David Watkins
Biographic Data
| ID | 120667 |
|---|---|
| NAME | David Watkins |
| GIVEN NAMES | David |
| FAMILY NAME | Watkins |
| SIGNATURE | WATKINS D |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Hong Kong |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-3930-5990 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 104 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 214 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 104 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1943 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 9 |
Affordability and Supply
This article examines recent evidence on affordability, the need for affordable housing and patterns of housing supply across the urban–rural spectrum in England. It uses adapted versions of several models derived from previous research but incorporating relatively recent data to illuminate these issues. It is found that, whether measured at the local authority or ward level, rural areas are more affordable than urban areas, within broad regions …
Exploring alternative strategic management paradigms in high-growth ethnic and non-ethnic family firms
Beyond the “Countermajoritarian Difficulty
The "countermajoritarian difficulty," first formulated by Alexander Bickel almost fifty years ago, has been a profoundly influential starting point for those who critically examine the relationship between democracy and constitutional judicial review. However, the inadequacies of this framework are manifest. This framework rests, first, on unwarranted empirical assumptions about the "majoritarianism" of legislative action and the "countermajorita…
Social Sustainability and Urban Form
Planning and urban policies emphasise 'sustainability', but claims that 'compact cities' are more socially sustainable and acceptable have been controversial and subject to limited empirical testing. After a brief review of the concepts and debate, we set out new empirical evidence based on household surveys linked to neighbourhood physical, map-based, and sociodemographic data for five British cities. Statistical models are developed to account …
Understanding Neighbourhood Housing Markets
Neighbourhood housing markets play a pivotal role in the evolution of the demographic, social and economic functioning of neighbourhoods, and hence are necessarily a key concern for national and local policy makers. This paper examines propositions about the determinants of neighbourhood housing market outcomes in England, particularly price changes over the last 10-20 years. These concern the influence of (sub-)regional economic and demographic …
Quasi-marketising access to social housing in Britain
Conceptions of a Good Tertiary EFL Teacher in China
TESOL Quarterly invites readers to submit short reports and updates on their work. These summaries may address any areas of interest to Quarterly readers
Testing Competing Factor Models Underlying the Private Self-Consciousness Scale With Hong Kong Chinese Adolescents
This study evaluated competing factor models underlying the Private Self-Consciousness scale (Fenigstein, Scheier, & Buss, 1975) with a large sample of Hong Kong Chinese adolescents. Reliability analysis and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis did not lend empirical support to the three split-factor models proposed in previous research (Anderson, Bohon, & Berrigan, 1996; Burnkrant & Page, 1984; Martin & Debus, 1999). It was recommended t…
Religion and Forgiveness from a Hong Kong Chinese Perspective
Social cause dissemination and feedback using multimedia and internet-based techniques
The purpose of the project was to create a narrowcast electronically based program that would economically disseminate information about a social cause to a highly targeted audience, while soliciting response, and therefore involvement, by that audience The objective was to reach influentials, policy makers, and grant funders with a message that was educational, involving and used interactive media via a CD with an embedded tie to the internet wh…
Teachers as scholars of their students' conceptions of learning
Background: The need for effective teachers to reflect on their students' thinking is now generally recognized. Moreover, the study of students' conceptions of learning and their impact on learning outcomes has become a popular area of research. But are teachers aware of their students' conceptions and do they reflect on them when planning their teaching? Aims: This paper reports two interview studies of Hong Kong teachers designed to find out wh…
The Issue Of Measurement Invariance Revisited
The purposes of this study were twofold: (a) based on the analysis of covariance structures, to test for the equivalence of a well-known measuring instrument across two culturally diverse groups and (b) provided with findings of nonequivalent items, to identify possible determinants of their noninvariance; post hoc investigations included tests for evidence of item bias using an ANOVA-based approach and examination of graphical displays of item r…
An Investigation Of Ethnic Differences In The Motivation And Strategies For Learning Of Students In Desegregated South African Schools
No significant ethnic group differences were found in the academic motivation or learning strategies of more than 200 White and 200 Black South African students from two recently integrated secondary schools. Both groups considered working hard and having interest in school tasks to be more important than competition or affiliation. The former items tended to be the best predictors in both groups of the use of deep learning strategies, which are …
Identifying and assessing the conceptions of teaching of secondary school physics teachers in China
Background. Recent research indicates that how lecturers think about the nature of teaching influences both the way they teach and the way their students learn and ultimately the learning outcomes they achieve. Such research has primarily been conducted at the tertiary level in Western countries and its relevance for school teaching and in non-Western contexts has yet to be demonstrated. Aims. Study 1 aimed to develop a model of the conceptions o…
Independent and Interdependent Conceptions of Self
Measures of the importance of and self-satisfaction with the independent and interdependent self were used to test age, gender, and culture differences in the nature of self-conception. The participants were 903 first or second-year college undergraduates and 936 middle-class adults from four countries differing markedly in religious, political, and cultural dimensions: Hong Kong, Iran, Russia, and the United States. In both college and adult sam…
The role of repetition in the processes of memorising and understanding
Background. Previous research has found that students and teachers in countries of the Far East often see memorisation and understanding as working together to produce higher quality outcomes. In contrast, in the West it is more common to associate memorising with 'surface' and understanding with ' deep' approaches to learning. Aim. The main purpose of this study was to explore and describe the experiences of the role of repetition in the process…
Assessing the Learning Processes of Mexican and Euro-American Students
Assessing the Learning Processes of Mexican and Euro-American Students
Analysis of the responses of 221 Mexican American and 473 Euro-American secondary school students to the Learning Process Questionnaire of Biggs showed that responses of both groups were of moderate reliability and supported the scale's within- and between-construct validity. However, the means indicated the presence of a response set which raises questions about the validity of cross-cultural comparisons of scores with these ethnic groups
Language of Response and the Spontaneous Self-Concept
Responses to the Twenty Statements Test were obtained from 166 Filipino secondary school children asked to respond either in English or Cebuano, their local language. Contrary to the cultural accommodation hypothesis, the respondents did not provide more independent self-references in the English language condition. Examination of responses indicated that when responding in English, the participants, particularly the males, were influenced by the…
Affective variables, learning approaches and academic achievement
Background . Academic learning outcomes are believed to be influenced by a complex system that involves the interaction of student personality characteristics and learning processes. Yet to date there have been few studies, particularly in a non‐western culture, which have examined the interrelationships between these variables and their causal effects on achievement outcomes. Aims . This study aims to investigate the interrelationships of affect…
Self-Esteem and Hearing Impairment
A comparison was made of the self-esteem of 45 moderately-severe hearing impaired and 300 normal-hearing secondary school students in Hong Kong. Analysis indicated that the hearing impaired group, particularly the males, tended to report higher self-esteem in a number of dimensions of the self. The results provide no evidence that integration into the normal classroom has damaged the self-esteem of the hearing-impaired
Development and Validation of a Self-Concept Questionnaire for Hong Kong Chinese Adults Who Have Physical Disability
Previous research (Tam & Watkins, 1995) provided an understanding of the self-concepts of Hong Kong Chinese adults who have physical disability. Through constructing a hierarchical multidimensional self-concept model for the disabled population, a theoretical basis was established for the development of a questionnaire to measure their self-concepts. Subsequent efforts focused on validating this instrument, the Self-Concept Questionnaire for Phys…
Assessing Study Approaches in Sweden
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Revised Causal Dimension Scale
The Causal Dimension Scale-II is conceptually important for research on attributions as it taps directly the subjects' own views of the dimensions underlying their causal ascriptions. However, this research based on the responses of 120 Nepalese tertiary students to the Causal Dimension Scale-II for both success and failure outcomes indicates that the internal consistency reliability of the External Control scale is of doubtful adequacy and that …
Self-Concept and Social Acceptance in Multiracial African Schools
Self-concept and social acceptance were examined for a sample of 154 Black and 203 White Zimbabwean schoolchildren attending racially integrated schools. Marsh's Self-Description Question naire-1 and multiple measures of social acceptance were used. Although Black children had levels of global self-esteem compara ble with, or higher than, that of their White classmates, Black pupils taught by White teachers had significantly lower reading and aca…
Social Sustainability and Urban Form
Planning and urban policies emphasise 'sustainability', but claims that 'compact cities' are more socially sustainable and acceptable have been controversial and subject to limited empirical testing. After a brief review of the concepts and debate, we set out new empirical evidence based on household surveys linked to neighbourhood physical, map-based, and sociodemographic data for five British cities. Statistical models are developed to account …
The Issue Of Measurement Invariance Revisited
The purposes of this study were twofold: (a) based on the analysis of covariance structures, to test for the equivalence of a well-known measuring instrument across two culturally diverse groups and (b) provided with findings of nonequivalent items, to identify possible determinants of their noninvariance; post hoc investigations included tests for evidence of item bias using an ANOVA-based approach and examination of graphical displays of item r…
Culture, Gender, and Response Bias
The possibility of culture and gender differences in response styles was explored. The responses of 1,717 participants aged 12-14 years from Australia, China, Nepal, Nigeria, and the Philippines to the Self-Description Questionnaire-I (SDQ-1) were analyzed for evidence of inconsistent responding, negativity or positivity bias, lack of profile variation, and social desirability. No evidence of a major social desirability factor but relatively subs…
The Twenty Statements Test
This research investigated the issue of the weighting and number of Twenty Statements Test (TST) responses with samples of 165 Hong Kong secondary school pupils and 100 Swedish and 100 Ethiopian university students. Responses were classified into idiocentric, large group, small group, and allocentric categories, and scores were weighted by the rank order of the response and 7, 10, or 20 items were considered. Analysis found that the rank and numb…
Filipino Brides
The phenomenon of the increasing number of Filipino girls marrying Australian men is described. The literature and some new data on the status and role of women in Filipino society and Filipino values and personality are then reviewed. It is concluded that Filipino brides are likely to be well educated, timid, modest, and family oriented. However, they may well have had little domestic experience and are unlikely to take kindly to being treated a…
Managing’ the Middle Classes
There is a longstanding concern about middle-class capture of the benefits of public service provision, although relatively little evidence exists on the exact nature of any advantage or on the processes by which this comes about. Using a framework developed from Gal (J. Gal, 1998. Formulating the Matthew Principle: on the role of the middle-classes in the welfare state. Scandinavian Journal of Social Welfare, 7, 42–55), and via two case studies …
Understanding Neighbourhood Housing Markets
Neighbourhood housing markets play a pivotal role in the evolution of the demographic, social and economic functioning of neighbourhoods, and hence are necessarily a key concern for national and local policy makers. This paper examines propositions about the determinants of neighbourhood housing market outcomes in England, particularly price changes over the last 10-20 years. These concern the influence of (sub-)regional economic and demographic …
Independent and Interdependent Conceptions of Self
Measures of the importance of and self-satisfaction with the independent and interdependent self were used to test age, gender, and culture differences in the nature of self-conception. The participants were 903 first or second-year college undergraduates and 936 middle-class adults from four countries differing markedly in religious, political, and cultural dimensions: Hong Kong, Iran, Russia, and the United States. In both college and adult sam…
The role of repetition in the processes of memorising and understanding
Background. Previous research has found that students and teachers in countries of the Far East often see memorisation and understanding as working together to produce higher quality outcomes. In contrast, in the West it is more common to associate memorising with 'surface' and understanding with ' deep' approaches to learning. Aim. The main purpose of this study was to explore and describe the experiences of the role of repetition in the process…
Slavery and Freedom in Theory and Practice
Slavery has long stood as a mirror image to the conception of a free person in republican theory. This essay contends that slavery deserves this central status in a theory of freedom, but a more thorough examination of slavery in theory and in practice will reveal additional insights about freedom previously unacknowledged by republicans. Slavery combines imperium (state domination) and dominium (private domination) in a way that both destroys fr…
Tiered Housing Markets and their Relationship to Labour Market Areas
This paper develops a tiered geography of local housing market areas (HMAs) that provides a national framework for spatial planning. It is derived from a theoretical understanding of the economic basis of HMAs. The analysis explores the relationships between the tiers of the HMA geography and local labour market areas. Drawing on this understanding, the empirical research generates sets of different potential geographies of HMAs for England based…
Beyond the “Countermajoritarian Difficulty
The "countermajoritarian difficulty," first formulated by Alexander Bickel almost fifty years ago, has been a profoundly influential starting point for those who critically examine the relationship between democracy and constitutional judicial review. However, the inadequacies of this framework are manifest. This framework rests, first, on unwarranted empirical assumptions about the "majoritarianism" of legislative action and the "countermajorita…
Affective variables, learning approaches and academic achievement
Background . Academic learning outcomes are believed to be influenced by a complex system that involves the interaction of student personality characteristics and learning processes. Yet to date there have been few studies, particularly in a non‐western culture, which have examined the interrelationships between these variables and their causal effects on achievement outcomes. Aims . This study aims to investigate the interrelationships of affect…
The structure of self-concept
This paper examines the appropriateness for Filipino students of the Self Description Questionnaire (SDQ; Marsh 1986) and the Shavelson model of self-concept on which it is based. The Filipino concept of self is first considered. Then the results of an administration of the SDQ to 194 Manila public high-school students are reported. The item-total correlations and reliability coefficients obtained were encouraging. Factor analysis generally suppo…
Quasi-marketising access to social housing in Britain
Conceptions of a Good Tertiary EFL Teacher in China
TESOL Quarterly invites readers to submit short reports and updates on their work. These summaries may address any areas of interest to Quarterly readers
Religion and Forgiveness from a Hong Kong Chinese Perspective
An Investigation Of Ethnic Differences In The Motivation And Strategies For Learning Of Students In Desegregated South African Schools
No significant ethnic group differences were found in the academic motivation or learning strategies of more than 200 White and 200 Black South African students from two recently integrated secondary schools. Both groups considered working hard and having interest in school tasks to be more important than competition or affiliation. The former items tended to be the best predictors in both groups of the use of deep learning strategies, which are …
Self-monitoring as a mediator of person-environment fit
The research literature indicates that students tend to achieve better in a learning environment close to their preference. It was hypothesised that the congruence between the preferred and actual classroom environments would have an effect on students' learning and the impact would be more salient among low rather than high self-monitoring individuals since the latter can more easily adapt themselves to situations. This hypothesis was supported …
Filipino Brides Revisited — A Reply To Robinson and Wall
Cardiovascular disease and impoverishment averted due to a salt reduction policy in South Africa
The South African Government recently set targets to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) by lowering salt consumption. We conducted an extended cost-effectiveness analysis (ECEA) to model the potential health and economic impacts of this salt policy. We used surveys and epidemiologic studies to estimate reductions in CVD resulting from lower salt intake. We calculated the average out-of-pocket (OOP) cost of CVD care, using facility fee schedules …
Institutionalizing Freedom as Non-Domination
Environmental Justice in the City? Challenges for Policy and Resource Allocation in Keeping the Streets Clean
This study addresses issues of social or environmental justice in local urban environmental services, through the particular lens of street cleaning services. While UK policy gives some legitimacy to the idea that services should be enhanced in disadavantaged areas, it is unclear how much service and resource discrimination are necessary or appropriate. In practice, this equity perspective may not have much impact at local level. An empirical ana…
Identifying and assessing the conceptions of teaching of secondary school physics teachers in China
Background. Recent research indicates that how lecturers think about the nature of teaching influences both the way they teach and the way their students learn and ultimately the learning outcomes they achieve. Such research has primarily been conducted at the tertiary level in Western countries and its relevance for school teaching and in non-Western contexts has yet to be demonstrated. Aims. Study 1 aimed to develop a model of the conceptions o…
Language of Response and the Spontaneous Self-Concept
Responses to the Twenty Statements Test were obtained from 166 Filipino secondary school children asked to respond either in English or Cebuano, their local language. Contrary to the cultural accommodation hypothesis, the respondents did not provide more independent self-references in the English language condition. Examination of responses indicated that when responding in English, the participants, particularly the males, were influenced by the…
Production for Farm Home Use
Self-esteem as a moderator in vocational choice
This paper tests Korman's hypothesis that self-esteem acts as a moderator in vocational choice. The results, based on a sample of 100 primary student teachers at Sydney Teachers' College, failed to support Korman's position but were in line with traditional self-implementation theory
Sex Differences among Correlates of Extraversion and Neuroticism
The responses of 235 psychology students at the University of Melbourne to the Neuroticism and Extraversion scales of the Eysenck and Heron personality inventories were correlated with their ratings of importance and self-ratings of various areas of their lives. The results indicated that there may be significant differences in the self-perceptions of males and females with similar scores on the Neuroticism and Extraversion scales
The antecedents of self-esteem in australian university students
(1976). The antecedents of self-esteem in australian university students. Australian Psychologist: Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 169-172
Student Withdrawal at the University of New England
Analysis of data relating to the rate of student withdrawal at the University of New England indicates that there has been a marked increase during the period 1971–1974. This is particularly true for males enrolled in science based faculties. The responses of 70 students to an open ended questionnaire suggest that their decisions to withdraw from UNE in 1974 were influenced by dissatisfaction with some aspects of tertiary life. It is suggested th…
Relationship between the Desire for Anonymity and Responses to a Questionnaire on Satisfaction with University
The responses of 363 students who supplied their names on a survey of attitude toward the university were compared to those of 61 respondents who chose to remain anonymous. Multivariate analysis of variance yielded no significant difference between the responses of the two groups
Stability of Self-Esteem of Filipino Girls
For 193 Filipino girls the test-retest reliability over a 9-mo. period of the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory was .61. Neither level of self-esteem nor field-dependence/independence was related to stability of self-esteem
Field Dependence and Self-Esteem in Filipino Girls
It has been suggested (5) that persons with low self-esteem do not possess a welldeveloped conceptual buffer for evaluating stimuli in the environment and that they therefore tend to conform passively to the influence of the prevailing field or context. In other terminology, the low self-esteem individual is field-dependent (4). There has been little empirical investigation of this claim. However, Pawelkiewicz and McIntire (3) did report higher s…
Changes in the Religious Practices and Beliefs of Students at an Australian University
This paper compares the attitudes towards religious practice and belief of internal students at the University of New England in 1977 with those reported in the literature for their 1965 counterparts. A major shift away from religious practice but only a minor decrease in religious belief was found over this period. These results are compared with those of a British study and sex and denominational differences are discussed. A possible interpreta…
The Reliability and Validity of the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory for a Sample of Filipino High School Girls
Evidence is presented partially supporting the reliability and construct validity of the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory with Filipino girls. For a re-test sample of 193 Filipinas, 11-13 years of age, a test-retest coefficient of 0.61 was found over a nine month period. As predicted self-esteem scores were significantly associated with IQ scores and, in 4 out of 5 cases, with teacher ratings of pupils' self-esteem. However, the hypothesis that …
Intellective and Non-Intellective Predictors of Academic Achievement At a Filipino University
A follow-up study of 1,149 freshmen at a major Filipino university showed that intellective measures (National College Entrance Examination, Otis-Lennon Mental Abilities Test, and high school grade point average) were only moderately successful predictors of college grade point average. However, the nonintellective variables considered were (with the possible exception of level of scholastic expectation) of little value as predictors of college p…
An Investigation of the Internal Structure of the Biggs Study Process Questionnaire
Analysis of the responses of 562 Australian university students to the Biggs Study Process Questionnaire (SPQ) showed the scales to reflect only moderate internal consistency reliability and to lack uni dimensionality. However, factor analysis of the scales revealed a similar structure to that reported by Biggs (1978) and lent support to Biggs' proposed model of the study process complex
Self-esteem and causal attribution of achievement
Measures of self-esteem and attribution for future success or failure at a forthcoming examination were obtained for 241 Filipino university students. Analysis of variance indicated that the high self-esteem subjects were significantly more likely than the low self-esteem subjects to perceive their possible success as due to internal causes and to attribute possible success more to internal causes than they did possible failure. Low self-esteem s…
Field Independence as a Predictor of Filipino University Engineering Grades
The Hidden Figures Test (HFT) (Fitzgerald and Hunt, 1977) was found to correlate 0.32 with the grades of 186 first year engineering students at a Filipino university. When this measure of field independence was added to these students' National College Entrance Examination scores, a small but significant improvement in prediction of these grades was noted. It was suggested that quick, easily administered and scored, non-verbal group tests such as…
The Internal Structure and Predictive Validity of the Inventory of Learning Processes
Investigations of the Inventory of Learning Processes with 255 Australian and 173 Filipino college freshmen revealed satisfactory internal consistency coefficients for two of the four ILP scales but cast doubt on the factor structure of the inventory. Yet, the ILP scales proved to be useful predictors of academic achievement for the Australian students
Antecedents of Personal Adequacy of Filipino College Students
Responses of 307 male and 842 female Filipino university students to the California Psychological Inventory were related to measures of sex, socioeconomic status, family size, quality of family relationships, intelligence, level of academic aspiration, and school achievement. A multiple R of 0.34 was found between personal adequacy as measured by the inventory and these antecedents. The main contributors to the prediction of personal adequacy wer…
Testing the Validity of a Model of Student Progress at an Australian University
An extension of Tinto's model of the college dropout process was proposed and tested with a sample of 332 freshmen at an Australian university. The college entrance examination was found to be a relatively valid predictor of whether students will pass, achieve honours, or strike trouble in the form of failure or withdrawal. Non-intellective factors were found to be lacking as valid predictors of academic progress. None of the potential predictors…
Filipino Brides
The phenomenon of the increasing number of Filipino girls marrying Australian men is described. The literature and some new data on the status and role of women in Filipino society and Filipino values and personality are then reviewed. It is concluded that Filipino brides are likely to be well educated, timid, modest, and family oriented. However, they may well have had little domestic experience and are unlikely to take kindly to being treated a…
The Validity of the Four Subscales of the Inventory of Learning Processes for a Sample of Filipino Freshman College Students
The college entrance examination scores and first-year college grade point averages of 123 Liberal Arts and Science students at a Filipino university were related to their responses to each of the four subscales of the Inventory of Learning Processes: (a) Deep Processing; (b) Elaborative Processing; (c) Fact Retention; and (d) Methodical Study. The results indicate that the Elaborative Processing subtest was valid in predicting achievement at the…
Filipino Brides Revisited — A Reply To Robinson and Wall
Learning Strategies as Threshold Variables in the Prediction of Tertiary Grades
Data from two surveys of University students which utilised the Approaches to Studying inventory were analysed in order to test the hypothesis that a curvilinear relationship exists between learning strategies and academic grades. However, none of the non-linear regression models investigated improved significantly on the explanatory power provided by the linear model
Perspectives on a Decade of Small Business Research. Bolton Ten Years On
Journal Article Perspectives on a Decade of Small Business Research. Bolton Ten Years On Get access Perspectives on a Decade of Small Business Research. Bolton Ten Years On. Edited by JOHN STANWORTH, AVA WESTRIP, DAVID WATKINS et at. (Aldershot: Gower, 1982. Pp. xiii + 199. £14.50.)Stimulating Small Firms. Edited by DAVID WATKINS, JOHN STANWORTH and AVA WESTRIP. (Aldershot: Gower, 1982. Pp. vii + 273. £16.50.) N. J. Kavanagh N. J. Kavanagh Univer…
Learning Processes and Background Characteristics as Predictors of Tertiary Grades
Data from 181 Australian first-year university students were analysed to show that learning process subscales, as measured by the Approaches to Studying Inventory (Ramsden and Entwistle, 1981) contributed to the prediction of freshman grades beyond the level possible by tertiary entry achievement scores alone
Press for Achievement and School Grades
This research, based on data from 411 Filipino secondary school students, tested the hypothesis that press for achievement from parents, peers, and teachers mediates the relationship between school grades from one year to the next. No support was found for this contention after both linear and various curvilinear regression models were examined
Assessing causal dimensions
The purpose of this research was to evaluate a new measuring instrument, the Causal Dimension Scale (CDS). Eighty-nine New Zealand university students were asked to state in their own words the cause(s) of their previous year's tertiary grades and then to complete the CDS which sought their perceptions of the underlying cause(s) in terms of Weiner's (1979) dimensions: namely, locus of causality, stability, and controllability. It was found that t…
Psychology (73 works) · Social Psychology (49 works) · Developmental psychology (43 works) · Sociology (34 works) · Social Psychology (33 works) · Mathematics education (28 works) · Political science (28 works) · Psychometrics (23 works) · Computer Science (20 works) · Evaluation of Teaching Practices (20 works)