Mary K Rothbart
Biographic Data
| ID | 1663399 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Mary K Rothbart |
| GIVEN NAMES | Mary K |
| FAMILY NAME | Rothbart |
| SIGNATURE | ROTHBART M K |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Oregon |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 40 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 291 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 40 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1966 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2023 |
| H-INDEX | 9 |
How understanding and strengthening brain networks can contribute to elementary education
Imaging the human brain during the last 35 years offers potential for improving education. What is needed is knowledge on the part of educators of all types of how this potential can be realized in practical terms. This paper briefly reviews the current level of understanding of brain networks that underlie aspects of elementary education and its preparation for later learning. This includes the acquisition of reading, writing and number processi…
Identifying child temperament types using cluster analysis in three samples
Integrating brain, cognition and culture
Temperament and Human Development
The developing brain in a multitasking world
Development and Assessment of Short and Very Short Forms of the Infant Behavior Questionnaire–Revised
Using data from parents of 761 infants from 6 independent samples, short (91 items, 14 scales) and very short (37 items, 3 broad scales) forms of the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised (IBQ-R), a well-established caregiver report measure of temperament for infants aged 3 to 12 months, were developed. The forms were subsequently evaluated with data from 1,619 participants from 11 samples. Over 90% of Cronbach's alphas and part-whole correlation…
Etiology of preschool behavior problems
The present study was conducted to examine the contributions of early appearing temperament attributes to toddler and preschool‐age behavior problems. High levels of negative emotionality and low levels of effortful control were linked to both externalizing and internalizing difficulties. All fine‐grained dimensions of negative affect were concurrently associated with internalizing problems whereas relations between components of negative affect …
Control networks and neuromodulators of early development
In adults, most cognitive and emotional self-regulation is carried out by a network of brain regions, including the anterior cingulate, insula, and areas of the basal ganglia, related to executive attention. We propose that during infancy, control systems depend primarily upon a brain network involved in orienting to sensory events that includes areas of the parietal lobe and frontal eye fields. Studies of human adults and alert monkeys have show…
Developing Mechanisms of Self-Regulation in Early Life
Children show increasing control of emotions and behavior during their early years. Our studies suggest a shift in control from the brain’s orienting network in infancy to the executive network by the age of 3—4 years. Our longitudinal study indicates that orienting influences both positive and negative affect, as measured by parent report in infancy. At 3—4 years of age, the dominant control of affect rests in a frontal brain network that involv…
Brain states and hypnosis research
A latent growth examination of fear development in infancy
Growth modeling was used to examine the developmental trajectory of infant temperamental fear with maternal fear and depressive symptoms as predictors of infant fearfulness and change in infant fear predicting toddler anxiety symptoms. In Study 1, a sample of 158 mothers reported their own depressive symptoms and fear when their children were 4 months of age and infant fearfulness at 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 months. Maternal symptoms of depression pre…
The influence of temperament on the development of coping
Temperament refers to individual differences in two broad aspects of behavior: (1) emotional, motor, and attentional reactivity and (2) self-regulatory processes that modulate such reactivity. These individual differences are grounded in people's constitution and influence both stress reactions and patterns of coping. In this chapter, we examine how individual differences in temperament are conceptually linked to the development of coping and how…
Short-term meditation training improves attention and self-regulation
Recent studies suggest that months to years of intensive and systematic meditation training can improve attention. However, the lengthy training required has made it difficult to use random assignment of participants to conditions to confirm these findings. This article shows that a group randomly assigned to 5 days of meditation practice with the integrative body–mind training method shows significantly better attention and control of stress tha…
Temperament, Development, and Personality
Understanding temperament is central to our understanding of development, and temperament constructs are linked to individual differences in both personality and underlying neural function. In this article, I review findings on the structure of temperament, its relation to the Big Five traits of personality, and its links to development and psychopathology. In addition, I discuss the relation of temperament to conscience, empathy, aggression, and…
Research on Attention Networks as a Model for the Integration of Psychological Science
As Titchener pointed out more than one hundred years ago, attention is at the center of the psychological enterprise. Attention research investigates how voluntary control and subjective experience arise from and regulate our behavior. In recent years, attention has been one of the fastest growing of all fields within cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience. This review examines attention as characterized by linking common neural networks…
Developing a model for adult temperament
Measurement of fine-grained aspects of toddler temperament
Development of Short and Very Short Forms of the Children's Behavior Questionnaire
Using data from 468 parents and taking into account internal consistency, breadth of item content, within-scale factor analysis, and patterns of missing data, we developed short (94 items, 15 scales) and very short (36 items, 3 broad scales) forms of the Children's Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ; Rothbart, Ahadi, & Hershey, 1994; Rothbart, Ahadi, Hershey, & Fisher, 2001), a well-established parent-report measure of temperament for children aged 3 to…
Studying Cross-cultural Differences in the Development of Infant Temperament
The Development of Executive Attention
Over the past decade, developmental studies have established connections between executive attention, as studied in neurocognitive models, and effortful control, a temperament system supporting the emergence of self-regulation. Functions associated with the executive attention network overlap with the more general domain of executive function in childhood, which also includes working memory, planning, switching, and inhibitory control (Welch, 200…
Training, maturation, and genetic influences on the development of executive attention
A neural network underlying attentional control involves the anterior cingulate in addition to lateral prefrontal areas. An important development of this network occurs between 3 and 7 years of age. We have examined the efficiency of attentional networks across age and after 5 days of attention training (experimental group) compared with different types of no training (control groups) in 4-year-old and 6-year-old children. Strong improvement in e…
Studying infant temperament via the Revised Infant Behavior Questionnaire
Developing Mechanisms of Temperamental Effortful Control
Studies of temperament from early childhood to adulthood have demonstrated inverse relationships between negative affectivity and effortful control. Effortful control is also positively related to the development of conscience and appears as a protective factor in the development of behavior disorders. In this study, the development of attentional mechanisms underlying effortful control was investigated in 2‐ to 3‐year‐old children, as indexed by…
Investigations of Temperament at Three to Seven Years
This article reviews evidence on the reliability and validity of the Children's Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ), and presents CBQ data on the structure of temperament in childhood. The CBQ is a caregiver report measure designed to provide a detailed assessment of temperament in children 3 to 7 years of age. Individual differences are assessed on 15 primary temperament characteristics: Positive Anticipation, Smiling/Laughter, High Intensity Pleasure,…
Temperament and personality
Temperament and personality
Longitudinal observation of infant temperament
Development and Validation of an Early Adolescent Temperament Measure
Two studies were employed to develop a self-report temperament measure for the early adolescent period. The measure was based on the work of Rothbart and colleagues with adults and focused on emotionality, reactivity, and self-regulation. In Study 1, 97 middle school students (SO girls and 47 boys), aged 11 to 14 years, completed the Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire (EATQ). In addition, 93 parents reported on their adolescent's temperam…
Developing a model for adult temperament
Control networks and neuromodulators of early development
In adults, most cognitive and emotional self-regulation is carried out by a network of brain regions, including the anterior cingulate, insula, and areas of the basal ganglia, related to executive attention. We propose that during infancy, control systems depend primarily upon a brain network involved in orienting to sensory events that includes areas of the parietal lobe and frontal eye fields. Studies of human adults and alert monkeys have show…
Arousal, affect, and attention as components of temperament
Gender differences in moral reasoning
Etiology of preschool behavior problems
The present study was conducted to examine the contributions of early appearing temperament attributes to toddler and preschool‐age behavior problems. High levels of negative emotionality and low levels of effortful control were linked to both externalizing and internalizing difficulties. All fine‐grained dimensions of negative affect were concurrently associated with internalizing problems whereas relations between components of negative affect …
Laughter in young children
Research studies of laughter in children are reviewed, and a model describing eliciting conditions for laughter and related behavior is described. Following Spencer (1860), Berlyne (I960), and others, it is proposed that laughter occurs after conditions of heightened tension or arousal when at the same time there is a judgment that the situation is safe or inconsequential. The special case of laughter to discrepant or incongruous stimulation is d…
Parents' differential reactions to sons and daughters
A latent growth examination of fear development in infancy
Growth modeling was used to examine the developmental trajectory of infant temperamental fear with maternal fear and depressive symptoms as predictors of infant fearfulness and change in infant fear predicting toddler anxiety symptoms. In Study 1, a sample of 158 mothers reported their own depressive symptoms and fear when their children were 4 months of age and infant fearfulness at 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 months. Maternal symptoms of depression pre…
Birth order and mother-child interaction in an achievement situation
A caregiver report comparison of temperamental characteristics of Down Syndrome and normal infants
Sexual preference, feminism, and women's perceptions of their parents
Birth order, sex of child, and maternal help-giving
Identifying child temperament types using cluster analysis in three samples
Integrating brain, cognition and culture
Parents' differential reactions to sons and daughters
Birth order and mother-child interaction in an achievement situation
Laughter in young children
Research studies of laughter in children are reviewed, and a model describing eliciting conditions for laughter and related behavior is described. Following Spencer (1860), Berlyne (I960), and others, it is proposed that laughter occurs after conditions of heightened tension or arousal when at the same time there is a judgment that the situation is safe or inconsequential. The special case of laughter to discrepant or incongruous stimulation is d…
Resarch of Intrest
Birth order, sex of child, and maternal help-giving
Sexual preference, feminism, and women's perceptions of their parents
A caregiver report comparison of temperamental characteristics of Down Syndrome and normal infants
Three approaches to the study of infant temperament
Gender differences in moral reasoning
Longitudinal observation of infant temperament
Arousal, affect, and attention as components of temperament
Self-regulation and emotion in infancy
Infants' orienting of attention undergoes marked development in the first six months of life, and changes in attentional control appear to be related to infants' susceptibility to distress
Development and Validation of an Early Adolescent Temperament Measure
Two studies were employed to develop a self-report temperament measure for the early adolescent period. The measure was based on the work of Rothbart and colleagues with adults and focused on emotionality, reactivity, and self-regulation. In Study 1, 97 middle school students (SO girls and 47 boys), aged 11 to 14 years, completed the Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire (EATQ). In addition, 93 parents reported on their adolescent's temperam…
Temperament and the development of personality.
Attention, self–regulation and consciousness
Consciousness has many aspects. These include awareness of the world, feelings of control over one's behaviour and mental state (volition), and the notion of a continuing self. Focal (executive) attention is used to control details of our awareness and is thus closely related to volition. Experiments suggest an integrated network of neural areas involved in executive attention. This network is associated with our voluntary ability to select among…
Temperament and personality
Investigations of Temperament at Three to Seven Years
This article reviews evidence on the reliability and validity of the Children's Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ), and presents CBQ data on the structure of temperament in childhood. The CBQ is a caregiver report measure designed to provide a detailed assessment of temperament in children 3 to 7 years of age. Individual differences are assessed on 15 primary temperament characteristics: Positive Anticipation, Smiling/Laughter, High Intensity Pleasure,…
Studying infant temperament via the Revised Infant Behavior Questionnaire
Developing Mechanisms of Temperamental Effortful Control
Studies of temperament from early childhood to adulthood have demonstrated inverse relationships between negative affectivity and effortful control. Effortful control is also positively related to the development of conscience and appears as a protective factor in the development of behavior disorders. In this study, the development of attentional mechanisms underlying effortful control was investigated in 2‐ to 3‐year‐old children, as indexed by…
The Development of Executive Attention
Over the past decade, developmental studies have established connections between executive attention, as studied in neurocognitive models, and effortful control, a temperament system supporting the emergence of self-regulation. Functions associated with the executive attention network overlap with the more general domain of executive function in childhood, which also includes working memory, planning, switching, and inhibitory control (Welch, 200…
Training, maturation, and genetic influences on the development of executive attention
A neural network underlying attentional control involves the anterior cingulate in addition to lateral prefrontal areas. An important development of this network occurs between 3 and 7 years of age. We have examined the efficiency of attentional networks across age and after 5 days of attention training (experimental group) compared with different types of no training (control groups) in 4-year-old and 6-year-old children. Strong improvement in e…
Measurement of fine-grained aspects of toddler temperament
Development of Short and Very Short Forms of the Children's Behavior Questionnaire
Using data from 468 parents and taking into account internal consistency, breadth of item content, within-scale factor analysis, and patterns of missing data, we developed short (94 items, 15 scales) and very short (36 items, 3 broad scales) forms of the Children's Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ; Rothbart, Ahadi, & Hershey, 1994; Rothbart, Ahadi, Hershey, & Fisher, 2001), a well-established parent-report measure of temperament for children aged 3 to…
Studying Cross-cultural Differences in the Development of Infant Temperament
Short-term meditation training improves attention and self-regulation
Recent studies suggest that months to years of intensive and systematic meditation training can improve attention. However, the lengthy training required has made it difficult to use random assignment of participants to conditions to confirm these findings. This article shows that a group randomly assigned to 5 days of meditation practice with the integrative body–mind training method shows significantly better attention and control of stress tha…
Psychology (40 works) · Developmental psychology (31 works) · Social Psychology (28 works) · Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development (21 works) · Personality (20 works) · Temperament (20 works) · Cognitive psychology (13 works) · Clinical Psychology (11 works) · Neuroscience (10 works) · Cognition (9 works)