Phillip Toms
Biographic Data
| ID | 1345218 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Phillip Toms |
| GIVEN NAMES | Phillip |
| FAMILY NAME | Toms |
| SIGNATURE | TOMS P |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Gloucestershire |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-2149-046X |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 29 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 86 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 29 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2004 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 7 |
Optical dating of Holocene extreme flood events in eastern South Africa and their connection to Enso variability
Existing research examining tributary blocked-valley lake and wetland development upon the Mfolozi River floodplain (South African east coast) has highlighted the potential for blocked-valley lakes to act as mainstem palaeoflood archives. Sand and silt units preserved within the organic deposits of these floodplain-impounded features represent relatively large flood events and provide an opportunity to establish the frequency of extreme flooding …
Preliminary paleoenvironmental analysis and luminescence dating of upper Middle Pleistocene permafrost deposits of the Ulakhan Sular Formation, Adycha River, east Siberia
Ulakhan Sular provides one of the largest natural stratigraphic sections through ancient permafrost deposits in the Batagay–Betenkes region of the Yana Uplands of western Beringia, but their depositional environment, age, and paleoenvironmental significance are uncertain. To address these uncertainties, we report the results of reconnaissance observations of the stratigraphy, sedimentology, paleosols and soil-like bodies, plant and insect macrofo…
Aldborough and the metals economy of northern England, c . AD 345–1700
Increasing interdisciplinary analysis of geoarchaeological records, including sediment and ice cores, permits finer-scale contextual interpretation of the history of anthropogenic environmental impacts. In an interdisciplinary approach to economic history, the authors examine metal pollutants in a sediment core from the Roman metal-producing centre of Aldborough, North Yorkshire, combining this record with textual and archaeological evidence from…
A long chronology for the British Late Middle Palaeolithic
What happened before the Middle Bronze Age land divisions and roundhouses? Prehistoric soil erosion and landscape change on Dartmoor, UK
Geoarchaeological investigation of a locale used across Early – Middle Bronze Age. • Middle Bronze Age roundhouse and land division excavated and analysed. • Early Holocene brown earth palaeosol identified, associated with Mesolithic features. • Pre-roundhouse and pre-reave colluvium identified, defining landscape impact. • Landscape impact occur both pre and post reave construction, defining continuity in locale use. An extraordinary transformat…
The Alluvial Geoarchaeology of the Upper River Kennet in the Avebury Landscape
Geoarchaeological research as part of the AHRC funded Living with Monuments (LwM) project investigated the upper Kennet river system across the Avebury World Heritage landscape. The results demonstrate that in the early–mid-Holocene ( c. 9500–1000 bc ) there was very low erosion of disturbed soils into the floodplain, with floodplain deposits confined to a naturally forming bedload fluvial deposit aggrading in a shallow channel of inter-linked de…
First Nations pre‐LGM ochre processing in Parramatta, NSW, Australia
Previous archaeological evidence and published analysis has suggested that ochre was first used in the Sydney Basin around 9000 years ago, and that the Parramatta region may not have been occupied by First Nations peoples before ∼14 ka. We present new evidence which firmly places both events before the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Multiple ochre fragments, two with microscopically visible evidence of anthropogenic grinding, were recovered from the…
Rapid laminated clastic alluviation associated with increased Little Ice Age flooding co-driven by climate variability and historic land-use in the middle Severn catchment, UK
The analysis of exceptionally well-preserved visible clastic laminations in deep alluvial sediments at Kempsey, Worcestershire (UK), allows a new high-resolution analysis of late-Holocene flood-history in the largest UK catchment, as well as local human response. At the sample site over 4.5 m of sandy-silt overbank-alluvium accumulated on the floodplain and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of the upper 2.25 m demonstrates accretion …
A multimethod dating study of ancient permafrost, Batagay megaslump, east Siberia
Dating of ancient permafrost is essential for understanding long-term permafrost stability and interpreting palaeoenvironmental conditions but presents substantial challenges to geochronology. Here, we apply four methods to permafrost from the megaslump at Batagay, east Siberia: (1) optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of quartz, (2) post-infrared infrared-stimulated luminescence (pIRIR) dating of K-feldspar, (3) radiocarbon dating of o…
The palaeoenvironmental potential of the eastern Jordanian desert basins (Qe'an)
Was Aboriginal population recovery delayed after the Last Glacial Maximum? A synthesis of a terminal Pleistocene deposit from the Sydney Basin, New South Wales, Australia
Multi-method solutions to the problem of dating early trackways and associated colluvial sequences
Tracking an exotic raw material
A compliance-based excavation on Parramatta River (western Sydney) found evidence of a brief visitation by Aboriginal people during the terminal Pleistocene (c.14 ka), from which an exotic raw material–medium-grained porphyroblastic andalusite-cordierite hornfels–was recovered. This raw material is rare in the region, only found in the Megalong Valley situated some 75 km west of the site in Parramatta, and separated from the site by the Blue Moun…
Early Medieval Place-Names and Riverine Flood Histories
Environmental information from place-names has largely been overlooked by geoarchaeologists and fluvial geomorphologists in analyses of the depositional histories of rivers and floodplains. Here, new flood chronologies for the rivers Teme, Severn, and Wye are presented, modelled from stable river sections excavated at Broadwas, Buildwas, and Rotherwas. These are connected by the Old English term * wæsse , interpreted as ‘land by a meandering rive…
The first successful application of Optically Stimulated Luminescence dating to a colonial era (<0.25 ka) archaeological site in Australia
Mid-to-Late Holocene Aboriginal Flaked Stone Artefact Technology on the Cumberland Plain, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Despite being one of the most intensively investigated archaeological regions in Australia, the flaked stone technologies employed by Aboriginal people occupying the Cumberland Plain of western Sydney, New South Wales, remain poorly documented in the published literature. Here we present and discuss the results of a technological analysis of a sizeable cultural lithic assemblage recovered from a compliance-based salvage excavation completed withi…
Student experiences of multidisciplinarity in the undergraduate geography curriculum
This paper explores the student experience of multidisciplinarity within the undergraduate Geography curriculum. It considers the drivers that have underpinned this development before considering the findings of research into student experiences in two universities in the south of England. The results suggest that most students view this development positively and recognize a number of advantages that it brings, citing expanded opportunities for …
The Cranebrook Terrace revisited
We present the results of a compliance-based excavation on the banks of Peach Tree Creek within the alluvial margin of the Nepean River, Penrith, NSW. The excavations consisted of (i) two mechanically excavated trenches (3 × 1 m) in controlled 20 cm spits to depths of 4 m below surface, and (ii) a subsequent stage of manual salvage excavation (6 m2) focussing on the artefact-bearing levels indicated by the testing phase. The excavations identifie…
Where's the Geography department? The changing administrative place of Geography in UK higher education
This paper considers recent patterns of departmental change in the management of G eography in UK universities. It notes the increasingly multidisciplinary management of G eography since the mid‐1990s. Various measures of this trend are explored and discussed. The paper also considers the problematic accommodation of Geography within the faculty structures of institutions. These findings speak of a problematic identity for the discipline within t…
The impact of the Late Holocene coastal changes on the rise and decay of the ancient city of Histria (southern Danube delta)
A Middle Palaeolithic to Early Upper Palaeolithic succession from an open air site at Beedings, West Sussex
The collection of flintwork from the site of Beedings, West Sussex (England) contains by far the largest number of stone tools from the earliest Upper Palaeolithic of Britain, and is one of the two largest assemblages of its type in Europe. Despite its obvious importance, its analysis has been hindered by several factors resulting from its early excavation. Chief amongst these is the almost total lack of stratigraphic or contextual information: i…
Dating Recent Peat Accumulation in European Ombrotrophic Bogs
This study compares age estimates of recent peat deposits in 10 European ombrotrophic (precipitation-fed) bogs produced using the 14 C bomb peak, 210 Pb, 137 Cs, spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCPs), and pollen. At 3 sites, the results of the different dating methods agree well. In 5 cores, there is a clear discrepancy between the 14 C bomb peak and 210 Pb age estimates. In the upper layers of the profiles, the age estimates of 14 C and 210 P…
Geomorphology of the Anthropocene
Delivering the Benefits of Aggregates Levy Sustainability Funded Research on River Valley Archaeological Sites in the Severn-Wye Catchment, UK
The recently published Mineral Extraction and Archaeology: A Practice Guide (English Heritage, 2008) identifies the use of geomorphological mapping and specialist remote sensing technologies allied to other techniques as important tools for use in the investigation of deeply buried archaeological sites. Such approaches are particularly valuable within environments like river valleys where prospection is particularly difficult due to the masking e…
A Terminal Pleistocene Open Site On The Hawkesbury River, Pitt Town, New South Wales
Salvage excavations of 25 m2 on a levee adjacent to the Hawkesbury River near Pitt Town, New South Wales, identified a 1.5 m deep sand body containing three discrete artefact assemblages, collectively designated as site PT12. Six optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages provide a chronology for the sand body, which began forming >50 ka. Peak artefact numbers for the two lowest assemblages were centred on ca 15 ka and ca 11 ka, and had Caperti…
Recent Work at the Lower Palaeolithic Site of Corfe Mullen, Dorset, England
Changes in the geological interpretation of the history of the ancient Solent river basin have focused attention on the handaxes discovered in the Corfe Mullen area during quarrying before the Second World War. Recent geological research suggests that the fluvial terrace the handaxes are associated with may pre-date the Anglian glaciation. This is important because it contributes to the question of just when the Solent basin was first occupied by…
Geomorphology of the Anthropocene
The Cranebrook Terrace revisited
We present the results of a compliance-based excavation on the banks of Peach Tree Creek within the alluvial margin of the Nepean River, Penrith, NSW. The excavations consisted of (i) two mechanically excavated trenches (3 × 1 m) in controlled 20 cm spits to depths of 4 m below surface, and (ii) a subsequent stage of manual salvage excavation (6 m2) focussing on the artefact-bearing levels indicated by the testing phase. The excavations identifie…
A Terminal Pleistocene Open Site On The Hawkesbury River, Pitt Town, New South Wales
Salvage excavations of 25 m2 on a levee adjacent to the Hawkesbury River near Pitt Town, New South Wales, identified a 1.5 m deep sand body containing three discrete artefact assemblages, collectively designated as site PT12. Six optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages provide a chronology for the sand body, which began forming >50 ka. Peak artefact numbers for the two lowest assemblages were centred on ca 15 ka and ca 11 ka, and had Caperti…
Tracking an exotic raw material
A compliance-based excavation on Parramatta River (western Sydney) found evidence of a brief visitation by Aboriginal people during the terminal Pleistocene (c.14 ka), from which an exotic raw material–medium-grained porphyroblastic andalusite-cordierite hornfels–was recovered. This raw material is rare in the region, only found in the Megalong Valley situated some 75 km west of the site in Parramatta, and separated from the site by the Blue Moun…
Early Medieval Place-Names and Riverine Flood Histories
Environmental information from place-names has largely been overlooked by geoarchaeologists and fluvial geomorphologists in analyses of the depositional histories of rivers and floodplains. Here, new flood chronologies for the rivers Teme, Severn, and Wye are presented, modelled from stable river sections excavated at Broadwas, Buildwas, and Rotherwas. These are connected by the Old English term * wæsse , interpreted as ‘land by a meandering rive…
Where's the Geography department? The changing administrative place of Geography in UK higher education
This paper considers recent patterns of departmental change in the management of G eography in UK universities. It notes the increasingly multidisciplinary management of G eography since the mid‐1990s. Various measures of this trend are explored and discussed. The paper also considers the problematic accommodation of Geography within the faculty structures of institutions. These findings speak of a problematic identity for the discipline within t…
A Middle Palaeolithic to Early Upper Palaeolithic succession from an open air site at Beedings, West Sussex
The collection of flintwork from the site of Beedings, West Sussex (England) contains by far the largest number of stone tools from the earliest Upper Palaeolithic of Britain, and is one of the two largest assemblages of its type in Europe. Despite its obvious importance, its analysis has been hindered by several factors resulting from its early excavation. Chief amongst these is the almost total lack of stratigraphic or contextual information: i…
Dating Recent Peat Accumulation in European Ombrotrophic Bogs
This study compares age estimates of recent peat deposits in 10 European ombrotrophic (precipitation-fed) bogs produced using the 14 C bomb peak, 210 Pb, 137 Cs, spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCPs), and pollen. At 3 sites, the results of the different dating methods agree well. In 5 cores, there is a clear discrepancy between the 14 C bomb peak and 210 Pb age estimates. In the upper layers of the profiles, the age estimates of 14 C and 210 P…
First Nations pre‐LGM ochre processing in Parramatta, NSW, Australia
Previous archaeological evidence and published analysis has suggested that ochre was first used in the Sydney Basin around 9000 years ago, and that the Parramatta region may not have been occupied by First Nations peoples before ∼14 ka. We present new evidence which firmly places both events before the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Multiple ochre fragments, two with microscopically visible evidence of anthropogenic grinding, were recovered from the…
Was Aboriginal population recovery delayed after the Last Glacial Maximum? A synthesis of a terminal Pleistocene deposit from the Sydney Basin, New South Wales, Australia
Rapid laminated clastic alluviation associated with increased Little Ice Age flooding co-driven by climate variability and historic land-use in the middle Severn catchment, UK
The analysis of exceptionally well-preserved visible clastic laminations in deep alluvial sediments at Kempsey, Worcestershire (UK), allows a new high-resolution analysis of late-Holocene flood-history in the largest UK catchment, as well as local human response. At the sample site over 4.5 m of sandy-silt overbank-alluvium accumulated on the floodplain and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of the upper 2.25 m demonstrates accretion …
Archaeological resource modelling in temperate river valleys
Methods for mapping and determining the condition of archaeological resources while they are still underground have been in development for nearly half a century. The authors here offer an example from the frontiers of the art: the application of a package of remote sensing procedures not only designed to locate sites but to model the valley deposits which contain and cover them. The variation in success of different methods in different deposits…
What happened before the Middle Bronze Age land divisions and roundhouses? Prehistoric soil erosion and landscape change on Dartmoor, UK
Geoarchaeological investigation of a locale used across Early – Middle Bronze Age. • Middle Bronze Age roundhouse and land division excavated and analysed. • Early Holocene brown earth palaeosol identified, associated with Mesolithic features. • Pre-roundhouse and pre-reave colluvium identified, defining landscape impact. • Landscape impact occur both pre and post reave construction, defining continuity in locale use. An extraordinary transformat…
The Alluvial Geoarchaeology of the Upper River Kennet in the Avebury Landscape
Geoarchaeological research as part of the AHRC funded Living with Monuments (LwM) project investigated the upper Kennet river system across the Avebury World Heritage landscape. The results demonstrate that in the early–mid-Holocene ( c. 9500–1000 bc ) there was very low erosion of disturbed soils into the floodplain, with floodplain deposits confined to a naturally forming bedload fluvial deposit aggrading in a shallow channel of inter-linked de…
Multi-method solutions to the problem of dating early trackways and associated colluvial sequences
Mid-to-Late Holocene Aboriginal Flaked Stone Artefact Technology on the Cumberland Plain, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Despite being one of the most intensively investigated archaeological regions in Australia, the flaked stone technologies employed by Aboriginal people occupying the Cumberland Plain of western Sydney, New South Wales, remain poorly documented in the published literature. Here we present and discuss the results of a technological analysis of a sizeable cultural lithic assemblage recovered from a compliance-based salvage excavation completed withi…
Geochemical characterization, correlation, and optical dating of tephra in alluvial sequences of central western Argentina
The synthesis of paleoclimatic archives provided by loess and alluvial sequences of central Argentina has been hindered by the lack of a cohesive lithostratigraphic framework extending across the Chaco–Pampean plains and catchments of the Rios Desaguadero, Colorado, and Negro. This condition originates in part from the dearth of absolute chronological controls. The occurrence of discrete tephra layers across this region may provide an opportunity…
Late Quaternary paleosols, stratigraphy and landscape evolution in the Northern Pampa, Argentina
The field properties, micromorphology, grain-size, geochemistry, and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages of two late Quaternary sections have been used to reconstruct the sequence of pedosedimentary processes and to provide insights into landscape evolution in part of the Northern Pampa of Argentina. Paleosols developed in paludal sediments adjacent to the Paraná river at Baradero and in loess at Lozada can both be correlated and linked …
Archaeological resource modelling in temperate river valleys
Methods for mapping and determining the condition of archaeological resources while they are still underground have been in development for nearly half a century. The authors here offer an example from the frontiers of the art: the application of a package of remote sensing procedures not only designed to locate sites but to model the valley deposits which contain and cover them. The variation in success of different methods in different deposits…
Delivering the Benefits of Aggregates Levy Sustainability Funded Research on River Valley Archaeological Sites in the Severn-Wye Catchment, UK
The recently published Mineral Extraction and Archaeology: A Practice Guide (English Heritage, 2008) identifies the use of geomorphological mapping and specialist remote sensing technologies allied to other techniques as important tools for use in the investigation of deeply buried archaeological sites. Such approaches are particularly valuable within environments like river valleys where prospection is particularly difficult due to the masking e…
A Terminal Pleistocene Open Site On The Hawkesbury River, Pitt Town, New South Wales
Salvage excavations of 25 m2 on a levee adjacent to the Hawkesbury River near Pitt Town, New South Wales, identified a 1.5 m deep sand body containing three discrete artefact assemblages, collectively designated as site PT12. Six optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages provide a chronology for the sand body, which began forming >50 ka. Peak artefact numbers for the two lowest assemblages were centred on ca 15 ka and ca 11 ka, and had Caperti…
Recent Work at the Lower Palaeolithic Site of Corfe Mullen, Dorset, England
Changes in the geological interpretation of the history of the ancient Solent river basin have focused attention on the handaxes discovered in the Corfe Mullen area during quarrying before the Second World War. Recent geological research suggests that the fluvial terrace the handaxes are associated with may pre-date the Anglian glaciation. This is important because it contributes to the question of just when the Solent basin was first occupied by…
The impact of the Late Holocene coastal changes on the rise and decay of the ancient city of Histria (southern Danube delta)
A Middle Palaeolithic to Early Upper Palaeolithic succession from an open air site at Beedings, West Sussex
The collection of flintwork from the site of Beedings, West Sussex (England) contains by far the largest number of stone tools from the earliest Upper Palaeolithic of Britain, and is one of the two largest assemblages of its type in Europe. Despite its obvious importance, its analysis has been hindered by several factors resulting from its early excavation. Chief amongst these is the almost total lack of stratigraphic or contextual information: i…
Dating Recent Peat Accumulation in European Ombrotrophic Bogs
This study compares age estimates of recent peat deposits in 10 European ombrotrophic (precipitation-fed) bogs produced using the 14 C bomb peak, 210 Pb, 137 Cs, spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCPs), and pollen. At 3 sites, the results of the different dating methods agree well. In 5 cores, there is a clear discrepancy between the 14 C bomb peak and 210 Pb age estimates. In the upper layers of the profiles, the age estimates of 14 C and 210 P…
Geomorphology of the Anthropocene
Where's the Geography department? The changing administrative place of Geography in UK higher education
This paper considers recent patterns of departmental change in the management of G eography in UK universities. It notes the increasingly multidisciplinary management of G eography since the mid‐1990s. Various measures of this trend are explored and discussed. The paper also considers the problematic accommodation of Geography within the faculty structures of institutions. These findings speak of a problematic identity for the discipline within t…
Student experiences of multidisciplinarity in the undergraduate geography curriculum
This paper explores the student experience of multidisciplinarity within the undergraduate Geography curriculum. It considers the drivers that have underpinned this development before considering the findings of research into student experiences in two universities in the south of England. The results suggest that most students view this development positively and recognize a number of advantages that it brings, citing expanded opportunities for …
The Cranebrook Terrace revisited
We present the results of a compliance-based excavation on the banks of Peach Tree Creek within the alluvial margin of the Nepean River, Penrith, NSW. The excavations consisted of (i) two mechanically excavated trenches (3 × 1 m) in controlled 20 cm spits to depths of 4 m below surface, and (ii) a subsequent stage of manual salvage excavation (6 m2) focussing on the artefact-bearing levels indicated by the testing phase. The excavations identifie…
Mid-to-Late Holocene Aboriginal Flaked Stone Artefact Technology on the Cumberland Plain, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Despite being one of the most intensively investigated archaeological regions in Australia, the flaked stone technologies employed by Aboriginal people occupying the Cumberland Plain of western Sydney, New South Wales, remain poorly documented in the published literature. Here we present and discuss the results of a technological analysis of a sizeable cultural lithic assemblage recovered from a compliance-based salvage excavation completed withi…
The first successful application of Optically Stimulated Luminescence dating to a colonial era (<0.25 ka) archaeological site in Australia
Multi-method solutions to the problem of dating early trackways and associated colluvial sequences
Tracking an exotic raw material
A compliance-based excavation on Parramatta River (western Sydney) found evidence of a brief visitation by Aboriginal people during the terminal Pleistocene (c.14 ka), from which an exotic raw material–medium-grained porphyroblastic andalusite-cordierite hornfels–was recovered. This raw material is rare in the region, only found in the Megalong Valley situated some 75 km west of the site in Parramatta, and separated from the site by the Blue Moun…
Early Medieval Place-Names and Riverine Flood Histories
Environmental information from place-names has largely been overlooked by geoarchaeologists and fluvial geomorphologists in analyses of the depositional histories of rivers and floodplains. Here, new flood chronologies for the rivers Teme, Severn, and Wye are presented, modelled from stable river sections excavated at Broadwas, Buildwas, and Rotherwas. These are connected by the Old English term * wæsse , interpreted as ‘land by a meandering rive…
Was Aboriginal population recovery delayed after the Last Glacial Maximum? A synthesis of a terminal Pleistocene deposit from the Sydney Basin, New South Wales, Australia
A multimethod dating study of ancient permafrost, Batagay megaslump, east Siberia
Dating of ancient permafrost is essential for understanding long-term permafrost stability and interpreting palaeoenvironmental conditions but presents substantial challenges to geochronology. Here, we apply four methods to permafrost from the megaslump at Batagay, east Siberia: (1) optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of quartz, (2) post-infrared infrared-stimulated luminescence (pIRIR) dating of K-feldspar, (3) radiocarbon dating of o…
The palaeoenvironmental potential of the eastern Jordanian desert basins (Qe'an)
Rapid laminated clastic alluviation associated with increased Little Ice Age flooding co-driven by climate variability and historic land-use in the middle Severn catchment, UK
The analysis of exceptionally well-preserved visible clastic laminations in deep alluvial sediments at Kempsey, Worcestershire (UK), allows a new high-resolution analysis of late-Holocene flood-history in the largest UK catchment, as well as local human response. At the sample site over 4.5 m of sandy-silt overbank-alluvium accumulated on the floodplain and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of the upper 2.25 m demonstrates accretion …
What happened before the Middle Bronze Age land divisions and roundhouses? Prehistoric soil erosion and landscape change on Dartmoor, UK
Geoarchaeological investigation of a locale used across Early – Middle Bronze Age. • Middle Bronze Age roundhouse and land division excavated and analysed. • Early Holocene brown earth palaeosol identified, associated with Mesolithic features. • Pre-roundhouse and pre-reave colluvium identified, defining landscape impact. • Landscape impact occur both pre and post reave construction, defining continuity in locale use. An extraordinary transformat…
The Alluvial Geoarchaeology of the Upper River Kennet in the Avebury Landscape
Geoarchaeological research as part of the AHRC funded Living with Monuments (LwM) project investigated the upper Kennet river system across the Avebury World Heritage landscape. The results demonstrate that in the early–mid-Holocene ( c. 9500–1000 bc ) there was very low erosion of disturbed soils into the floodplain, with floodplain deposits confined to a naturally forming bedload fluvial deposit aggrading in a shallow channel of inter-linked de…
First Nations pre‐LGM ochre processing in Parramatta, NSW, Australia
Previous archaeological evidence and published analysis has suggested that ochre was first used in the Sydney Basin around 9000 years ago, and that the Parramatta region may not have been occupied by First Nations peoples before ∼14 ka. We present new evidence which firmly places both events before the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Multiple ochre fragments, two with microscopically visible evidence of anthropogenic grinding, were recovered from the…
Geography (22 works) · Archaeology (21 works) · Geology (20 works) · Geology and Paleoclimatology Research (18 works) · Archaeology and ancient environmental studies (16 works) · Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology (15 works) · Paleontology (12 works) · Holocene (10 works) · Geomorphology (9 works) · Alluvium (7 works)