Carlos Carbajal-León

Biographic Data

ID1651802
NAMECarlos Carbajal-León
GIVEN NAMESCarlos
FAMILY NAMECarbajal-León
SIGNATURECARBAJAL-LEÓN C
AFFILIATIONSSouth American Center for Education and Research in Public Health, Universidad Norbert Wiener, Lima, Peru
ORCID0000-0001-7439-2332
VERIFIEDYes
TOTAL WORKS30
TOTAL CITATIONS6
AUTHOR COUNT30
EDITOR COUNT0
FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR2021
LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR2025
H-INDEX2

  • Cross-national invariance of the Spanish version of the 8-item Posttraumatic Growth Inventory-Short Form (PTGI-SF) in people who experienced the death of loved ones from four South American countries

    Open AccessTomás Caycho-Rodríguez, Lindsey W Vilca et al.ARTICLERevista Interamericana de…2025

    Post-pandemic, there is concern about the increase in mental health problems associated with grief due to COVID-19. Recent studies have identified positive outcomes that may have emerged in the face of adversity, which can lead to positive psychological changes, such as posttraumatic growth. The aim of the study was to evaluate the transnational measurement invariance of the 8-item Posttraumatic Growth Inventory-Short Form (PTGI-SF) in individual…

  • Grief and Posttraumatic Growth in Individuals Who Have Experienced the Death of a Loved One From Six Latin American Countries

    Open AccessTomás Caycho-Rodríguez, Andy Rick Sánchez-Villena et al.ARTICLEOMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying2025

    This study assessed the relationship between grief and posttraumatic growth (PTG) in 2415 individuals from six Latin American countries, and how the relationship between these variables is moderated by gender and age. The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory-Short Form and Pandemic Grief Scale were used. Moderation analysis utilized Model 2, proposed by Hayes. The findings from the analysis indicate that the proposed regression model is statistically s…

  • Biopsychosocial functional impairment symptoms related to bereavement in six Latin American countries

    Tomás Caycho-Rodríguez, Andy Sánchez-Villena et al.ARTICLEDeath Studies2025References: 6

    The present study aimed to analyze the symptoms of grief-related functional impairment using network analysis in 1,909 individuals who had experienced the death of a loved one across six Spanish-speaking Latin American countries. The Grief Impairment Scale (GIS) was used to assess symptoms of grief-related functional impairment. The bootnet package was employed to estimate a general network, the Strength index was used to estimate centrality. The…

  • Network Structure of Bereavement Functional Impairment Symptoms Measured by the Grief Impairment Scale in a Peruvian Sample

    Open AccessTomás Caycho-Rodríguez, José Ventura-León et al.ARTICLEIllness Crisis & Loss2025References: 52

    The aim of this study was to characterize the network structure of grief-related functional impairment symptoms as measured by The Grief Impairment Scale (GIS) in 520 Peruvian individuals who have experienced the death of a family member or loved one. A psychological network model was applied to evaluate the estimation, stability, and accuracy of the network during the analysis sequence. The results indicated that the inability to perform activit…

  • Network Analysis of Posttraumatic Growth Dimensions

    Open AccessTomás Caycho-Rodríguez, Jonatan Baños-Chaparro et al.ARTICLEIllness Crisis & Loss2025References: 64

    The present study aimed to apply a network analysis model to provide an exploratory empirical conceptualization of dynamic networks of posttraumatic growth (PTG) symptoms in 7,434 people who experienced the death of a loved one from COVID-19 in 16 Latin American countries. The Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory: Short Form of Eight Items was used. A non-regularized network with partial correlation coefficients was estimated through the ggmModSelect …

  • Cross-Cultural Validity of the Grief Impairment Scale (GIS)

    Open AccessTomás Caycho-Rodríguez, Sherman A Lee et al.ARTICLEIllness Crisis & Loss2025References: 67

    The Grief Impairment Scale (GIS) is used to measure functional impairment due to grief following the death of a loved one. However, there is no information on its cross-cultural utility. Thus, this study assessed the measurement invariance of the GIS using a large sample of bereaved adults ( N = 2060) from Peru, El Salvador, Ecuador, and Colombia. Specifically, we employed two measurement invariance techniques: multi-group confirmatory factor ana…

  • Covid-19 anxiety, psychological well-being and preventive behaviors during the Covid-19 pandemic in Latin America and the Caribbean

    Open AccessTomás Caycho-Rodríguez, José M Tomás et al.ARTICLECurrent Psychology2024

  • Network analysis of the relationships between conspiracy beliefs towards Covid-19 vaccine and symptoms of fear of Covid-19 in a sample of latin american countries

    Open AccessTomás Caycho-Rodríguez, José Ventura-León et al.ARTICLECurrent Psychology2024

    The present study examined how conspiracy beliefs about COVID-19 vaccines specifically relate to symptoms of fear of COVID-19 in a sample of four South American countries. A total of 1785 people from Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru participated, responding to a sociodemographic survey, the Fear of COVID-19 scale (FCV-19 S) and the Vaccine Conspiracy Beliefs Scale-COVID-19 (VCBS-COVID-19). Network analysis identified the most important sympto…

  • Pandemic Grief and Suicidal Ideation in Latin American Countries

    Open AccessTomás Caycho-Rodríguez, Jonatan Baños-Chaparro et al.ARTICLEPsychological Reports2024

    This study aimed to characterize the network structure of pandemic grief symptoms and suicidal ideation in 2174 people from eight Latin American countries. Pandemic grief and suicidal ideation were measured using the Pandemic Grief Scale and a single item, respectively. Network analysis provides an in-depth characterization of symptom-symptom interactions within mental disorders. The results indicated that, "desire to die," "apathy" and "absence …

  • New Psychometric Evidence of the Grief Impairment Scale (GIS) in People Who Have Experienced the Death of a Loved One From a Network Psychometric Approach in Two Latin American Countries

    Open AccessTomás Caycho-Rodríguez, Aaron Travezaño-Cabrera et al.ARTICLEOMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying2024

    This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Grief Impairment Scale (GIS) using a network psychometric model. A total of 1048 individuals from Peru and El Salvador participated. A network psychometric model was used to determine internal structure, reliability, and cross-country invariance. The results indicate that the GIS items were grouped into a single network structure through Exploratory Graph Analysis. Reliability was es…

  • Does the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale Measure Coronaphobia the Same Way for Mourners With and Without Dysfunctional Grief

    Open AccessMarlon Elías Lobos Rivera, Marlon Elías Lobos-Rivera et al.ARTICLEIllness Crisis & Loss2024References: 41

    Deaths from COVID-19 have exceeded 6.5 million people globally. Although many people are mourning the loss of loved ones to this deadly disease, little is known about the validity of measuring coronavirus-related anxiety with this particular group of people. Therefore, the objective of this study is to determine if the coronavirus anxiety scale (CAS) measures the coronaphobia construct the same way for mourners with and without dysfunctional leve…

  • Cross-cultural validation of the new version of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale in twelve Latin American countries

    Open AccessTomás Caycho-Rodríguez, Pablo D Valencia et al.ARTICLECurrent Psychology2023

  • Cross-cultural measurement invariance of the purpose in life test - Short form (PIL-SF) in seven Latin American countries

    Open AccessTomás Caycho-Rodríguez, Lindsey W Vilca et al.ARTICLECurrent Psychology2023

  • Is the meaning of subjective well-being similar in Latin American countries? A cross-cultural measurement invariance study of the WHO-5 well-being index during the Covid-19 pandemic

    Open AccessTomás Caycho-Rodríguez, Lindsey W Vilca et al.ARTICLEBMC Psychology2023

    The WHO-5 is useful for assessing subjective well-being in 12 Latin American countries during the COVID-19 pandemic, since the differences between scores can be attributed to differences in well-being and not in other characteristics of the scale

  • Assessment of Obsessive Thoughts About Covid-19 in 7 Latin American Countries

    Open AccessTomás Caycho-Rodríguez, R Rivera et al.ARTICLEOMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying2023

    The present study aimed to evaluate the measurement invariance of the Obsession with COVID-19 Scale (OCS) among seven Latin American countries: Bolivia, Brazil, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Although the OCS has been used in several countries and languages, there is a need for approaches that better integrate the cross-cultural equivalence of the scale. A total of 3185 people participated in the study. The results indicated…

  • A Psychometric Analysis of the Spanish Version of the Grief Impairment Scale

    Open AccessTomás Caycho-Rodríguez, Sherman A Lee et al.ARTICLEOMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying2023

    The objective of this study was to translate and psychometrically evaluate a Spanish version of the Grief Impairment Scale (GIS) using a sample of bereaved adults from El Salvador ( N = 579). The results confirm the unidimensional structure of the GIS, and solid reliability, item characteristics, and criterion-related validity, where the GIS scale significantly and positively predicts depression. However, this instrument only showed evidence of c…

  • Measuring God Mysticism

    Open AccessTomás Caycho-Rodríguez, Lindsey W Vilca et al.ARTICLEPastoral Psychology2023

  • Impact of Covid-19 on quality of life in Peruvian older adults

    Open AccessTomás Caycho-Rodríguez, Carlos Carbajal-León et al.ARTICLEPsicologia Reflexão e Crítica2023References: 65

    The aim of the present study was to translate into Spanish and evaluate the psychometric evidence of the Impact on Quality of Life (COV19-QoL) applied to a sample of Peruvian older adults ( N = 298; 58.1% women, 41.9% men, mean age 65.34 years [SD = 11.33]). The study used techniques from the Classical Test Theory (CTT) and Item Response Theory (IRT). The findings confirmed the single factor structure of the COV19-QoL, high internal consistency r…

  • Cross-cultural invariance of the Spanish version of the Covid-19 Assessment Scorecard to measure the perception of government actions against Covid-19 in Latin America

    Open AccessTomás Caycho-Rodríguez, Pablo D Valencia et al.ARTICLEPsicologia Reflexão e Crítica2023References: 61

    OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to evaluate the measurement invariance of a general measure of the perception of governmental responses to COVID-|19 (COVID-SCORE-10) in the general population of 13 Latin American countries. METHODS: A total of 5780 individuals from 13 Latin American and Caribbean countries selected by non-probabilistic snowball sampling participated. A confirmatory factor analysis was performed and the alignment method was us…

  • Intention to receive the monkeypox vaccine and its psychological and sociodemographic predictors

    Open AccessTomás Caycho-Rodríguez, Pablo D Valencia et al.ARTICLEPsicologia Reflexão e Crítica2023References: 53

    Objective The objective of this study was to identify predictors of intention to be vaccinated against Monkeypox (Mpox) in a sample of Peruvian citizens. Methods A set of sociodemographic and psychological predictors were used, such as sex, sexual orientation, educational level, previous diagnosis of COVID-19, marital status, complete vaccination against COVID-19, employment status, living with vulnerable people, presence of chronic disease, area…

  • Pandemic grief in El Salvador

    Open AccessMarlon Elías Lobos Rivera, Marlon Elías Lobos-Rivera et al.ARTICLEPsicologia Reflexão e Crítica2023References: 65

    Thousands of people have died of COVID-19 in El Salvador. However, little is known about the mental health of those who are mourning the loss of a loved one to COVID-19. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the dysfunctional grief associated with COVID-19 death among Salvadoran adults. A sample of 435 Salvadorans (M = 29 years; SD = 8.75) who lost a family member or loved one to COVID-19 completed a digital survey using the Googl…

  • Design and Cross-Cultural Invariance of the Covid-19 Vaccine Conspiracy Beliefs Scale (Covid-VCBS) in 13 Latin American Countries

    Open AccessTomás Caycho-Rodríguez, Pablo D Valencia et al.ARTICLEFrontiers in Public Health2022

    Aims: Over the past 2 years, the vaccine conspiracy beliefs construct has been used in a number of different studies. These publications have assessed the determinants and outcomes of vaccine conspiracy beliefs using, in some cases, pooled data from different countries, and compared the results across these contexts. However, studies often do not consider measurement invariance as a necessary requirement for comparative analyses. Therefore, the a…

  • Spanish version of the Santa Clara Brief Compassion Scale

    Open AccessTomás Caycho-Rodríguez, Lindsey W Vilca et al.ARTICLECurrent Psychology2022

  • The Monkeypox Fear Scale

    Open AccessTomás Caycho-Rodríguez, Lindsey W Vilca et al.ARTICLEBMC Psychology2022

    The MFS has adequate psychometric evidence to assess fear of monkeypox in the Peruvian population. These findings may guide future studies related to the consequences of monkeypox on mental health

  • Measurement of Risk Factors Associated With bereavement Severity and Deterioration by Covid-19

    Open AccessTomás Caycho-Rodríguez, Sherman A Lee et al.ARTICLEOMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying2022

    The present study translated and evaluated the psychometric evidence of the Pandemic Grief Risk Factors (PGRF) in a sample of 363 people from the general population of Peru who suffered the death of a loved one by COVID-19 (63-4% women and 36.6% men, where 78.5% were between 18 and 29 years old). The findings indicated that the PGRF is a unidimensional and reliable measure. The PGRF items can differentiate between individuals with different level…