Gilbert Burnham
Biographic Data
| ID | 133710 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Gilbert Burnham |
| GIVEN NAMES | Gilbert |
| FAMILY NAME | Burnham |
| SIGNATURE | BURNHAM G |
| AFFILIATIONS | Johns Hopkins University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-9991-4894 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 47 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 85 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 47 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1994 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 6 |
Coincidence analysis
Frontline health workers in humanitarian settings play a critical role in pandemic response, yet evidence on what sustains response readiness beyond the emergency is limited. This study examined factors associated with primary healthcare workers' sustained self-reported knowledge, skills, and confidence to respond to future outbreaks or pandemics, with the configurational analysis focused on confidence. A retrospective cross-sectional survey was …
Unfolding newer innovations for tomorrow’s emergencies and disasters 2024 (United’24)
Introduction: Kerala faces numerous disasters and has disaster management teams at all levels. However, efforts are needed to train professional staff and educate the general population for effective disaster response. Methods: The Unfolding Newer Innovations for Tomorrow's Emergencies and Disasters (UNITED'24) conference was hosted by Believers Church Medical College Hospital (BCMCH) in Kerala, India in November 2024. The conference on disaster …
Assessing retention of pandemic capacities from Covid-19 in humanitarian settings
The global health security landscape remains critically vulnerable to emerging pandemic threats. Humanitarian settings face particularly acute challenges in health workforce preparedness and response capabilities. Humanitarian settings have traditionally been left out of global health security and other health system strengthening investments. There is also a significant gap in the literature around building sustained health worker pandemic capac…
Postoperative care in conflict-affected northwest Syria
INTRODUCTION: Thirteen years of conflict have profoundly disrupted Syria's health system. In northwest Syria, constraints such as deliberate attacks on healthcare, chronic underfunding, and a fragmented health system have created a fragile surgical ecosystem in which health workers operate under extreme resource constraints, patients struggle to access care, and postoperative complications are increasingly likely. In this study, we aim to assess …
Changes in healthcare seeking behaviors among caretakers of children in the previously occupied Isis territory
This study provides insight into health seeking challenges among the many individuals who remained in Hadeetha during the ISIS occupation. Health use patterns by provider type mirror the concerns the healthcare providers shared: limited availability, efflux of professional workers, limited resources and security challenges to providing care. Positive trends toward increased access to physicians during periods of peace are an encouraging marker fo…
Covid-19 in Baghdad, Iraq
Purpose: The objective of this study was to assess the impact of COVID-19 infection on households in Baghdad, Iraq. Methods: A cross-sectional household survey was conducted in early 2022; 41 clusters were selected proportional to population size from the districts of the Baghdad governorate. Households were randomly selected for inclusion. The head of household or senior female member present was interviewed to obtain a listing of COVID-19 infec…
Civil war and death in Yemen
Conflict in Yemen has displaced millions and destroyed health infrastructure, resulting in the world’s largest humanitarian disaster. The objective of this paper is to examine mortality in Yemen to determine whether it has increased significantly since the conflict began in 2015 compared to the preceding period. We analysed 91 household surveys using the Standardized Monitoring and Assessment of Relief and Transitions methodology, covering 2,864 …
Care-Seeking and Health Service Utilization for Hypertension and Type 2 Diabetes Among Syrian Refugee and Host Community Care-Seekers in Lebanon
Resilience of health systems in conflict affected governorates of Iraq, 2014–2018
Health services generally had little preparation for and limited resilience to the ISIS influx. Governorates are still restructuring services after the liberation from ISIS in 2017. Disaster planning was identified by all participants as a missing component, as everyone anticipated future similar emergencies
Estimating maternal mortality
Maternal mortality is notoriously difficult to measure because even in high-mortality areas maternal deaths are relatively rare. These difficulties are further compounded in low-income and conflictaffected settings such as Afghanistan. Between 2002 and 2018, maternal mortality estimates for Afghanistan have been provided by six surveys, using a variety of costly methodologies yet yielding contradictory and sometimes implausible results. The 'fail…
Household recovery in Mosul one year after the defeat of Isis
Substantial improvements in household measures have occurred since the end of ISIS control and military action, though much remains for full recovery. Many household members are now employed, primary school attendance is high and early marriage of girls was not found. There are fewer reported complications of pregnancy than in the previous study
Providing healthcare under Isis
During ISIS occupation of the Northern Iraqi city of Mosul between June 2014 to June 2017, healthcare workers remaining in Mosul continued to provide medical services. Little is currently known about Iraqi healthcare workers' personal and professional lives in the ISIS healthcare system, and how these individuals adapted. This study sought to explore their experiences during occupation through thematic analysis of qualitative data from twenty int…
Living in Mosul during the time of Isis and the military liberation
The physical, and social damage occurring during ISIS occupation of Mosul and during the subsequent military action (liberation) was substantial and its impact is unlikely to be erased soon
How to estimate (and not to estimate) war deaths
Stijn van Weezel and Michael Spagat (2017) have critiqued our 2011 report of mortality in Iraq following the 2003 US-led invasion in this issue of Research & Politics. In this response, we make our case for reporting both direct and indirect excess war-related deaths (while distinguishing the difference), defend our efforts to account for survival bias, and provide evidence for including all household-reported deaths, not just those cases where a…
Prevalence of non-communicable diseases and access to health care and medications among Yazidis and other minority groups displaced by Isis into the Kurdistan Region of Iraq
New strategies are needed to strengthen health care provision for displaced persons with NCDs and ensure access to affordable medications
Health service access and utilization among Syrian refugees in Jordan
Despite high levels of care-seeking, cost was an important barrier to health service access for Syrian refugees in Jordan. The cessation of free access to health care since the time of the survey is likely to have worsened health equity for refugees. Dependence of refugees on the public facilities for primary and specialist care has placed a great burden on the Jordanian health system. To improve accessibility and affordability of health services…
Cross-sectional assessments of participants’ characteristics and loss to follow-up in the first Opioid Substitution Therapy Pilot Program in Kabul, Afghanistan
BACKGROUND: Kabul has over 12,000 people who inject drugs (PWID), most of them heroin users, and opioid substitution therapy has recently been introduced as an effective method to reduce opioid use. We aimed to evaluate a pilot Opioid Substitution Therapy Pilot Program (OSTPP) in Kabul, Afghanistan, particularly to (1) describe characteristics of the participants enrolled in the program and (2) identify factors associated with client retention in…
Health status and health needs of older refugees from Syria in Lebanon
The study concluded older refugees from Syria are a highly vulnerable population needing health surveillance and targeted assistance. Programs assisting vulnerable populations may concentrate services on women and children leaving the elderly overlooked
Prevalence and care-seeking for chronic diseases among Syrian refugees in Jordan
More than half of Syrian refugee households in Jordan reported a member with a NCD. A significant minority did not receive care, citing cost as the primary barrier. As funding limitations persist, identifying the means to maintain and improve access to NCD care for Syrian refugees in Jordan is essential
Future Plans of Iraqi Physicians in Jordan
The continuing violence in Iraq has led to further damage to the health sector in a country already affected by sanctions, war and harsh rule. As a consequence some doctors have been killed and others have migrated, both within Iraq and from Iraq to neighbouring countries. In this article we report patterns of migration of Iraqi physicians, identify perceived future plans, and assess factors behind physicians' decisions. Respondent driven samplin…
Can community health workers increase coverage of reproductive health services
BACKGROUND: Health services were severely affected during the many years of instability and conflict in Afghanistan. In recent years, substantial increases in the coverage of reproductive health services have been achieved, yet absolute levels of coverage remain very low, especially in rural areas. One strategy for increasing use of reproductive health services is deploying community health workers (CHWs) to promote the use of services within the…
Assessing community perspectives of the community based education and service model at Makerere University, Uganda
BACKGROUND: Community partnerships are defined as groups working together with shared goals, responsibilities, and power to improve the community. There is growing evidence that these partnerships contribute to the success and sustainability of community-based education and service programs (COBES), facilitating change in community actions and attitudes. Makerere University College of Health Sciences (MakCHS) is forging itself as a transformation…
The organization and implementation of community-based education programs for health worker training institutions in Uganda
BACKGROUND: Community-based education (CBE) is part of the training curriculum for most health workers in Uganda. Most programs have a stated purpose of strengthening clinical skills, medical knowledge, communication skills, community orientation of graduates, and encouragement of graduates to work in rural areas. This study was undertaken to assess the scope and nature of community-based education for various health worker cadres in Uganda. METH…
Perceptions and utilization of primary health care services in Iraq
BACKGROUND: After many years of sanctions and conflict, Iraq is rebuilding its health system, with a strong emphasis on the traditional hospital-based services. A network exists of public sector hospitals and clinics, as well as private clinics and a few private hospitals. Little data are available about the approximately 1400 Primary Health Care clinics (PHCCs) staffed with doctors. How do Iraqis utilize primary health care services? What are th…
Perception and valuations of community-based education and service by alumni at Makerere University College of Health Sciences
BACKGROUND: Training of health professionals can be deliberately structured to enhance rural recruitment by exposing the trainees to the realities of rural life and practice through Community-Based Education and Service (COBE) programs. Few studies have surveyed the alumni of these programs to establish their post-university views and whether the positive impact of COBE programs endures into the post-university life. This study surveyed the alumn…
Doctors leaving 12 tertiary hospitals in Iraq, 2004-2007
Improving facility-based care for sick children in Uganda
This study assessed the effects of scaling-up Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) on the quality of care received by sick children in 10 districts in Uganda. Health workers trained in IMCI were found to deliver significantly better care than health workers who had not yet been trained, but absolute levels of service quality remained low. Achieving training coverage alone is not sufficient as a strategy to improve and sustain care qu…
Tsunami Mortality Estimates and Vulnerability Mapping in Aceh, Indonesia
Objectives. We aimed to quantify tsunami mortality and compare approaches to mortality assessment in the emergency context in Aceh, Indonesia, where the impact of the 2004 tsunami was greatest. Methods. Mortality was estimated using geographic information systems–based vulnerability models and demographic methods from surveys of tsunami-displaced populations. Results. Tsunami mortality in Aceh as estimated by demographic models was 131066 and was…
Credit program outcomes
Food security and humanitarian assistance among displaced Iraqi populations in Jordan and Syria
Protracted Refugee Situations
Protracted Refugee Situations: Parallel Health Systems and Planning for the Integration of Services Get access Elizabeth A. Rowley, Elizabeth A. Rowley Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Gilbert M. Burnham, Gilbert M. Burnham Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Rabbin M. Drabe Rabbin M. Drabe Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal …
The Accuracy of Mortality Reporting in Displaced Persons Camps During the Post-emergency Phase
For humanitarian organisations, accurate data are essential to identify emerging health problems and determine programme needs. We visited 45 post-emergency phase displaced persons camps and collected three months' mortality data which we compared with organisations' routine mortality reports. Organisations reported 612 deaths and we identified 741 deaths, for a mortality-reporting ratio, defined as the number of organisation-reported deaths divi…
Contracting for health and curative care use in Afghanistan between 2004 and 2005
Afghanistan has used several approaches to contracting as part of its national strategy to increase access to basic health services. This study compares changes in the utilization of outpatient curative services from 2004 to 2005 between the different approaches for contracting-out services to non-governmental service providers, contracting-in technical assistance at public sector facilities, and public sector facilities that did not use contract…
Determinants of Skilled Birth Attendant Utilization in Afghanistan
Objectives. We sought to identify characteristics associated with use of skilled birth attendants where health services exist in Afghanistan. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional study in all 33 provinces in 2004, yielding data from 617 health facilities and 9917 women who lived near the facilities and had given birth in the past 2 years. Results. Only 13% of respondents had used skilled birth attendants. Women from the wealthiest quintile (vs…
Can community health workers increase coverage of reproductive health services
BACKGROUND: Health services were severely affected during the many years of instability and conflict in Afghanistan. In recent years, substantial increases in the coverage of reproductive health services have been achieved, yet absolute levels of coverage remain very low, especially in rural areas. One strategy for increasing use of reproductive health services is deploying community health workers (CHWs) to promote the use of services within the…
Quality Design
In an emergency, the international community responds to the immediate health needs of refugees through the establishment of action-oriented, life-saving services. Healthcare delivery is often managed with limited, if any, coordination with local health management structures. In situations where refugees remain in the host country for many years, sustainability issues inevitably arise. Refugee-hosting governments may ultimately be called upon to …
Future Plans of Iraqi Physicians in Jordan
The continuing violence in Iraq has led to further damage to the health sector in a country already affected by sanctions, war and harsh rule. As a consequence some doctors have been killed and others have migrated, both within Iraq and from Iraq to neighbouring countries. In this article we report patterns of migration of Iraqi physicians, identify perceived future plans, and assess factors behind physicians' decisions. Respondent driven samplin…
Forced Migration and Under-five Mortality
Assessing and planning home-based care for persons with Aids
The HIV/AIDS pandemic continues to gather momentum in many developing countries, increasing the already heavy burden on health care facilities. As a result, donors, implementing partners and communities are beginning to create home-based care programmes to provide care for persons with HIV/AIDS. This paper recommends reorienting this home care provision as a service founded in, and coming from, the community rather than the health system. A metho…
How to estimate (and not to estimate) war deaths
Stijn van Weezel and Michael Spagat (2017) have critiqued our 2011 report of mortality in Iraq following the 2003 US-led invasion in this issue of Research & Politics. In this response, we make our case for reporting both direct and indirect excess war-related deaths (while distinguishing the difference), defend our efforts to account for survival bias, and provide evidence for including all household-reported deaths, not just those cases where a…
Assessing and planning home-based care for persons with Aids
The HIV/AIDS pandemic continues to gather momentum in many developing countries, increasing the already heavy burden on health care facilities. As a result, donors, implementing partners and communities are beginning to create home-based care programmes to provide care for persons with HIV/AIDS. This paper recommends reorienting this home care provision as a service founded in, and coming from, the community rather than the health system. A metho…
International Committee of the Red Cross (DrPierre Perrin, ed), Handbook on War and Public Health, ICRC, Geneva, 1996
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Ivermectin distribution using community volunteers in Kabarole district, Uganda
Ivermectin mass distribution for the control of onchocerciasis in Uganda began in 1991. This report describes a community based ivermectin distribution programme covering two foci in the Kabarole district which have an estimated 32,000 persons infected and another 110,000 at risk. Through nodule palpation in adult males, 143 villages were identified where nodule prevalence exceeded 20%. Skin snips were also taken from a sample of the population t…
The Accuracy of Mortality Reporting in Displaced Persons Camps During the Post-emergency Phase
For humanitarian organisations, accurate data are essential to identify emerging health problems and determine programme needs. We visited 45 post-emergency phase displaced persons camps and collected three months' mortality data which we compared with organisations' routine mortality reports. Organisations reported 612 deaths and we identified 741 deaths, for a mortality-reporting ratio, defined as the number of organisation-reported deaths divi…
Quality Design
In an emergency, the international community responds to the immediate health needs of refugees through the establishment of action-oriented, life-saving services. Healthcare delivery is often managed with limited, if any, coordination with local health management structures. In situations where refugees remain in the host country for many years, sustainability issues inevitably arise. Refugee-hosting governments may ultimately be called upon to …
Mortality before and after the 2003 invasion of Iraq
Using Indirect Methods to Understand the Impact of Forced Migration on Long-Term Under-Five Mortality
Despite the large numbers of displaced persons and the often-lengthy periods of displacement, little is known about the impact of forced migration on long-term under-five mortality. This paper looks at the Brass Method (and adaptations of this method) and the Preceding Birth Technique in combination with a classification of women by their migration and reproductive histories, in order to study the impact of forced migration on under-five mortalit…
Improving facility-based care for sick children in Uganda
This study assessed the effects of scaling-up Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) on the quality of care received by sick children in 10 districts in Uganda. Health workers trained in IMCI were found to deliver significantly better care than health workers who had not yet been trained, but absolute levels of service quality remained low. Achieving training coverage alone is not sufficient as a strategy to improve and sustain care qu…
Forced Migration and Under-five Mortality
Credit program outcomes
Mortality after the 2003 invasion of Iraq
Protracted Refugee Situations
Protracted Refugee Situations: Parallel Health Systems and Planning for the Integration of Services Get access Elizabeth A. Rowley, Elizabeth A. Rowley Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Gilbert M. Burnham, Gilbert M. Burnham Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Rabbin M. Drabe Rabbin M. Drabe Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal …
Tsunami Mortality Estimates and Vulnerability Mapping in Aceh, Indonesia
Objectives. We aimed to quantify tsunami mortality and compare approaches to mortality assessment in the emergency context in Aceh, Indonesia, where the impact of the 2004 tsunami was greatest. Methods. Mortality was estimated using geographic information systems–based vulnerability models and demographic methods from surveys of tsunami-displaced populations. Results. Tsunami mortality in Aceh as estimated by demographic models was 131066 and was…
Immediate and long-term assistance following the bombing of the US Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania
On 7 August 1998 truck bombs destroyed the US Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania.1 The response in both countries was characterised by an absence of incident command, limited pre-hospital care, a disorganised hospital response and a lack of transportation for those injured. In the next five years USD 50 million was provided by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) to alleviate the resulting suffering, support reconstruction …
Violence against refugees, non-refugees and host populations in southern Sudan and northern Uganda
We carried out a cross-sectional household survey among Sudanese refugees and Ugandan nationals in Arua district Uganda, and Sudanese non-refugees in Yei county Sudan. The objective was to document and compare, across population groups, violent events experienced or witnessed, both to document the frequency and nature of violent events and to assess the potential burden of psychological trauma. The extensive psychological trauma in this populatio…
Determinants of Skilled Birth Attendant Utilization in Afghanistan
Objectives. We sought to identify characteristics associated with use of skilled birth attendants where health services exist in Afghanistan. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional study in all 33 provinces in 2004, yielding data from 617 health facilities and 9917 women who lived near the facilities and had given birth in the past 2 years. Results. Only 13% of respondents had used skilled birth attendants. Women from the wealthiest quintile (vs…
Tsunami-related injury in Aceh Province, Indonesia
The Asian tsunami, of December 2004, caused widespread loss of life. A series of surveys were conducted to assess tsunami-related mortality and injury, risk factors, care seeking and injury outcomes. Three surveys of tsunami-affected populations, in seven districts of Aceh province, were conducted between March and August 2005. Surveys employed a two-stage cluster design and probability proportional to size sampling methods. Overall, 17.7% (95% c…
Doctors leaving 12 tertiary hospitals in Iraq, 2004-2007
Contracting for health and curative care use in Afghanistan between 2004 and 2005
Afghanistan has used several approaches to contracting as part of its national strategy to increase access to basic health services. This study compares changes in the utilization of outpatient curative services from 2004 to 2005 between the different approaches for contracting-out services to non-governmental service providers, contracting-in technical assistance at public sector facilities, and public sector facilities that did not use contract…
Assessing community perspectives of the community based education and service model at Makerere University, Uganda
BACKGROUND: Community partnerships are defined as groups working together with shared goals, responsibilities, and power to improve the community. There is growing evidence that these partnerships contribute to the success and sustainability of community-based education and service programs (COBES), facilitating change in community actions and attitudes. Makerere University College of Health Sciences (MakCHS) is forging itself as a transformation…
The organization and implementation of community-based education programs for health worker training institutions in Uganda
BACKGROUND: Community-based education (CBE) is part of the training curriculum for most health workers in Uganda. Most programs have a stated purpose of strengthening clinical skills, medical knowledge, communication skills, community orientation of graduates, and encouragement of graduates to work in rural areas. This study was undertaken to assess the scope and nature of community-based education for various health worker cadres in Uganda. METH…
Perceptions and utilization of primary health care services in Iraq
BACKGROUND: After many years of sanctions and conflict, Iraq is rebuilding its health system, with a strong emphasis on the traditional hospital-based services. A network exists of public sector hospitals and clinics, as well as private clinics and a few private hospitals. Little data are available about the approximately 1400 Primary Health Care clinics (PHCCs) staffed with doctors. How do Iraqis utilize primary health care services? What are th…
Perception and valuations of community-based education and service by alumni at Makerere University College of Health Sciences
BACKGROUND: Training of health professionals can be deliberately structured to enhance rural recruitment by exposing the trainees to the realities of rural life and practice through Community-Based Education and Service (COBE) programs. Few studies have surveyed the alumni of these programs to establish their post-university views and whether the positive impact of COBE programs endures into the post-university life. This study surveyed the alumn…
Sexual and gender based violence against men in the Democratic Republic of Congo
Media and service provider reports of sexual and gender based violence (SGBV) perpetrated against men in armed conflicts have increased. However, response to these reports has been limited, as existing evidence and programs have primarily focused on prevention and response to women and girl survivors of SGBV. This study aims to contribute to the evidence of SGBV experienced by males by advancing our understanding of the definition and characteris…
Household Economy and Livelihoods among Iraqi Refugees in Syria
According to current estimates, Syria hosts the largest number of Iraqi refugees in the region. This study aimed to provide information on the household economy and livelihoods among Iraqi refugees residing in urban areas of Syria. A nationally representative 80 × 10 cluster survey of Iraqi refugee households (total n = 800) was conducted in March 2009. Overall, 69 per cent of households reported having financial difficulties; 14 per cent fell be…
Medicine (37 works) · Environmental health (28 works) · Health and Conflict Studies (24 works) · Migration, Health and Trauma (20 works) · Political science (20 works) · Public health (20 works) · Nursing (19 works) · Population (18 works) · Geography (17 works) · Demography (15 works)