Nyla R Branscombe
Biographic Data
| ID | 166537 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Nyla R Branscombe |
| GIVEN NAMES | Nyla R |
| FAMILY NAME | Branscombe |
| SIGNATURE | BRANSCOMBE N R |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Kansas |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-9364-9041 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 126 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 2353 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 125 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1983 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 25 |
Talk is cheap
Should “sisters” be doing it by themselves? Leadership, allyship, and mobilization for gender equality
While gender equality initiatives have historically been spearheaded by women, male allies' contribution is increasingly recognized—and challenged. Our article examines the pivotal yet neglected intersection of women's leadership and allyship for gender equality. Across two experiments with community samples (total N = 801), we investigate how message framing (common cause vs. women's issue; Experiment 1), intergroup/male versus intragroup/female…
Collective post‐traumatic growth
Across the world, women's personal responses to gender‐based violence are increasingly political. In the current paper, we consider whether positive changes in the collective self, arising from personal experience of gender‐based violence, which may lie at the heart of this phenomenon, can be evidenced. Four studies are reported that evidence and validate a proposed construct that reveals collective post‐traumatic growth (PTG) among people who ha…
Perceived social influence of allied men drives their ability to communicate respect to women in male-dominated fields
Three studies ( N = 1,349) examined why allyship from men (vs. women) is often more impactful in decreasing women’s concerns of negative treatment within male-dominated spaces in the United States. Women anticipated more respect from their peers after a man (vs. woman), identified as a gender equality ally. Increased respect mediated women’s lower anticipation of negative workplace treatment and higher anticipation of support (Studies 1–3). This …
White, or not quite? Predicting Arab American responses to racial categorization forms
We examined the implications of the institutional racial/ethnic designation of Arab Americans as White. Do Arab Americans prefer this categorization or another, and what factors predict categorization in one way or another? In Study 1, a representative sample of Arab Americans in Southeast Michigan (N = 1,001 57% female, ages 18 to 88, Age M = 43.64) completed measures of perceived discrimination, various forms of social identification, and self-…
Male Allies at Work
Does commitment to allyship from a dominant group member cue identity-safety for women in male-dominated environments? We examine this question by assessing women’s perceptions of workplaces that included the presence (vs. absence) of a male ally (Studies 1–3) or a female ally (Study 3), and determine the impact of Black versus White allies for Black and White women. Across three studies ( N = 1,032) and an integrative data analysis, we demonstra…
Communicating Inclusion
Interpersonal allyship may serve as a justice cue to signal that an environment is fair to women without increasing men's expectations of anti-male bias. We investigated how exposure to justice cues communicated at the interpersonal and organizational level impact men's and women's perceptions of procedural justice and fairness at an organization. Men and women were asked to imagine working at one of three randomly assigned male-dominated workpla…
Collective Action on Behalf of Women
An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of Social Identity Transition in Academic Retirement
One of the most serious challenges inherent in retirement transition is coping with social identity changes. We investigated social identity processes and the role of social engagement during retirement transition by examining the life narratives of recently retired university faculty (14 males and 5 females) from 12 different academic areas. The interviews were analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). The results revealed o…
Consequences of interminority ingroup rejection for group identification and well-being
We discuss implications of interminority ingroup rejection for people who belong to intersecting minority groups and make recommendations for extending research on this issue. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)
Sexism and racism perceptions
Outgroup perpetrators of discrimination are perceived as more biased than ingroup perpetrators, potentially because perpetrator group membership drives inferences regarding their motivation to discriminate. Consequently, when outgroup perpetrators provide hostile justification, greater discrimination and illegitimacy will be perceived compared to when ingroup perpetrators do so. In contrast, benevolent justifications reduce differences in discrim…
Perceptual harmony in judgments of group prototypicality and intragroup respect
We test common sense psychology of intragroup relations whereby people assume that intragroup respect and ingroup prototypicality are positively related. In Study 1a, participants rated a group member as more prototypical if they learned that group member was highly respected rather than disrespected. In Study 1b, participants rated a group member as more respected by other group members if they learned that group member was prototypical rather t…
Group-Level Perspective-Taking Effects on Injustice Standards and Empathic Concern When the Victims Are Categorized as Outgroup Versus Ingroup
We investigated the effects of group-level perspective taking when the target is an outgroup versus an ingroup. Men and women adopted the perspective of women suffering from wage inequality or remained objective. Men set lower injustice standards (i.e., required less evidence to conclude that gender inequality was unfair) and experienced higher empathic concern for women when they adopted women’s perspective. For women, these perspective-taking e…
Benefit-Finding Improves Well-Being among Women Who Have Experienced Gender Discrimination
We Stand up for Each Other!” An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of Collective Action among U.S. College Women
Recognizing Ableism
A pernicious impact of ableism is its tendency to take‐for‐granted ability as a legitimate criterion for negative differential treatment, thereby making disability discrimination difficult to challenge for people with disabilities. This project aims to examine factors underlying disabled persons’ perceptions of discrimination legitimacy and potential ways to make discrimination more unambiguously unacceptable. Study 1 ( N = 340) tested the Social…
Patriotism à la Carte
Intergroup emotions motivate behavior, yet little is known about how people perceive these emotional experiences in others. In three experiments (Ns = 109, 179, 246), we show that U.S. citizens believe collective guilt is an illegitimate emotional motivator for ingroup political behavior, while collective pride is legitimate. This differential legitimacy is due to the perception that collective guilt violates the norm of group interest, while col…
The social complexities of disability
Although disability has been on the psychological agenda for some time, there is limited empirical evidence on the life satisfaction of youth with a disability, especially the effect of discrimination and factors that might mitigate it. We address this critical gap by examining the complex social experiences of youth with a disability and the culminating effect on life satisfaction. We ask three questions: (1) Is having a disability associated wi…
The Importance of Social Groups for Retirement Adjustment
Previous work in the social identity tradition suggests that adjustment to significant life changes, both positive (e.g., becoming a new parent) and negative (e.g., experiencing a stroke), can be supported by access to social group networks. This is the basis for the social identity model of identity change (SIMIC), which argues that, in the context of life transitions, well‐being and adjustment are enhanced to the extent that people are able to …
We for She”
Gender (in)equality is typically studied as a women’s issue to be addressed via systemic measures (e.g., government policy). As such, research focusing on mobilising men (and women) towards achieving gender equality is rare. In contrast, this paper examines the mobilisation of both men and women towards gender equality as common cause. Experiment 1 shows that men’s collective action intentions increase after reading messages that position men as …
The role of threat, emotions, and prejudice in promoting collective action against immigrant groups
In two studies we assessed the role of distinctiveness threat, group‐based emotions (angst, fear, and anger), and prejudice on people's willingness to engage in collective action against immigrant groups. In Study 1 ( N = 222) White British participants were either informed that in the next 40 years the proportion of immigrants in the UK is unlikely to change (control condition) or that there will be more immigrants than White British people livi…
Can they ever be one of us? Perceived cultural malleability of refugees and policy support in host nations
Perceived discrimination and well-being among unauthorized Hispanic immigrants
Ethnic discrimination is a salient stressor for unauthorized Hispanic immigrants. Yet high ethnic/racial group identity centrality may protect these individuals from the negative effects of discrimination by providing a sense of belonging, acceptance, and social support in the face of rejection. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved
The social identity approach to disability
Although mainstream psychology has received numerous critiques for its traditional approaches to disability-related research, proposals for alternative theory that can encompass the social, cultural, political, and historical features of disability are lacking. The social identity approach (SIA) offers a rich framework from which to ask research questions about the experience of disability in accordance with the critical insights found in disabil…
Group identity as a source of threat and means of compensation
Compensatory control theory proposes that individuals can assuage threatened personal control by endorsing external systems or agents that provide a sense that the world is meaningfully ordered. Recent research drawing on this perspective finds that one means by which individuals can compensate for a loss of control is adherence to ideological beliefs about the social world. This prior work, however, has largely neglected the role of social group…
Perceiving pervasive discrimination among African Americans
The processes involved in well-being maintenance among African Americans who differed in their attributions to prejudice were examined. A rejection-identification model was proposed where stable attributions to prejudice represent rejection by the dominant group. This results in a direct and negative effect on well-being. The model also predicts a positive effect on well-being that is mediated by minority group identification. In other words, the…
Guilty by association
The impact of the history of one's own group's treatment of another group on feelings of collective guilt and behavioral reactions to this guilt were examined in 2 studies. In a laboratory experiment, it was shown that it is possible to elicit feelings of group-based guilt and that those are distinct from feelings of personal guilt. In a 2nd study, a field experiment, low-identified group members acknowledged the negative aspects of their own nat…
Collective self‐esteem consequences of outgroup derogation when a valued social identity is on trial
A structural equation model tested the role of degree of identification with a group (Americans) and level of collective self‐esteem as determinants of outgroup derogation under identity‐threatening and non‐threatening conditions. High identification and reductions in collective self‐esteem following a threat to that identity lead to outgroup derogation, but level of collective self‐esteem did not predict outgroup derogation in the no‐threat cond…
Remembering historical victimization
The authors examined the consequences of remembering historical victimization for emotional reactions to a current adversary. In Experiment 1, Jewish Canadians who were reminded of the Holocaust accepted less collective guilt for their group's harmful actions toward the Palestinians than those not reminded of their ingroup's past victimization. The extent to which the conflict was perceived to be due to Palestinian terrorism mediated this effect.…
Die-Hard and Fair-Weather Fans
Previous research has demonstrated that people are capable of strategic self-presentation; they decrease the distance between themselves and successful groups with which they have only the most trivial of associations, and strive to increase the distance between themselves and groups viewed negatively as a result of some perceived failure. These two processes, termed basking-in- reflected-glory (BIRGing) and cutting-off-reflected failure (CORFing…
Ethnic identification in response to perceived discrimination protects well-being and promotes activism
Using structural equation modeling and cross-lagged analyses, this longitudinal study investigates ethnic identification, a group-based coping strategy, as a mediator of the influence of perceived discrimination on psychological well-being and willingness to engage in activism on behalf of one’s ethnic group among Latino students in both their first and fourth years of college. We found cross-sectional evidence for the rejection–identification mo…
The Good, the Bad, and the Manly
The Positive Social and Self Concept Consequences of Sports Team Identification
As a result of increased geographic mobility, industrialization, and the like, traditional social and community ties have declined. Conversely, sports spectatorship has continued to flourish. We argue that strong identification with a specific sports team provides a buffer from feelings of depression and alienation, and at the same time, fosters feelings of belongingness and self worth. In effect, sports team identification replaces more traditio…
From “we” to “me
There is growing recognition that identification with social groups can protect and enhance health and well-being, thereby constituting a kind of "social cure." The present research explores the role of control as a novel mediator of the relationship between shared group identity and well-being. Five studies provide evidence for this process. Group identification predicted significantly greater perceived personal control across 47 countries (Stud…
Forgiveness and Collective Guilt Assignment to Historical Perpetrator Groups Depend on Level of Social Category Inclusiveness
The authors examined how categorization influences victimized group members' responses to contemporary members of a historical perpetrator group. Specifically, the authors tested whether increasing category inclusiveness--from the intergroup level to the maximally inclusive human level--leads to greater forgiveness of a historical perpetrator group and decreased collective guilt assignment for its harmdoing. Among Jewish North Americans (Experime…
Constructing a minority group identity out of shared rejection
With a sample of international students, we investigated how perceptions of rejection by the host community are related to a sense of identification with other international students. Based on the rejection‐identification model (Branscombe, Schmitt, & Harvey, 1999 ) we predicted that perceiving prejudice from the host university would be negatively related to psychological well‐being. We expected that group identification with international stude…
Influence of long-term racial environmental composition on subjective well-being in African Americans
Two studies (N = 126, N = 114) of African Americans supported a model predicting that more racially segregated life contexts are associated with feelings of acceptance by other in-group members and, to a lesser extent, rejection by out-group members. In-group acceptance and out-group rejection in turn influenced identification with the in-group, which was a strong predictor of psychological well-being. Alternative models were not supported. Resul…
Competitive victimhood as a response to accusations of ingroup harm doing
Accusations of unjust harm doing by the ingroup threaten the group's moral identity. One strategy for restoring ingroup moral identity after such a threat is competitive victimhood: claiming the ingroup has suffered compared with the harmed outgroup. Men accused of harming women were more likely to claim that men are discriminated against compared with women (Study 1), and women showed the same effect when accused of discriminating against men (S…
Peripheral ingroup membership status and public negativity toward outgroups
Peripheral membership status in a desirable ingroup was predicted to elevate outgroup derogation when Ss believed other ingroup members might learn of their responses. Less negativity toward outgroups was expected when peripheral members' responses were to remain private. Core ingroup members, in contrast, were not expected to show public-private differences in derogation of outgroups. The results of 2 experiments supported these predictions, wit…
Coping Options
El propósito de esta investigación fue estudiar la relación de la satisfacción vital con varios factores psicosociales corrientemente vinculados a los procesos de migración internacional. En concreto, este estudio exploró la relación de la satisfacción vital - componente cognitivo del bienestar subjetivo - con las variables prejuicio grupal percibido, discriminación personal percibida, autoestima global personal, identidad nacional y bienestar ma…
Feeling Hopeful Inspires Support for Social Change
Hope is an emotion that has been implicated in social change efforts, yet little research has examined whether feeling hopeful actually motivates support for social change. Study 1 (N = 274) confirmed that hope is associated with greater support for social change in two countries with different political contexts. Study 2 (N = 165) revealed that hope predicts support for social change over and above other emotions often investigated in collective…
The Relative Impact of Anger and Efficacy on Collective Action is Affected by Feelings of Fear
Two well-established predictors of collective action are perceptions of group efficacy and feelings of anger. The current research investigates the extent to which the relative impact of these variables differs when fear is or is not also included as a predictor of collective action. The results of two experiments indicate that when fear is not assessed, the importance of anger as a predictor of action is underestimated while the importance of gr…
Antecedents and Consequences of Group-Based Guilt
Effects of ingroup identification on antecedents and consequences of group-based guilt were examined in two experiments. In the first study, ingroup identification was unrelated to guilt when the negative historical information was said to come from an outgroup source, but was positively related when the same information was said to come from an ingroup source. Among high identifiers it is difficult to dismiss negative information when the source…
Group Threat, Collective Angst, and Ingroup Forgiveness for the War in Iraq
We examine the consequences of threat to the ingroup for emotional reactions to ingroup harm doing. It was hypothesized that reminders of a past threat to the ingroup would induce collective angst, and this emotional reaction would increase forgiveness of the ingroup for its harmful actions toward another group. In Experiment 1, Americans read an article about the war in Iraq that implied Americans would soon experience another attack or one wher…
Culture, gender, and the self
Psychological differences between women and men, far from being invariant as a biological explanation would suggest, fluctuate in magnitude across cultures. Moreover, contrary to the implications of some theoretical perspectives, gender differences in personality, values, and emotions are not smaller, but larger, in American and European cultures, in which greater progress has been made toward gender equality. This research on gender differences …
Racial attitudes in response to thoughts of white privilege
Thinking about the benefits gained from a privileged group membership can threaten social identity and evoke justification of the existing status difference between the ingroup and a disadvantaged group. For White Americans, racial privilege may be justified by concurring with modern racist attitudes. In Experiment 1, White Americans randomly assigned to think about White privilege expressed greater modern racism compared to those assigned to thi…
Who Considers Themselves Victims of Discrimination
We focus on the general issue of how and why individuals might decide if they have been victims of gender discrimination and how social status differences between women and men may change the significance of experiencing gender discrimination. Because both self-protective and situational factors have been found to influence interpretation of prejudicial events, in the present study we explore several individual-difference factors that might diffe…
Malicious pleasure
Two studies examined intergroup schadenfreude--malicious pleasure at an out-group's misfortune. Study 1 showed that schadenfreude regarding a German loss in soccer was increased by interest in soccer and threats of Dutch inferiority. The effect of inferiority threat was especially strong for participants less interested in soccer; the more interested showed relatively high schadenfreude. Study 2 replicated these effects by showing a similar patte…
Attributions for the negative historical actions of a group
Two field studies examined the attributions made for the historically negative behaviour of a group as a whole, depending on whether the actions were committed by the ingroup or an outgroup. In the first study, Jewish people assigned more internal responsibility to Germans for their treatment of Jewish people during the Second World War than Germans assigned to their own group. In the second study, people attributed the negative historical action…
Perceived discrimination and well-being among unauthorized Hispanic immigrants
Ethnic discrimination is a salient stressor for unauthorized Hispanic immigrants. Yet high ethnic/racial group identity centrality may protect these individuals from the negative effects of discrimination by providing a sense of belonging, acceptance, and social support in the face of rejection. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved
The bigger the better? Arousal and attributional responses to erotic stimuli that depict different size penises
This research sought to examine psychologically mediated effects of differential penis size. To investigate this issue, we asked male and female undergraduates (N = 284) to read erotic passages that differed only in the length of the penis that was ascribed to the male protagonist—3 in. long (small), 5 in. long (medium), 8 in. long (large), or no mention made of penis size (control condition). Arousal and attributional responses to these portraya…
Procedurally mediated social inferences
Category accessibility as implicit memory
Generality of the effects of practice on social judgment tasks
Many types of social and nonsocial cognitive processes can be performed faster after they have been practiced. Two experiments examine some properties of this speedup, particularly its pattern of generality, in order to give indications as to its underlying theoretical basis. For example, consider a person who practices judging whether a number of behaviors imply a particular target trait. Is the resulting increase in speed specific to the behavi…
Gender and racial stereotypes in impression formation and social decision-making processes
Person perception when aggressive or nonaggressive sports are primed
Previous research investigating the factors contributing to sports spectator violence has focused primarily on conscious processes such as the disinhibiting effects of aggressive models and physiological arousal. The current research borrows a methodology from social cognition work to examine the role of passive, category accessibility effects on fan hostility. Prior research has indicated that as a schema becomes more accessible in memory, the u…
Die-Hard and Fair-Weather Fans
Previous research has demonstrated that people are capable of strategic self-presentation; they decrease the distance between themselves and successful groups with which they have only the most trivial of associations, and strive to increase the distance between themselves and groups viewed negatively as a result of some perceived failure. These two processes, termed basking-in- reflected-glory (BIRGing) and cutting-off-reflected failure (CORFing…
Feminist Attitude Accessibility and Behavioral Intentions
In order to investigate the role of attitude accessibility in reported intentions to engage in feminist behavior, feminist attitudes were or were not activated, and attitude-behavior relations in the two conditions were assessed. Overall, the attitude-behavior relationship was strong and significant when the attitude was made accessible via a priming manipulation. In contrast, the attitude-behavior relationship was low and not significant when th…
A three-factor scale of attitudes toward guns
Guns figure prominently in American culture. There is, however, considerable variability in attitudes toward guns. The beliefs and feelings that comprise attitudes toward guns may well be important moderators of numerous social behaviors. For this reason, a three-dimensional attitudes scale was constructed. The first factor consists of an abstract set of beliefs concerning the right of the American public to own or not own guns. The second and th…
The Positive Social and Self Concept Consequences of Sports Team Identification
As a result of increased geographic mobility, industrialization, and the like, traditional social and community ties have declined. Conversely, sports spectatorship has continued to flourish. We argue that strong identification with a specific sports team provides a buffer from feelings of depression and alienation, and at the same time, fosters feelings of belongingness and self worth. In effect, sports team identification replaces more traditio…
Physiological arousal and reactions to outgroup members during competitions that implicate an important social identity
Exposure to sports competitions, especially those involving violence, can elevate physiological arousal, potentially setting the stage for transforming hostile inclinations into aggressive behavior. Personality and cognitive factors that influence the interpretation given to such competitions may influence the impact of these events. The effects of exposure to a sporting competition that had high or low importance for subjects' social identity on…
Role of Identification with a Group, Arousal, Categorization Processes, and Self-Esteem in Sports Spectator Aggression
Previous attempts to account for the occurrence of spectator aggression have employed one of the long-standing theories of aggression (i.e., instinctual theories, drive reduction models, and the social learning perspective). While support for some aspects of these theories has been documented, a comprehensive analysis of the phenomenon might direct research to more fruitful avenues. Such an analysis is proposed in this review. In addition to inco…
Emotional Responses to the Sports Page
Spectators' emotional responses during actual competitions and attributions for game outcomes have been previously examined. In the current research, emotional responses of fans either high or low in identification with a team were measured after they simply read a newspaper article written by another fan of their team or a fan of a competing team. The author was described as either loyal or disloyal to his own team following a competition that w…
In-Group or Out-Group Extemity
Some researchers have found that out-group members are responded to more extremely than in-group members; others have found the reveres. The pre authors hypothesized that when importance of group membership was low, out-group extremity would be observed. That is, when the target's actions have few or no implications for the perceive's identity, out-group extremity will occur. In-group extremity was expected when perceivers are high in identificat…
Social inferences concerning male and female homeowners who use a gun to shoot an intruder
Two experiments were performed to test the hypothesis that gender stereotypes influence social inferences about homeowners who use a gun to shoot an intruder. It was predicted that homeowners who violate stereotypical norms would be perceived more negatively, and would be perceived as more responsible for the consequences of their weapon use than would homeowners of both genders who represent stereotype-consistency. The data from the first experi…
Collective self‐esteem consequences of outgroup derogation when a valued social identity is on trial
A structural equation model tested the role of degree of identification with a group (Americans) and level of collective self‐esteem as determinants of outgroup derogation under identity‐threatening and non‐threatening conditions. High identification and reductions in collective self‐esteem following a threat to that identity lead to outgroup derogation, but level of collective self‐esteem did not predict outgroup derogation in the no‐threat cond…
Mental Simulation and Causal Attribution
Peripheral ingroup membership status and public negativity toward outgroups
Peripheral membership status in a desirable ingroup was predicted to elevate outgroup derogation when Ss believed other ingroup members might learn of their responses. Less negativity toward outgroups was expected when peripheral members' responses were to remain private. Core ingroup members, in contrast, were not expected to show public-private differences in derogation of outgroups. The results of 2 experiments supported these predictions, wit…
Who Considers Themselves Victims of Discrimination
We focus on the general issue of how and why individuals might decide if they have been victims of gender discrimination and how social status differences between women and men may change the significance of experiencing gender discrimination. Because both self-protective and situational factors have been found to influence interpretation of prejudicial events, in the present study we explore several individual-difference factors that might diffe…
Maladjustment implications of self and group gender–role discrepancies
Deviation from personal ideals and group standards has maladaptive consequences. Using insights from self-categorization and social identity theories, an ordered-discrepancy model of maladjustment was proposed in which simultaneously deviating from both types of standards is associated with increased maladjustment for members of high status groups, except when such dual discrepancies imply that one is closer to one's ideals than is one's group. I…
Maladjustment implications of self and group gender–role discrepancies
Deviation from personal ideals and group standards has maladaptive consequences. Using insights from self-categorization and social identity theories, an ordered-discrepancy model of maladjustment was proposed in which simultaneously deviating from both types of standards is associated with increased maladjustment for members of high status groups, except when such dual discrepancies imply that one is closer to one's ideals than is one's group. I…
When Does Action Elicit More Regret Than Inaction and Is Counterfactual Mutation the Mediator of This Effect
Thinking about one's gender group's privileges or disadvantages
Thoughts about group‐based privileges or disadvantages were expected to have different consequences for personal and group well‐being, depending on whether the individual is a member of a high‐ or low‐status group. To test this hypothesis, women and men were randomly assigned to consider the ways that their gender group membership has resulted in either beneficial or detrimental outcomes in their lives. For men, thinking about their gender group'…
Coping with Group-Based Discrimination
Guilty by association
The impact of the history of one's own group's treatment of another group on feelings of collective guilt and behavioral reactions to this guilt were examined in 2 studies. In a laboratory experiment, it was shown that it is possible to elicit feelings of group-based guilt and that those are distinct from feelings of personal guilt. In a 2nd study, a field experiment, low-identified group members acknowledged the negative aspects of their own nat…
Psychology (122 works) · Social Psychology (117 works) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (95 works) · Social Psychology (62 works) · Political science (48 works) · Social group (41 works) · Social identity theory (39 works) · Cultural Differences and Values (38 works) · Sociology (34 works) · Developmental psychology (33 works)