R Ray
Biographic Data
| ID | 1768 |
|---|---|
| NAME | R Ray |
| GIVEN NAMES | R |
| FAMILY NAME | Ray |
| SIGNATURE | RAY R |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Maryland, College Park |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-1735-9194 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 43 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 551 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 43 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1970 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 12 |
Sedimentary records from human-made talavs reveal climate risks in semi-arid watersheds of India
Assessing climate impacts in semi-arid watersheds, which are home to populous semi-arid regions of South Asia, are becoming increasingly critical as these regions emerge as climate hotspots. Century-scale records of climate impacts, preserved in terrestrial sedimentary archives, are some of only kinds of investigations that can provide the necessary insights into how local climate variations impact these watersheds. Here, we investigate sedimenta…
Policy agenda for radical reparations
The Sociology of Police Behavior
Black Americans are 3.5 times and Black teenagers are 21 times more likely to be killed by police than their White counterparts. Generally, protective factors such as social class do little to reduce this disparity, as high-income Black Americans are just as likely to be killed by police as low-income Black Americans. Given these outcomes, it is unsurprising that the bulk of sociological research on policing examines disparities in policing outco…
Covid Mask Wearing
An OutKast Reader
Illness spillovers of lethal police violence
Police violence is a pressing public health problem. To gauge the illness associations of police killings - the most severe form of police brutality, we compile a unique multilevel dataset that nests individual-level health data from the 2009-2013 New York City Community Health Survey (nij = 39,267) within neighbourhood-level data from 2003 to 2012 EpiQuery Vital Statistics (nj = 34). Using weighted hierarchical generalized linear models, we asse…
Restructuring Civilian Payouts for Police Misconduct
A person is killed by police every 20 hours in the United States. Office‐involved killings have increased about 25% in the past 20 years despite violent crime decreasing. Even more troubling, Blacks are 3.5 times more likely than Whites to be killed by police even when they are not attacking or when they do not have a weapon. Civilian payouts for police misconduct cost local jurisdictions millions of dollars when taxpayer money could be spent in …
Crimmigrant Nations
Setting the record straight on the Movement for Black Lives
Similar to previous social movement organizations, the Movement for Black Lives (MBL) has faced a myriad of critiques. Adam Szetela is one of the recent to do so. My essay aims to set the record straight on some of the main critiques in Szetela's article. I deal with comparisons to the Civil Rights Movement, the achievement of MBL, and Black essentialism. I argue that the movement's reach for lofty goals that seem unattainable is noteworthy and s…
Between Privilege and Oppression
The use of active transportation (AT), such as walking, cycling, or even public transit, as a means of transport offers an opportunity to increase youth physical activity and improve health. Despite the well-known benefits of AT, there are environmental and social variables that converge on the AT experiences of low-income youth and youth of color (YOC) that have yet to be fully uncovered. This study uses an intersectional framework, largely focu…
Skin in the Game
Colorism research often suffers from endogeneity issues related to human capital outcomes and researchers’ inability to compare the effects of skin tone to those of racial classification. Furthermore, colorism research focuses on intraracial differences in skin tone inequality while insufficiently considering skin tone inequality across racial groups. Using data from video broadcasts of the National Collegiate Athletic Association’s annual, singl…
The Evolution of #BlackLivesMatter
On August 9, 2014 Michael Brown was killed by police officer Darren Wilson in Ferguson, Missouri. Wilson stated that Brown attacked him. Some witnesses claim that Brown had his hands up in the air in a surrender position when Wilson shot and killed him. The way the police department and the local government handled the case involving the death of Michael Brown galvanized the formation of a social movement that is termed #BlackLivesMatter. The 36 …
Blood Sugar
Intersectionality takes it to the streets
Participants at the Women’s March were motivated by issues that cross identity and issue-based themes in systematic ways.
The Influence of Family Dog Ownership and Parental Perceived Built Environment Measures on Children’s Physical Activity within the Washington, DC Area
Sedentary behavior and physical inactivity are significant contributors to youth obesity in the United States. Neighborhood dog walking is an outlet for physical activity (PA). Therefore, understanding the relationship between built environment, dog ownership, and youth PA is essential. This study examined the influence of dog ownership and parental built environment perceptions on children's PA in the Washington, D.C. area. In 2014, questionnair…
Can Cameras Stop the Killings? Racial Differences in Perceptions of the Effectiveness of Body‐Worn Cameras in Police Encounters
Recent killings of blacks by police have renewed a national discussion about crime, racism, unjust treatment, and implicit bias. Outfitting police officers with body‐worn cameras ( BWC ) is heralded by federal and state lawmakers as one solution to providing more transparency during police encounters. Missing from this discussion is what everyday citizens think about the potential effectiveness of BWC . Using data on residents of Prince George's …
Can learning in informal settings mitigate disadvantage and promote urban sustainability? School gardens in Washington, DC
The evolution of #BlackLivesMatter on Twitter
The evolution of #BlackLivesMatter on Twitter: social movements, big data, and race." Ethnic and Racial Studies, 40(11), pp. 1795–1796
Ferguson and the death of Michael Brown on Twitter
Recent events related to police brutality and the evolution of #BlackLivesMatter provides an empirical case to explore the vitality of social media data for social movements and the evolution of collective identities. Social media data provide a portal into how organizing and communicating generate narratives that survive over time. We analyse 31.65 million tweets about Ferguson across four meaningful time periods: the death of Michael Brown, the…
SayHerName
Social media activism presents sociologists with the opportunity to develop a deeper understanding of how groups form and sustain collective identities around political issues throughout the course of a social movement. This paper contributes to a growing body of sociological literature on social media by applying an intersectional framework to a content analysis of over 400,000 tweets related to #SayHerName. Our findings demonstrate that Twitter…
Black people don't exercise in my neighborhood
Visible and Invisible Trends in Black Men's Health
Over the past two decades, there has been growing interest in improving black men's health and the health disparities affecting them. Yet, the health of black men consistently ranks lowest across nearly all groups in the United States. Evidence on the health and social causes of morbidity and mortality among black men has been narrowly concentrated on public health problems (e.g., violence, prostate cancer, and HIV/AIDS) and determinants of healt…
School Gardens in the City
W. E. B. Du Bois's perspective on education was that the social and physical environments outside of schools matter to the learning that takes place inside schools. Existing research shows that due to environmental disparities in school and neighborhood contexts, Black and low-income children spend less time in activities that promote physical, cognitive, and social capabilities. These outside environmental factors influence the academic achievem…
Black Middle Class in the U nited S tates
The social science literature suggests that middle class status, with all that it promises, is precarious for those blacks who have achieved it and remains out of reach for many others in the United States. As members of a minority group, middle‐class blacks face historical and persistent marginalization, discrimination, and racism; consequently, their experience differs from that of the white middle class. Scholars struggle to decide who should …
Film Review
SayHerName
Social media activism presents sociologists with the opportunity to develop a deeper understanding of how groups form and sustain collective identities around political issues throughout the course of a social movement. This paper contributes to a growing body of sociological literature on social media by applying an intersectional framework to a content analysis of over 400,000 tweets related to #SayHerName. Our findings demonstrate that Twitter…
Ferguson and the death of Michael Brown on Twitter
Recent events related to police brutality and the evolution of #BlackLivesMatter provides an empirical case to explore the vitality of social media data for social movements and the evolution of collective identities. Social media data provide a portal into how organizing and communicating generate narratives that survive over time. We analyse 31.65 million tweets about Ferguson across four meaningful time periods: the death of Michael Brown, the…
Women's Movements in the Third World
Sociology has paid insufficient attention to third world women's movements. In this review, for which we draw upon a variety of interdisciplinary sources, we focus on three questions: the issue of women's interests; the conditions under which women mobilize-particularly the effects of democratization, nationalist, religious, and socialist movements; and the issue of state and organizational autonomy. We argue that the concept of a political oppor…
Illness spillovers of lethal police violence
Police violence is a pressing public health problem. To gauge the illness associations of police killings - the most severe form of police brutality, we compile a unique multilevel dataset that nests individual-level health data from the 2009-2013 New York City Community Health Survey (nij = 39,267) within neighbourhood-level data from 2003 to 2012 EpiQuery Vital Statistics (nj = 34). Using weighted hierarchical generalized linear models, we asse…
Why Police Kill Black Males with Impunity
Getting Off and Getting Intimate
Social scientists implicate high-status men as sexually objectifying women. Yet, few have investigated these men's perceptions and accounts of their own experiences. Racial variation in gender relations in college has also received little scholarly attention. Analyzing 30 in-depth, individual interviews and surveys and two focus group interviews from Black and White men at a large university, we find racial differences in approaches toward women.…
Don’t Leave Us Behind”
This article examines the mentoring experiences of 58 underrepresented minority (URM) faculty at 22 research-extensive institutions. Drawing on in-depth interviews and focus group data, participants discussed the importance of mentoring across the life course, the ideal attributes of mentoring relationships, the challenges to effective mentoring, and the role of political guidance. These data elicited three main themes regarding mentoring: (a) Li…
Can Cameras Stop the Killings? Racial Differences in Perceptions of the Effectiveness of Body‐Worn Cameras in Police Encounters
Recent killings of blacks by police have renewed a national discussion about crime, racism, unjust treatment, and implicit bias. Outfitting police officers with body‐worn cameras ( BWC ) is heralded by federal and state lawmakers as one solution to providing more transparency during police encounters. Missing from this discussion is what everyday citizens think about the potential effectiveness of BWC . Using data on residents of Prince George's …
An Intersectional Analysis to Explaining a Lack of Physical Activity Among Middle Class Black Women
In this essay, I make the case that the intersectionality framework is useful to explain the high level of obesity among Black women. I describe how the intersectionality framework reformulates the examination of racial and gender disparities in health by deconstructing traditional frames of Whiteness and maleness. Next, I discuss key barriers that operate as mechanisms to reduce Black women's level of physical activity. Then, I provide ways to p…
The Two Different Worlds of Black and White Fraternity Men
There has been limited empirical research on how individuals "do privilege." As a result, our understandings are incomplete about how high-status groups continue reaping the benefits of privilege. Using data from fifty-two men in three white and four black fraternities at a predominately white institution, this paper demonstrates that visibility and accountability function as mechanisms of privilege. Because of a large community size, central fra…
Graduate Students' Perceptions of Their Advisors
We explore how race and gender shape graduate students' perceptions of their advisors. We find evidence that women of color and students in the biological/physical sciences report significantly less support than other groups. Our findings speak to the utility of the intersectionality framework for examining interpersonal relations in higher education and suggest that advisor support in doctoral education is raced and gendered. We conclude by offe…
Fraternity life at predominantly white universities in the US
Research comparing the experiences of black and white fraternities in the same university context has been relatively absent. Because black and white fraternities often face different normative institutional arrangements (e.g. community size, living arrangements and organizational structure), it is important to examine how these arrangements shape fraternity men's interactions with the broader student community, other Greek-letter organizations a…
Black people don't exercise in my neighborhood
Skin in the Game
Colorism research often suffers from endogeneity issues related to human capital outcomes and researchers’ inability to compare the effects of skin tone to those of racial classification. Furthermore, colorism research focuses on intraracial differences in skin tone inequality while insufficiently considering skin tone inequality across racial groups. Using data from video broadcasts of the National Collegiate Athletic Association’s annual, singl…
Social Class Identification Among Black Americans
Although much research documents the growth of a "professional middle class" among African Americans over the past several decades, we know comparatively little about how Blacks see themselves in social class terms, and whether this has changed over time. In the current study, we use data from the 1974 to 2010 General Social Surveys to analyze trends in, and the determinants of, Blacks' social class identifications (SCI) over the past four decade…
Crimmigrant Nations
Setting the record straight on the Movement for Black Lives
Similar to previous social movement organizations, the Movement for Black Lives (MBL) has faced a myriad of critiques. Adam Szetela is one of the recent to do so. My essay aims to set the record straight on some of the main critiques in Szetela's article. I deal with comparisons to the Civil Rights Movement, the achievement of MBL, and Black essentialism. I argue that the movement's reach for lofty goals that seem unattainable is noteworthy and s…
The evolution of #BlackLivesMatter on Twitter
The evolution of #BlackLivesMatter on Twitter: social movements, big data, and race." Ethnic and Racial Studies, 40(11), pp. 1795–1796
School Gardens in the City
W. E. B. Du Bois's perspective on education was that the social and physical environments outside of schools matter to the learning that takes place inside schools. Existing research shows that due to environmental disparities in school and neighborhood contexts, Black and low-income children spend less time in activities that promote physical, cognitive, and social capabilities. These outside environmental factors influence the academic achievem…
Sophisticated Practitioners
The Sociology of Police Behavior
Black Americans are 3.5 times and Black teenagers are 21 times more likely to be killed by police than their White counterparts. Generally, protective factors such as social class do little to reduce this disparity, as high-income Black Americans are just as likely to be killed by police as low-income Black Americans. Given these outcomes, it is unsurprising that the bulk of sociological research on policing examines disparities in policing outco…
Restructuring Civilian Payouts for Police Misconduct
A person is killed by police every 20 hours in the United States. Office‐involved killings have increased about 25% in the past 20 years despite violent crime decreasing. Even more troubling, Blacks are 3.5 times more likely than Whites to be killed by police even when they are not attacking or when they do not have a weapon. Civilian payouts for police misconduct cost local jurisdictions millions of dollars when taxpayer money could be spent in …
Can learning in informal settings mitigate disadvantage and promote urban sustainability? School gardens in Washington, DC
Policy agenda for radical reparations
Blood Sugar
Multiple sclerosis prevalence and mortality in Allegheny County for 1965 and 1966
Multiple sclerosis prevalence and mortality in Allegheny County for 1965 and 1966. R Ray, M Balmuth, and F L DrewCopyRight https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.60.12.2321 Published Online: August 29, 2011
Walk-in Clinic Drop-Outs
Data were collected among 159 consecutive new patients in a walk-in clinic. Patients were given an appointment for a subsequent visit after the initial clinical diagnostic interview, and 61% completed their referral. A long waiting list and a diagnosis of depressive neurosis were significantly associated with drop-out. Possible forms of follow-up are suggested. The demand for readily available psychiatric services is increasing, and psychiatric w…
Customer Approach and Walk-in Clinic Drop-Out Phenomenon
Work Profiles of Research Statisticians
Analysis of work profiles of 138 persons who had published in the Journal of the American Statistical Association showed this study group published more often than 128 members of the Association and tended to enjoy research, being less interested in the theoretical contribution of their work and more interested in the likelihood of work being published. Administrative and committee duties were impediments for those who published
Optimal demogrants and taxes in a federal welfare state
Women's Movements in the Third World
Sociology has paid insufficient attention to third world women's movements. In this review, for which we draw upon a variety of interdisciplinary sources, we focus on three questions: the issue of women's interests; the conditions under which women mobilize-particularly the effects of democratization, nationalist, religious, and socialist movements; and the issue of state and organizational autonomy. We argue that the concept of a political oppor…
Getting Off and Getting Intimate
Social scientists implicate high-status men as sexually objectifying women. Yet, few have investigated these men's perceptions and accounts of their own experiences. Racial variation in gender relations in college has also received little scholarly attention. Analyzing 30 in-depth, individual interviews and surveys and two focus group interviews from Black and White men at a large university, we find racial differences in approaches toward women.…
Sophisticated Practitioners
Graduate Students' Perceptions of Their Advisors
We explore how race and gender shape graduate students' perceptions of their advisors. We find evidence that women of color and students in the biological/physical sciences report significantly less support than other groups. Our findings speak to the utility of the intersectionality framework for examining interpersonal relations in higher education and suggest that advisor support in doctoral education is raced and gendered. We conclude by offe…
Social Class Identification Among Black Americans
Although much research documents the growth of a "professional middle class" among African Americans over the past several decades, we know comparatively little about how Blacks see themselves in social class terms, and whether this has changed over time. In the current study, we use data from the 1974 to 2010 General Social Surveys to analyze trends in, and the determinants of, Blacks' social class identifications (SCI) over the past four decade…
The Two Different Worlds of Black and White Fraternity Men
There has been limited empirical research on how individuals "do privilege." As a result, our understandings are incomplete about how high-status groups continue reaping the benefits of privilege. Using data from fifty-two men in three white and four black fraternities at a predominately white institution, this paper demonstrates that visibility and accountability function as mechanisms of privilege. Because of a large community size, central fra…
Fraternity life at predominantly white universities in the US
Research comparing the experiences of black and white fraternities in the same university context has been relatively absent. Because black and white fraternities often face different normative institutional arrangements (e.g. community size, living arrangements and organizational structure), it is important to examine how these arrangements shape fraternity men's interactions with the broader student community, other Greek-letter organizations a…
An Intersectional Analysis to Explaining a Lack of Physical Activity Among Middle Class Black Women
In this essay, I make the case that the intersectionality framework is useful to explain the high level of obesity among Black women. I describe how the intersectionality framework reformulates the examination of racial and gender disparities in health by deconstructing traditional frames of Whiteness and maleness. Next, I discuss key barriers that operate as mechanisms to reduce Black women's level of physical activity. Then, I provide ways to p…
Complicit in Their Own Demise
Violent hazing has been a longstanding issue within African American, collegiate fraternities and sororities, otherwise known as black Greek‐letter organizations (BGLOs). This article investigates how and what hazing victims know about their hazing experiences. Additionally, the article examines how victims' knowledge of hazing may hold serious implications for tort defense doctrines like assumption of risk and comparative fault. Specifically, th…
Stalled Desegregation and the Myth of Racial Equality in the U.S. Labor Market
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
The Second Sexism
Black Middle Class in the U nited S tates
The social science literature suggests that middle class status, with all that it promises, is precarious for those blacks who have achieved it and remains out of reach for many others in the United States. As members of a minority group, middle‐class blacks face historical and persistent marginalization, discrimination, and racism; consequently, their experience differs from that of the white middle class. Scholars struggle to decide who should …
Film Review
Don’t Leave Us Behind”
This article examines the mentoring experiences of 58 underrepresented minority (URM) faculty at 22 research-extensive institutions. Drawing on in-depth interviews and focus group data, participants discussed the importance of mentoring across the life course, the ideal attributes of mentoring relationships, the challenges to effective mentoring, and the role of political guidance. These data elicited three main themes regarding mentoring: (a) Li…
Why Police Kill Black Males with Impunity
Visible and Invisible Trends in Black Men's Health
Over the past two decades, there has been growing interest in improving black men's health and the health disparities affecting them. Yet, the health of black men consistently ranks lowest across nearly all groups in the United States. Evidence on the health and social causes of morbidity and mortality among black men has been narrowly concentrated on public health problems (e.g., violence, prostate cancer, and HIV/AIDS) and determinants of healt…
School Gardens in the City
W. E. B. Du Bois's perspective on education was that the social and physical environments outside of schools matter to the learning that takes place inside schools. Existing research shows that due to environmental disparities in school and neighborhood contexts, Black and low-income children spend less time in activities that promote physical, cognitive, and social capabilities. These outside environmental factors influence the academic achievem…
Intersectionality takes it to the streets
Participants at the Women’s March were motivated by issues that cross identity and issue-based themes in systematic ways.
The Influence of Family Dog Ownership and Parental Perceived Built Environment Measures on Children’s Physical Activity within the Washington, DC Area
Sedentary behavior and physical inactivity are significant contributors to youth obesity in the United States. Neighborhood dog walking is an outlet for physical activity (PA). Therefore, understanding the relationship between built environment, dog ownership, and youth PA is essential. This study examined the influence of dog ownership and parental built environment perceptions on children's PA in the Washington, D.C. area. In 2014, questionnair…
Can Cameras Stop the Killings? Racial Differences in Perceptions of the Effectiveness of Body‐Worn Cameras in Police Encounters
Recent killings of blacks by police have renewed a national discussion about crime, racism, unjust treatment, and implicit bias. Outfitting police officers with body‐worn cameras ( BWC ) is heralded by federal and state lawmakers as one solution to providing more transparency during police encounters. Missing from this discussion is what everyday citizens think about the potential effectiveness of BWC . Using data on residents of Prince George's …
Sociology (33 works) · Political science (28 works) · Gender Studies (17 works) · Psychology (17 works) · Gender Studies (12 works) · Law (12 works) · Medicine (12 works) · Criminology (11 works) · Law (11 works) · Politics (8 works)