…
The Extended Journey and Transition to Adulthood
Employing a focus group methodology, this study examined the meaning and the role of extended journeys of 30 Israeli emerging adults within the complexities of this developmental period and within the Israeli cultural context. Qualitative analyses of young people's accounts suggested that the journeys may represent two themes. Firstly, the journey can be understood as personal experimentation in the pursuit of attaining a mature self-identity. Se…
The Impact of Immigration on the Internal Processes and Developmental Tasks of Emerging Adulthood
Adolescent Perceptions of Conflict in Interdependent and Disengaged Friendships
Interdependent and disengaged friendships in a middle-class sample of suburban Israeli adolescents were examined for differences in reports of conflict behavior. A total of 194 (100 females, and 94 males) close, reciprocal friends participated in a joint problem-solving task used to categorize friendships. Interdependent friends balanced closeness and individuality by cooperating on the task, whereas disengaged friends emphasized individuality by…
The longitudinal correlates of breakup distress in early young adulthood
Objectives: Existing research on romantic breakups focused on the predictors of breakup, or on its emotional and behavioral sequelae. The current study examines the longitudinal correlates of a breakup experience over a period of eight years, and questions whether breakup experiences may also have negative and positive outcomes. Methods: Data were collected from 124 Israeli emerging adults (mean age 20.22 years; 79 females). Participants were app…
Romantic Fantasies, Cross-Gender Friendships, and Romantic Experiences in Adolescence
Findings of this study, conducted on 142 adolescents (67 ninth graders and 75 eleventh graders), show that romantic experiences among adolescents are manifested in different forms: romantic fantasies, cross-gender friendships, and sustained interactions with a romantic partner. These three forms of experience are manifested differently across age and gender. Romantic fantasies, although not accompanied by any actual interaction, are emotionally i…
Children's psychological reactions to wartime stress
Evaluation of research trends in special education journals (1979–1982)
Adolescent Coping Style as a Function of Perceived Family Climate
The study compares adolescent coping styles across different perceived family climates. Analyses indicated that the perception of family cohesion and organization, combined with respect for individual development, were related to a higher level of functional coping in the adolescent. A sense of lack of family support, or a sense of an over-controlling family climate, was related to a higher level of dysfunctional coping. Adolescent perception of …
Adolescent perception of family climate and adaptation to residential schooling
Coping Style in Adolescence
The present study compares the coping styles of adolescents in two different cultures. Two carefully equated samples, consisting of 353 German and 187 Israeli adolescents, aged 15 to 17 years, were investigated. Coping styles were defined by a matrix of 20 coping strategies applied across eight different developmental areas. Factor analysis revealed comparable dimensional structures of coping styles. Both German and Israeli adolescents most frequ…
Systemic Patterns of Parenting as Reported by Adolescents
Parent behaviors are usually characterized globally in research on psychosocial outcomes, but mothers and fathers may show disparate patterns of control and influence. To examine perceived incongruence in parents' behaviors, 5th, 8th, and 11th graders' reports of each parent's childrearing practices were cluster analyzed Four clusters emerged: atn authoritative congruent pattern, in which both parents were accepting and allowed autonomy, with app…
Distinctive role of the father in adolescent separation-individuation
Results of an exploration of the distinctive nature of father-adolescent relationships suggest that relationships with fathers are better models for a balanced closeness and separateness than relationships with mothers
Close friendships in early and middle adolescence
Based on family systems theory, a typology of close friendships in adolescence is presented. Close friends' ability to negotiate closeness and separateness is different in early and middle adolescence. These differences are also reflected in partners' levels of friendship reasoning
Parent-Child Relationships and Peer-Perceived Competence During Middle Childhood and Preadolescence in Israel
This study examined parent-child relationships in middle childhood and preadolescence and their significance for children's peer-perceived social competence. A sample of 9-and 11-year-old Israeli children (n = 95 and 98, respectively) completed inventories of mothers' and fathers' perceived acceptance, rejection, psychological autonomy, and psychological control. Their mothers and fathers indicated perceptions of their child on rebellious behavio…
Stages of Friendship Growth in Preadolescence as Related to Attachment History
A process model of friendship formation in preadolescence is proposed in this article, and the continuity of early parent-child relationships (quality of attachment) with later friendship processes and peer competence is explored. Thirty-two preadolescents, subjects in a longitudinal study of attachment and subsequent social development, were observed in 4-week summer day camps. Those who had been securely attached with their caregivers as infant…
Coping styles of learning disabled adolescents and their parents
Afterword
Limited research exists on romantic relationships in adolescence. The chapters in this volume call attention to several conceptual issues that must be addressed to advance understanding of processes and development in adolescent romantic relationships
Intimate relationships among adolescent romantic partners and same-sex friends
Based on a comprehensive understanding of intimacy, and emerging from a systems theory, this chapter examines adolescent intimacy in close friendships and romantic relationships. Males and females deal differently with the balancing of closeness and individuality in the two types of close friendships. In addition, development of an intimate romantic relationship requires greater commitment for males than for females
Adolescent Intimacy Revisited
Adolescent Intimacy
This study examined and compared perceptions of intimacy in friendships among Israeli Jewish and Israeli Bedouin adolescents. Questionnaires assessing perceived intimacy and self-disclosure in close friendships were completed by 288 Jewish and 327 Bedouin 7th-, 9th-, and 11th-grade students. Overall, results showed that intimacy was perceived to reflect a balance between closeness and individuality in close friendships. Yet Jewish and Bedouin ado…
Latchkey children
Two studies examined factors facilitating the ability of latchkey children to care for themselves, and to function at a similar level to children who are under adult care. In the first study, 70 latchkey and 69 non-latchkey children were compared on measures of functioning, and on level of maternal perception of their children as independent. Children's level of functioning was not different across the latchkey condition. However, contrary to exp…
Cognitive appraisals, coping strategies, and support resources as correlates of parenting and infant development
By applying R. S. Lazarus's (1993) theoretical model, the authors explored the dynamics of stress and coping as central mechanisms underlying parenting adjustment and infant development. Longitudinal assessment of 140 primiparous mothers included measures of cognitive appraisals of parenting, coping strategies used, and supportive coping resources at pregnancy and 1 month, 6 months, and 12 months postpartum. Maternal outcome measures of adjustmen…
Fathers and Adolescents
Adolescent Romantic Behaviors and Perceptions
This study examined the role of age, gender, and dating experience in adolescent romantic behaviors and perceptions. In addition, the linkage between the quality of relationships with parents and peers, and affective intensity with a romantic partner was investigated. Interviews were held with 168 Israeli adolescents, who also completed questionnaires assessing romantic behaviors, romantic perceptions, and quality of relationships with their roma…
How Young Adults Perceive Parental Divorce
The aim of this study was to examine the extent to which perception of parental divorce among young adults is related to their recounting of the relationships with their parents. Interviews were held with 51 (30 female and 21 male) Israeli young adults involved in a romantic relationship and whose parents had divorced. Participants were asked to talk about how they felt about and understood the divorce currently. In addition, subjects were asked …
Parental divorce and young adult children's romantic relationships
Fifty-one romantically involved young Israeli adults, whose parents were divorced, were questioned about their romantic relationship, parents' conflict, and current feelings about and reconstruction of the divorce. An integrative perception of the divorce was found to be related to fewer problems and to higher levels of friendship, enjoyment, and intimacy in the relationship. Implications for research and intervention with young adults are discus…
Adolescent Precursors of Romantic Relationships in Young Adulthood
In a six-year longitudinal study, the early contributors to romantic relationships in young adults were analyzed. Seventy-two adolescents participated annually in a survey assessing their relationships with parents and close friends at the ages of 14, 15, and 17 years. In addition, developmental progression in establishing a separate identity and developing a mature body concept was assessed. At the age of 20, the sample was again investigated wi…
Adolescent Perceptions of Conflict in Interdependent and Disengaged Friendships
Interdependent and disengaged friendships in a middle-class sample of suburban Israeli adolescents were examined for differences in reports of conflict behavior. A total of 194 (100 females, and 94 males) close, reciprocal friends participated in a joint problem-solving task used to categorize friendships. Interdependent friends balanced closeness and individuality by cooperating on the task, whereas disengaged friends emphasized individuality by…
Sibling Relationships in Emerging Adulthood and in Adolescence
In this study, 116 emerging adults and adolescents completed questionnaires and were interviewed about their relationship with a sibling. Respondents’ siblings and their mothers also rated the quality of the sibling relationship. Emerging adults were found to spend less time and to be less involved in joint activities with their siblings than adolescents, but they reported being more involved in emotional exchanges with and feeling more warmth to…
Emerging Adulthood
Seventy-two Israeli emerging adults were interviewed for descriptions of themselves and accounts of their personal, social, and professional dreams, current life status, romantic relationships, and relationships with their parents. Interviews were transcribed and rated on scales assessing self-processes, attainment of professional and romantic tasks, and relationships with parents. Cluster analysis revealed three distinctive types of emerging adu…
Psychology (65 works) · Developmental psychology (62 works) · Social Psychology (49 works) · Social Psychology (40 works) · Attachment and Relationship Dynamics (33 works) · Romance (28 works) · Clinical Psychology (24 works) · Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development (22 works) · Identity, Memory, and Therapy (18 works) · Clinical Psychology (17 works)