Susan E Cro
Biographic Data
| ID | 124405 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Susan E Cro |
| GIVEN NAMES | Susan E |
| FAMILY NAME | Cro |
| SIGNATURE | CRO S E |
| AFFILIATIONS | Iowa State University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-9368-4397 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 52 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 642 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 52 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1995 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 9 |
Are Mediterranean Societies “Cultures of Honor?”
Mediterranean societies are often labeled as “honor cultures,” in contrast with presumed “dignity” and “face” cultures of Anglo-Western and East Asian societies. We measured these cultural logics in two large-scale surveys (Studies 1 & 3: N = 2,942 students from 11 societies; Study 2: N = 5,471 adults from 14 societies). Middle Eastern and North African groups perceived honor values as the most normative in their societies, followed by Southeast …
Who Do We Turn to and What Do We Get? Cultural Differences in Attachment Structure and Function Among East Asian and Western Individuals
To whom do we turn for support in times of need, and what does the support from close others convey? The present research investigated how the structure and function of attachment differ for individuals in East Asian and Western cultures. In three studies, using survey and daily diary data, we examined the role of the romantic partner as an attachment figure, and the consequences of receiving responsive support in close relationships among indivi…
Beyond the Dichotomy
Honor cultures are characterized by a heightened sensitivity to reputation threats and strong expectations for the defense of honor. U.S. states vary in the extent to which they express the cultural norms of honor, but researchers have frequently relied upon a dichotomous classification that differentiates states as honor or dignity states. We created and validated a continuous, six-item index of honor norms and values across all U.S. states (Stu…
The Social Cure Properties of Groups Across Cultures
We investigate whether the social cure properties of groups vary across cultures, testing hypotheses that the associations between multiple group memberships (MGM) and depressive symptoms will (a) be mediated by social support and uncomfortable normative pressures, and (b) vary systematically with sample-level relational mobility. Analyses of data from a survey ( N = 5,174) conducted within k = 29 samples show that MGM is negatively associated wi…
Assessing the Role of Honour Culture and Image Concerns in Impeding Apologies
Despite the known benefits of apologies, people often fail to apologize for wrongdoings. We examined the role of a cultural logic of honour—where apologizing may clash with concerns about maintaining an image of strength and toughness—in reluctance to apologize. Using general population samples from 14 societies in Mediterranean, East Asian and Anglo‐Western regions ( N = 5471), we explored links between honour values and norms, image concerns, a…
Differences and similarities in psychological characteristics between cultural groups circum Mediterranean
We examined differences and similarities between groups sampled from the Mediterranean region in social orientation, cognitive style, self-construal, and honor, face, dignity values, and concerns using a large battery of tasks and measures. We did this by conducting secondary data set analyses focusing on comparisons between nine pairs of samples recruited from the Mediterranean region (Spain, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Cyprus [Greek and Turkish Cypr…
Honour, competition and cooperation across 13 societies
Effectively addressing societal challenges often requires unrelated individuals to reduce conflict and successfully coordinate actions. The cultural logic of 'honour' is frequently studied in relation to conflict, but its role in competition and cooperation remains underexplored. The current study investigates how perceived normative and personally endorsed honour values predict competition and cooperation behaviours. In an online experiment test…
Proximal and distal honor fit and subjective well‐being in the Mediterranean region
OBJECTIVE: People's psychological tendencies are attuned to their sociocultural context and culture-specific ways of being, feeling, and thinking are believed to assist individuals in successfully navigating their environment. Supporting this idea, a stronger "fit" with one's cultural environment has often been linked to positive psychological outcomes. The current research expands the cultural, conceptual, and methodological space of cultural fi…
Need for approval from others and face concerns as predictors of interpersonal conflict outcome in 29 cultural groups
The extent to which culture moderates the effects of need for approval from others on a person's handling of interpersonal conflict was investigated. Students from 24 nations rated how they handled a recent interpersonal conflict, using measures derived from face‐negotiation theory. Samples varied in the extent to which they were perceived as characterised by the cultural logics of dignity, honour, or face. It was hypothesised that the emphasis o…
Goal Derailment and Goal Persistence in Response to Honor Threats
In honor cultures, maintaining a positive moral reputation (e.g., being known as an honest person) is highly important, whereas in dignity cultures, self-respect (e.g., competence and success) is strongly emphasized. Depending on their cultural background, people respond differently to threats to these two dimensions of honor. In two studies, we examined the effects of morality-focused and competence-focused threats on people’s goal pursuit in tw…
Neither Eastern nor Western
Social science research has highlighted "honor" as a central value driving social behavior in Mediterranean societies, which requires individuals to develop and protect a sense of their personal self-worth and their social reputation, through assertiveness, competitiveness, and retaliation in the face of threats. We predicted that members of Mediterranean societies may exhibit a distinctive combination of independent and interdependent social ori…
Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Self-Change in Close Relationships
Three studies examined cultural perceptions of self-change in romantic relationships. In Study 1 ( N = 191), Chinese participants perceived hypothetical couples who changed for the sake of the relationship to have better relationship quality than couples who did not, compared to European American participants. In Study 2 ( N = 396), Chinese individuals in a dating relationship were more likely to perceive that they had changed in the relationship…
Dialecticism in romantic relationships
The cultural theory of naïve dialecticism, denoting Chinese lay beliefs about expectation of change and tolerance of contradiction, was employed to examine Chinese and European Americans' representation and evaluation of their romantic partners and relationships across three studies. We found that Chinese were more likely than Euro‐Americans to spontaneously describe their partners with contradictory attributes (Study 1). While Chinese and Euro‐A…
A d ouble‐edged sword
The dialectical self is the belief that one's self‐concept is inconsistent and malleable. This study examined the relations of the dialectical self to both personal well‐being and interpersonal relationships, along with hypothesized mediators of these relations: self‐concept control, self‐concept consistency, and self‐insight. A total of 140 participants completed measures of self‐concept and well‐being; in addition, friends of participants provi…
Is an Emphasis on Dignity, Honor and Face more an Attribute of Individuals or of Cultural Groups
This study compares the individual-level and sample-level predictive utility of a measure of the cultural logics of dignity, honor, and face. University students in 29 samples from 24 nations used a simple measure to rate their perceptions of the interpersonal cultural logic characterizing their local culture. The nomological net of these measures was then explored. Key dependent measures included three different facets of independent versus inte…
The influence of honor threats on goal delay and goal derailment
Sex Differences in Self-Construal and in Depressive Symptoms
Sex differences in aspects of independent versus interdependent self-construal and depressive symptoms were surveyed among 5,320 students from 24 nations. Men were found to perceive themselves as more self-contained whereas women perceived themselves as more connected to others. No significant sex differences were found on two further dimensions of self-construal, or on a measure of depressive symptoms. Multilevel modeling was used to test the ab…
Implications of culture of honor theory and research for practitioners and prevention researchers
Since the seminal publication of Nisbett and Cohen in 1996 linking the higher rates of violence in the Southern U.S. compared to the Northern U.S. to a "culture of honor," researchers have paid increasing attention to conceptualizing honor and identifying its underlying psychological mechanisms and its behavioral outcomes.The concern for reputation and other values embedded in culture of honor act as potential sociocultural risk factors for sever…
The social and cultural psychology of honour
A growing literature in social and cultural psychology has examined cultures of honour primarily focusing on southern states in the United States and on Mediterranean countries of southern Europe. In this article, we review a programme of research that has extended theories of cultures of honour to an under-researched context: Turkey. We first describe research that assessed lay reports of the situations that enhance or attack a person’s honour a…
How Does Culture Shape Conceptions of Forgiveness? Evidence From Japan and the United States
Theories of culture, cognition, and social relations suggest there may be differences in conceptions of forgiveness between the members of East Asian and Western cultures, but few researchers have examined this issue. This article builds on previous research on prototypes of forgiveness in the United States to address the question "What is forgiveness?" in Japan. In Studies 1a and 1b, we investigated Japanese conceptions of forgiveness. Study 2 d…
Choosing Your Mother or Your Spouse
People in Western cultures tend to assume that the marriage relationship is the most important relationship in life. Does this assumption apply in other cultural contexts? Three studies compared Taiwanese and European American beliefs about the priority of family relationships, using hypothetical life-or-death and everyday situations. In all three studies and in both situations, Taiwanese participants were more likely than European Americans to c…
A price to pay
Two studies investigated retaliatory responses to actual honor threats among members of an honor culture (Turkey) and a dignity culture (northern United States). The honor threat in these studies was based on previous research which has shown that honesty is a key element of the conception of honor and that accusations of dishonesty are threatening to one's honor. In both studies, participants wrote an essay describing the role of honesty in thei…
Would you post that picture and let your dad see it? Culture, honor, and Facebook
Honor means “high respect; esteem,” but it has different associations for different cultures. In honor cultures (Turkey), esteem depends on one's own perception of self‐worth and on other people's opinions. In those cultures, honor is easily lost and difficult to regain. In dignity cultures (northern America), esteem mainly depends on the individual and cannot be taken away by others. One way to lose honor in Turkey is through behaviors that may …
Avoid or Fight Back? Cultural Differences in Responses to Conflict and the Role of Collectivism, Honor, and Enemy Perception
We investigated how responses to interpersonal conflict differed across Ghana, Turkey, and the northern United States. Due to low levels of interpersonal embeddedness, people from individualistic cultures (northern United States) have more freedom to prioritize individual goals and to choose competitive and confrontational responses to conflict compared with people from collectivistic cultures (Turkey, Ghana). Consistent with this idea, we found …
Cultural Prototypes and Dimensions of Honor
Research evidence and theoretical accounts of honor point to differing definitions of the construct in differing cultural contexts. The current studies address the question “What is honor?” using a prototype approach in Turkey and the Northern United States. Studies 1a/1b revealed substantial differences in the specific features generated by members of the two groups, but Studies 2 and 3 revealed cultural similarities in the underlying dimensions…
Models of the self
The authors first describe individual differences in the structure of the self. In the independent self-construal, representations of others are separate from the self. In the interdependent self-construal, others are considered part of the self (H. Markus & S. Kitayama, 1991). In general, men in the United States are thought to construct and maintain an independent self-construal, whereas women are thought to construct and maintain an interdepen…
The relational-interdependent self-construal and relationships
Three studies describe the development and validation of a measure of the relational-interdependent self-construal, which is defined as the tendency to think of oneself in terms of relationships with close others. Study 1 reports the development, psychometric properties, and tests of validity of this new measure. Individuals who scored high on the Relational-Interdependent Self-Construal (RISC) Scale characterized their important relationships as…
Honor Bound
The authors tested the hypotheses that Turkish and (Northern) American cultures afford different honor-relevant situations and different responses to these situations. In Study 1, the authors found that honor-attacking situations generated by American participants focused more on the individual than did situations generated by Turkish participants, whereas situations generated by Turkish participants focused more on close others and involved more…
Self-Construals, Coping, and Stress in Cross-Cultural Adaptation
This study examines differences in the independent and interdependent self-construals of American and East Asian students studying in the United States and the influence of these self-construals on coping and stress. Path analysis revealed that the importance of the independent self-construal was positively related to direct coping strategies, which predicted reduced levels of stress for the international students. Ratings of the importance of th…
The Relational-Interdependent Self-Construal, Self-Concept Consistency, and Well-Being
Examination of the assumptions underlying consistency perspectives in social and personality psychology reveals that they are based on an independent, individualistic view of the self. If the self is constructed as relational or interdependent with others, consistency may be less important in social behavior and well-being. Using a variety of measures of well-being, the studies showed that there is a weaker relation between consistency and well-b…
Thinking about oneself and others
These studies focus on the relational-interdependent self-construal's association with implicit or indirect cognitive processes. In the relational-interdependent self-construal, the self is defined largely in terms of close relationships, resulting in variation in self-related processes. In Studies 1 and 2, the relational self-construal was associated with positive implicit evaluations of relational concepts and with tightly organized cognitive n…
Confrontation versus withdrawal
This study compares evaluations by members of an honor culture (Turkey) and a dignity culture (northern USA) of honor threat scenarios, in which a target was the victim of either a rude affront or a false accusation, and the target chose to withdraw or confront the attacker. Turkish participants were more likely than American participants to evaluate positively the person who withdrew from the rude affront and the person who confronted the false …
Conflict With Mothers-in-Law and Taiwanese Women’s Marital Satisfaction
This study applies social support theory to the question of whether four types of husband behavior (taking the wife’s side, problem solving, ignoring conflict, and taking the mother’s side) moderate the association between conflict with the mother-in-law and a Taiwanese woman’s marital satisfaction. Data were collected from 125 married Taiwanese women. The results of hierarchical regression analyses indicate a significant negative main effect of …
A price to pay
Two studies investigated retaliatory responses to actual honor threats among members of an honor culture (Turkey) and a dignity culture (northern United States). The honor threat in these studies was based on previous research which has shown that honesty is a key element of the conception of honor and that accusations of dishonesty are threatening to one's honor. In both studies, participants wrote an essay describing the role of honesty in thei…
Neither Eastern nor Western
Social science research has highlighted "honor" as a central value driving social behavior in Mediterranean societies, which requires individuals to develop and protect a sense of their personal self-worth and their social reputation, through assertiveness, competitiveness, and retaliation in the face of threats. We predicted that members of Mediterranean societies may exhibit a distinctive combination of independent and interdependent social ori…
Pursuing goals for us
People pursue goals for a variety of reasons, including reasons that take into account close relationships (termed relationally autonomous reasons, or RARs). Two longitudinal studies examined the degree to which relational self-construal, RARs, and personally autonomous reasons (PARs) predicted goal attainment. In Study 1, 166 participants rated 7 goals on several goal outcomes at 2 sessions. Results revealed that self-construal was positively as…
Implications of culture of honor theory and research for practitioners and prevention researchers
Since the seminal publication of Nisbett and Cohen in 1996 linking the higher rates of violence in the Southern U.S. compared to the Northern U.S. to a "culture of honor," researchers have paid increasing attention to conceptualizing honor and identifying its underlying psychological mechanisms and its behavioral outcomes.The concern for reputation and other values embedded in culture of honor act as potential sociocultural risk factors for sever…
The centrality of social image in social psychology
Social image, or the views that others have of us and our groups, plays a role in a wide array of psychological processes, including impression management, interpersonal relationships, mate selection, intragroup and intergroup processes, the experience and expression of emotion, gender differences in behavior, and the construction and maintenance of social status. The 13 papers included in this special issue reflect the centrality of social image…
Elaboration of models of the self
The authors see little conflict between their description of possible gender differences in self-construals and R. F. Baumeister and L. Sommer's (1997) argument that men and women focus their social interests in divergent spheres. The authors suggest that men's orientation toward a larger social sphere and less intimate relationships than women's allows men to maintain an independent self-construal. In reply to C. M. Martin and D. N. Ruble's {199…
Is an Emphasis on Dignity, Honor and Face more an Attribute of Individuals or of Cultural Groups
This study compares the individual-level and sample-level predictive utility of a measure of the cultural logics of dignity, honor, and face. University students in 29 samples from 24 nations used a simple measure to rate their perceptions of the interpersonal cultural logic characterizing their local culture. The nomological net of these measures was then explored. Key dependent measures included three different facets of independent versus inte…
Sex Differences in Self-Construal and in Depressive Symptoms
Sex differences in aspects of independent versus interdependent self-construal and depressive symptoms were surveyed among 5,320 students from 24 nations. Men were found to perceive themselves as more self-contained whereas women perceived themselves as more connected to others. No significant sex differences were found on two further dimensions of self-construal, or on a measure of depressive symptoms. Multilevel modeling was used to test the ab…
Avoid or Fight Back? Cultural Differences in Responses to Conflict and the Role of Collectivism, Honor, and Enemy Perception
We investigated how responses to interpersonal conflict differed across Ghana, Turkey, and the northern United States. Due to low levels of interpersonal embeddedness, people from individualistic cultures (northern United States) have more freedom to prioritize individual goals and to choose competitive and confrontational responses to conflict compared with people from collectivistic cultures (Turkey, Ghana). Consistent with this idea, we found …
The influence of honor threats on goal delay and goal derailment
How Does Culture Shape Conceptions of Forgiveness? Evidence From Japan and the United States
Theories of culture, cognition, and social relations suggest there may be differences in conceptions of forgiveness between the members of East Asian and Western cultures, but few researchers have examined this issue. This article builds on previous research on prototypes of forgiveness in the United States to address the question "What is forgiveness?" in Japan. In Studies 1a and 1b, we investigated Japanese conceptions of forgiveness. Study 2 d…
Choosing Your Mother or Your Spouse
People in Western cultures tend to assume that the marriage relationship is the most important relationship in life. Does this assumption apply in other cultural contexts? Three studies compared Taiwanese and European American beliefs about the priority of family relationships, using hypothetical life-or-death and everyday situations. In all three studies and in both situations, Taiwanese participants were more likely than European Americans to c…
Would you post that picture and let your dad see it? Culture, honor, and Facebook
Honor means “high respect; esteem,” but it has different associations for different cultures. In honor cultures (Turkey), esteem depends on one's own perception of self‐worth and on other people's opinions. In those cultures, honor is easily lost and difficult to regain. In dignity cultures (northern America), esteem mainly depends on the individual and cannot be taken away by others. One way to lose honor in Turkey is through behaviors that may …
The self-fulfilling influence of mother expectations on children's underage drinking
This research examined whether mothers' expectations about their children's drinking behavior influenced their children's future alcohol use through self-fulfilling prophecies. It also investigated whether children's self-esteem, family social class, or the valence of mother expectations moderated this process. Analyses of longitudinal data from 505 mother-child dyads yielded results consistent with a self-fulfilling prophecy. The inaccurate port…
Differences and similarities in psychological characteristics between cultural groups circum Mediterranean
We examined differences and similarities between groups sampled from the Mediterranean region in social orientation, cognitive style, self-construal, and honor, face, dignity values, and concerns using a large battery of tasks and measures. We did this by conducting secondary data set analyses focusing on comparisons between nine pairs of samples recruited from the Mediterranean region (Spain, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Cyprus [Greek and Turkish Cypr…
Goal Derailment and Goal Persistence in Response to Honor Threats
In honor cultures, maintaining a positive moral reputation (e.g., being known as an honest person) is highly important, whereas in dignity cultures, self-respect (e.g., competence and success) is strongly emphasized. Depending on their cultural background, people respond differently to threats to these two dimensions of honor. In two studies, we examined the effects of morality-focused and competence-focused threats on people’s goal pursuit in tw…
Self-Construals, Coping, and Stress in Cross-Cultural Adaptation
This study examines differences in the independent and interdependent self-construals of American and East Asian students studying in the United States and the influence of these self-construals on coping and stress. Path analysis revealed that the importance of the independent self-construal was positively related to direct coping strategies, which predicted reduced levels of stress for the international students. Ratings of the importance of th…
Elaboration of models of the self
Elaboration of models of the self
The authors see little conflict between their description of possible gender differences in self-construals and R. F. Baumeister and L. Sommer's (1997) argument that men and women focus their social interests in divergent spheres. The authors suggest that men's orientation toward a larger social sphere and less intimate relationships than women's allows men to maintain an independent self-construal. In reply to C. M. Martin and D. N. Ruble's {199…
Models of the self
The authors first describe individual differences in the structure of the self. In the independent self-construal, representations of others are separate from the self. In the interdependent self-construal, others are considered part of the self (H. Markus & S. Kitayama, 1991). In general, men in the United States are thought to construct and maintain an independent self-construal, whereas women are thought to construct and maintain an interdepen…
Three Models of Conflict Resolution
Gordon Allport (1960) once noted that there are many different approaches to conflict resolution, but that few empirical studies have been conducted to examine their effectiveness. This experiment was designed to evaluate the distributive bargaining, integrative bargaining, and interactive problem solving models of conflict resolution, using intergroup expectancies and attitudes as dependent measures. Jewish and Arab students were paired into mix…
The relational-interdependent self-construal and relationships
Three studies describe the development and validation of a measure of the relational-interdependent self-construal, which is defined as the tendency to think of oneself in terms of relationships with close others. Study 1 reports the development, psychometric properties, and tests of validity of this new measure. Individuals who scored high on the Relational-Interdependent Self-Construal (RISC) Scale characterized their important relationships as…
“Who Am I?” The Cultural Psychology of the Conceptual Self
This study investigated whether self-concepts that arise from participation in interdependent cultural contexts, in this case the self-concepts of Japanese students, will be relatively more sensitive to situational variation than will self-concepts that arise in independent cultural contexts, in this case the self-concepts of U.S. college students. The self-concepts of 128 Japanese and 133 U.S. women were assessed in one of four distinct social s…
Thinking about oneself and others
These studies focus on the relational-interdependent self-construal's association with implicit or indirect cognitive processes. In the relational-interdependent self-construal, the self is defined largely in terms of close relationships, resulting in variation in self-related processes. In Studies 1 and 2, the relational self-construal was associated with positive implicit evaluations of relational concepts and with tightly organized cognitive n…
Culture, the Self, and Identity
The goal of this special issue is to take the reader on mini “journeys” into the self and identities of members of a variety of cultural groups. Some themes that weave together the contributions to this special issue are the complexity of the development of self and racial identity among members of stigmatized ethnic groups, the dynamic construction of identity, and alternative conceptualizations of the independent and interdependent self-constru…
The self-fulfilling influence of mother expectations on children's underage drinking
This research examined whether mothers' expectations about their children's drinking behavior influenced their children's future alcohol use through self-fulfilling prophecies. It also investigated whether children's self-esteem, family social class, or the valence of mother expectations moderated this process. Analyses of longitudinal data from 505 mother-child dyads yielded results consistent with a self-fulfilling prophecy. The inaccurate port…
The Relational-Interdependent Self-Construal, Self-Concept Consistency, and Well-Being
Examination of the assumptions underlying consistency perspectives in social and personality psychology reveals that they are based on an independent, individualistic view of the self. If the self is constructed as relational or interdependent with others, consistency may be less important in social behavior and well-being. Using a variety of measures of well-being, the studies showed that there is a weaker relation between consistency and well-b…
Let's be friends
Two studies examined the role of relational self‐construal in the development and maintenance of intimacy in roommate relationships. In Study 1, 98 roommate pairs completed questionnaires assessing attitudes toward their relationship. Results showed that high relationals disclosed more personal information than lows, which was then associated with their roommates’ perceptions of relationship quality. In Study 2, 142 roommate pairs followed the St…
Pursuing goals for us
People pursue goals for a variety of reasons, including reasons that take into account close relationships (termed relationally autonomous reasons, or RARs). Two longitudinal studies examined the degree to which relational self-construal, RARs, and personally autonomous reasons (PARs) predicted goal attainment. In Study 1, 166 participants rated 7 goals on several goal outcomes at 2 sessions. Results revealed that self-construal was positively as…
Predicting Commitment in New Relationships
Previous research has demonstrated that individuals with highly relational self-construals define the self in terms of close relationships and tend to behave in ways that enhance the development and maintenance of important relationships (Cross, Morris, & Gore, 2002 Cross, S. E., Morris, M. L. and Gore, J. 2002. Thinking about oneself and others: The relational-interdependent self-construal and social cognition. Journal of Personality and Social …
Relational Self-construal Moderates the Link between Goal Coherence and Well-being
Two studies examined the moderating effect of relational self-construal on the association between goal coherence and psychological well-being in two domains: relationships and academics. In Study 1, 178 undergraduates completed measures of their self-construal and life satisfaction, listed and categorized 7 goals, and then completed a measure of goal dependence. Study 2 (n = 166) used the same procedure as Study 1 except participants completed m…
Possible Selves across the Life Span
Possible selves have been defined as personalized representations of one’s self in future states. In a study described in this article, respondents between the ages of 18 and 86 years were asked to describe their hoped-for and feared possible selves. Differences were found across age groups in the categories of possible selves mentioned most frequently and in respondents’ evaluations of these possible selves. Moreover, respondents scoring low in …
Conflicts of Interest
People with highly relational self-construals define themselves based on their close relationships. In two studies, these individuals were expected to be less inclined than others to view the outcomes of conflicts as only benefiting one person (i.e., a zero-sum perception). In Study 1, 294 participants completed a measure of relational self-construal, read hypothetical conflicts of interest and evaluated various courses of action. Results indicat…
Conflict With Mothers-in-Law and Taiwanese Women’s Marital Satisfaction
This study applies social support theory to the question of whether four types of husband behavior (taking the wife’s side, problem solving, ignoring conflict, and taking the mother’s side) moderate the association between conflict with the mother-in-law and a Taiwanese woman’s marital satisfaction. Data were collected from 125 married Taiwanese women. The results of hierarchical regression analyses indicate a significant negative main effect of …
The What, How, Why, and Where of Self-Construal
Since the publication of Markus and Kitayama’s pivotal article on culture and the self, the concepts of independent, relational, and interdependent self-construal have become important constructs in cultural psychology and research on the self. The authors review the history of these constructs, their measurement and manipulation, and their roles in cognition, emotion, motivation, and social behavior. They make suggestions for future research and…
Maintaining Harmony Across the Globe
Although previous research shows that relationship closeness plays a central role in an individual’s willingness to forgive an offender, it is based exclusively on data from Western, individualistic cultures. In the current study, the authors examined the association between relationship closeness and forgiveness across six countries, including both traditionally individualistic—Italy, the Netherlands, the United States—and collectivistic culture…
Emotions in memories of success and failure
Americans and Chinese tend to behave differently in response to success and failure: Americans tend to persist on a task after success, whereas Chinese tend to persist after failure. This study examined whether cultural differences in emotional reactions to success and failure account for these differences. American and Chinese students recalled personal success and failure events, evaluated the primary emotion evoked by the event, and responded …
Revolutionary Gardens
Defining and Measuring Self-Concept Change
The centrality of social image in social psychology
Social image, or the views that others have of us and our groups, plays a role in a wide array of psychological processes, including impression management, interpersonal relationships, mate selection, intragroup and intergroup processes, the experience and expression of emotion, gender differences in behavior, and the construction and maintenance of social status. The 13 papers included in this special issue reflect the centrality of social image…
Confrontation versus withdrawal
This study compares evaluations by members of an honor culture (Turkey) and a dignity culture (northern USA) of honor threat scenarios, in which a target was the victim of either a rude affront or a false accusation, and the target chose to withdraw or confront the attacker. Turkish participants were more likely than American participants to evaluate positively the person who withdrew from the rude affront and the person who confronted the false …
Psychology (48 works) · Social Psychology (47 works) · Cultural Differences and Values (41 works) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (28 works) · Social Psychology (20 works) · Sociology (18 works) · Political science (16 works) · Attachment and Relationship Dynamics (13 works) · Honor (13 works) · Developmental psychology (12 works)