R Mace
Biographic Data
| ID | 18265 |
|---|---|
| NAME | R Mace |
| GIVEN NAMES | R |
| FAMILY NAME | Mace |
| SIGNATURE | MACE R |
| AFFILIATIONS | University College London |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-6137-7739 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 70 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 408 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 72 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1993 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 11 |
Kin Selection Underpins Family Dynamics in Rural China
Gender differences in social networks under subsistence changes
Sexual selection theory suggests that gendered social strategies are universal outcomes of reproductive competition, yet recent cross-cultural studies show that these strategies are shaped by socio-ecological factors although they remain insufficiently examined. In particular, little is known about how gendered strategies adapt during periods of rapid social and economic changes. To this end, we examine gender differences in scale and composition…
Human behavioural ecology is cultural ecology
A season for indulgence
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Having a monk in the family and all-cause mortality
Religious celibate monks at the household level possibly reduce all-cause mortality risk among non-monk older Tibetans. This study aims to investigate the association between having a celibate monk in a family and the all-cause mortality of non-monk household members in a Tibetan population. Baseline interviews were conducted for 713 agropastoral Amdo Tibetans aged ≥50 years residing in the eastern Tibetan Plateau from 2016 to 2017. The Cox mixed…
Skewed sex ratios and violence against women in Pakistan
Concerns have been raised that an excess of men leads to societal violence, including violence against women, although recent evidence has challenged this view. One area that remains untested is honour killings, a type of femicide perpetrated by unrelated family members, such as intimate partners, and related family members, such as parents and siblings. Using a novel data set of media reports of honour killings from Pakistan we test whether the …
Discrepancies in Self-reporting of Bride Kidnapping in Kyrgyzstan
Bride kidnapping, where Women are abducted for marriage, persists in Kyrgyzstan despite being illegal. Although it is estimated that up to one-third of marriages in Kyrgyzstan result from abduction, the true prevalence of this practice is unknown. Estimates are based on self-reporting of a practice that has become illegal. Here we examine whether there are sex and intergenerational differences in this reporting, that reflect a changing legal and …
Genetic markers of cousin marriage and honour cultures
Honour cultures, characterized by violent responses to perceived threats to personal or family honour, are widespread. Honour killings, one of the manifestations of honour cultures, claims the lives of thousands of women each year, often at the hands of close relatives, representing not only a social problem but also an evolutionary puzzle. They typically follow accusations of sexual impropriety and are the most extreme manifestation of a range o…
The cultural evolution of witchcraft beliefs
Sibling competition and dispersal drive sex differences in religious celibacy
Religious practices vary greatly worldwide. Lifelong celibacy is present in many world religions, but it remains unclear why the frequency of monks and nuns (male and female celibates) varies at different times and places. Here, we develop a two-sex inclusive fitness model of lifelong celibacy. We find that the sex that competes more over parental resources is favoured to have more celibates, that is more monks than nuns are expected when brother…
The world has gone mad
Horror and grief has been streamed into our TVs and phones for many weeks now.So total is the coverage of Gaza it has crowded out most other news, despite much else in need of coverage happening around the world.One might be tempted to thinkit is not in my country and I cannot influence anything, so I can ignore it.However, emotions are powerful things, evolved for good reason; so nearly everyone finds themselves affected at some level by seeing …
Alcohol consumption, life history and extinction risk among Raute hunter–gatherers from Nepal
Hunter–gatherer populations underwent a mass extinction in the Neolithic, and in present times face challenges such as explicit sedentarisation policies. An exception is in Nepal, where the nomadic Raute people receive monthly governmental individual payments. One consequence of the money transfers has been a significant increase in alcohol consumption, with nearly all individuals drinking industrially produced alcohol. Here we investigate the Ra…
Religiosity and gender bias structure social networks
The number of studies examining gender differences in the social relationship rewards associated with costly religious practice has been surprisingly low. Here, we use data from 289 residents of an agricultural Tibetan village to assess whether individuals are more inclined to establish supportive relationships with religious individuals in general and to investigate the gender disparities in the relationship between religiosity and personal netw…
Sex differences in costly signaling in rural Western China
Costly rituals convey commitment to communities and advertise trustworthiness and cooperativeness to peers, which might explain why humans perform costly religious rituals. Here, we compare the efficacy of occasional public displays versus regular but less public acts for prestige enhancement. We collected data on religious behaviors ranging from daily low-cost practices to infrequent high-cost pilgrimages to distant locations among residents of …
Development of teaching in ni-Vanuatu children
Teaching is an important mechanism of social learning. In industrialized societies, 3-year-olds tend to teach through demonstrations and short commands, while 5-year-olds use more verbal communication and abstract explanations. However, it remains unclear whether this generalizes to other cultures. This study presents results from a peer teaching game with 55 Melanesian children (4.7–11.4 years, 24 female) conducted in Vanuatu in 2019. Up to age …
Things fall apart
One of the most interesting emails I received this year was from Masanori Kakaota, a philosophy researcher at Hiroshima University, asking if I was the granddaughter of the moral philosopher turned psychologist C. A. Mace (1894Mace ( -1971)), to which the answer was yes. Rather implausibly, it seems that a somewhat forgotten collection of what appears to be the contents of my grandfather's study was purchased by the state of Japan (a country he n…
The cultural evolution of teaching
Teaching is an important process of cultural transmission. Some have argued that human teaching is a cognitive instinct – a form of ‘natural cognition’ centred on mindreading, shaped by genetic evolution for the education of juveniles, and with a normative developmental trajectory driven by the unfolding of a genetically inherited predisposition to teach. Here, we argue instead that human teaching is a culturally evolved trait that exhibits chara…
Adoption, Fostering, and Parental Absence in Vanuatu
Alloparenting, wherein people provide care to children who are not their biological offspring, is a key aspect of human child-rearing. In the Pacific, many children are adopted or fostered by custodial alloparents even when both biological parents are still alive. From a behavioral ecology perspective, such behaviors are puzzling: why parent someone else's child at your expense? Furthermore, little is known about how these arrangements are made i…
Grandpaternal care and child survival in a pastoralist society in western China
Human parents require significant support to raise multiple, highly dependent offspring. Grandmothers are often highlighted as key allomothers (non-maternal caregivers) and their presence is frequently associated with increased child survivorship, leading some to describe humans as cooperative breeders. Equally well documented is the diversity of human childcare systems, where a wide range of individuals support parents including male kin. Howeve…
A phylogenetic analysis of dispersal norms, descent and subsistence in Sino-Tibetans
Communal breeding by women is associated with lower investment from husbands
According to Hamilton's rule, matrilineal-biased investment restrains men in matrilineal societies from maximising their inclusive fitness (the ‘matrilineal puzzle'). A recent hypothesis argues that when women breed communally and share household resources, a man should help his sisters' household, rather than his wife's household, as investment to the later but not the former would be diluted by other unrelated members (Wu et al., 2013). Accordi…
Cultural evolution research needs to include human behavioural ecology
Human culture changes over time and varies across space. Two main approaches to study cultural evolution have developed in the last fifty years: human behavioural ecology and a suite of perspectives centred on the role of cultural transmission. The latter are often confusingly referred to with the name of the phenomenon they are trying to explain, 'cultural evolution'. We argue that this is unhelpful and is generating confusion, including the cla…
Matching Local Knowledge and Environmental Change with Policy Changes in Rangeland Tenure
Hardin’s Tragedy of the Commons has often been cited as the rationale for the privatization of pastures throughout the world, yet rangeland degradation is still widespread. A significant body of ecological research has demonstrated negative impacts from limiting herd movement through fencing. The privatization of pastures has often followed heterogeneous patterns. We use a natural experiment in common grazing areas on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan …
Cultural extinction in evolutionary perspective
A phylogenetic analysis of revolution and afterlife beliefs
The Comparative Method in Anthropology [and Comments and Reply]
The effects of kin on child mortality in rural gambia
We analyzed data that were collected continuously between 1950 and 1974 from a rural area of the Gambia to determine the effects of kin on child mortality. Multilevel event-history models were used to demonstrate that having a living mother, maternal grandmother, or elder sisters had a significant positive effect on the survival probabilities of children, whereas having a living father, paternal grandmother, grandfather, or elder brothers had no …
Phylogenetic Analysis of the Evolution of Lactose Digestion in Adults
In most of the world's population the ability to digest lactose declines sharply after infancy. High lactose digestion capacity in adults is common only in populations of European and circum-Mediterranean origin and is thought to be an evolutionary adaptation to millennia of drinking milk from domestic livestock. Milk can also be consumed in a processed form, such as cheese or soured milk, which has a reduced lactose content. Two other selective …
Fertility and Mode of Subsistence
Transitions Between Cultivation and Pastoralism in Sub-Saharan Africa [and Comments and Reply]
Characterization of hunter-gatherer networks and implications for cumulative culture
Optimizing Modern Family Size
Modern industrialized populations lack the strong positive correlations between wealth and reproductive success that characterize most traditional societies. While modernization has brought about substantial increases in personal wealth, fertility in many developed countries has plummeted to the lowest levels in recorded human history. These phenomena contradict evolutionary and economic models of the family that assume increasing wealth reduces …
When not to have another baby
In this paper, I explain the theoretical foundations of fertility from the perspective of evolutionary demography and evolutionary anthropology
Testing adaptive hypotheses of alloparenting in Agta foragers
Siblings and childhood mental health
From bridewealth to dowry
Families and Firewood
Labor-Saving Technology and Fertility Increase in Rural Africa
Across the developing world, labor-saving technologies have been designed and implemented to introduce savings in the time and energy that women allocate to work. In rural Arsi, southern Ethiopia, a recent water-supply scheme has reduced long arduous trips to obtain water and is associated with considerable improvements in women's energy budgets. Assuming that the time and energy saved is not diverted to other energetically costly activities and …
Cultural extinction in evolutionary perspective
The lack of acceptance of evolutionary approaches to human behaviour
This study investigates the key factors influencing acceptance of the relevance of evolutionary theory to human behaviour, and the attitudes underlying them. Using data gathered from a wide-ranging questionnaire survey of students and staff in UK universities on attitudes to science, evolution and its application to human behaviour, multivariate analysis reveals that studying social sciences and sociocultural anthropology correlate with rejection…
Population structured by witchcraft beliefs
Religiosity and gender bias structure social networks
The number of studies examining gender differences in the social relationship rewards associated with costly religious practice has been surprisingly low. Here, we use data from 289 residents of an agricultural Tibetan village to assess whether individuals are more inclined to establish supportive relationships with religious individuals in general and to investigate the gender disparities in the relationship between religiosity and personal netw…
Intergenerational and Sibling Conflict Under Patrilocality
Update to Holden and Mace's “Phylogenetic Analysis of the Evolution of Lactose Digestion in Adults” (1997)
In 1997, Clare Holden and I used a formal phylogenetic comparative method to show that high levels of the ability to digest lactose in adulthood were coevolving with a history of dairying at the population level (Holden and Mace 1997). This not only confirmed what was already suspected—that lactase persistence was an adaptation to pastoralism—but also allowed us to show statistically the direction of the change: Dairying preceded the evolution of…
A phylogenetic analysis of revolution and afterlife beliefs
Adoption, Fostering, and Parental Absence in Vanuatu
Alloparenting, wherein people provide care to children who are not their biological offspring, is a key aspect of human child-rearing. In the Pacific, many children are adopted or fostered by custodial alloparents even when both biological parents are still alive. From a behavioral ecology perspective, such behaviors are puzzling: why parent someone else's child at your expense? Furthermore, little is known about how these arrangements are made i…
Communal breeding by women is associated with lower investment from husbands
According to Hamilton's rule, matrilineal-biased investment restrains men in matrilineal societies from maximising their inclusive fitness (the ‘matrilineal puzzle'). A recent hypothesis argues that when women breed communally and share household resources, a man should help his sisters' household, rather than his wife's household, as investment to the later but not the former would be diluted by other unrelated members (Wu et al., 2013). Accordi…
Cultural evolution research needs to include human behavioural ecology
Human culture changes over time and varies across space. Two main approaches to study cultural evolution have developed in the last fifty years: human behavioural ecology and a suite of perspectives centred on the role of cultural transmission. The latter are often confusingly referred to with the name of the phenomenon they are trying to explain, 'cultural evolution'. We argue that this is unhelpful and is generating confusion, including the cla…
Why the Son-bias in Caregiving? Testing Sex-differences in the Associations Between Paternal Caregiving and Child Outcomes in England
Studies show that fathers across Western populations tend to provide more care to sons than daughters. Following a human behavioral ecological framework, we hypothesize that son-biases in fathering may (at least in part) be due to differences in fitness returns to paternal direct investments by child's sex. In this study, we investigate sex-differences in the associations between paternal caregiving and children's outcomes in stable, two-parent f…
Reproductive Decisions by Gabbra Pastoralists in the Face of Demographic Risks
Transitions Between Cultivation and Pastoralism in Sub-Saharan Africa [and Comments and Reply]
The Comparative Method in Anthropology [and Comments and Reply]
Phylogenies and cultural evolution
Birth Interval and the Sex of Children in a Traditional African Population
Birth interval is a major determinant of rates of fertility, and is also a measure of parental investment in a child. In this paper the length of the birth interval in a traditional African population is analysed by sex of children. Birth intervals after the birth of a boy were significantly longer than after the birth of a girl, indicating higher parental investment in boys. However, in women of high parity, this differential disappeared. Birth …
Reproductive Decisions by Gabbra Pastoralists in the Face of Demographic Risks
Fertility and Mode of Subsistence
Evolutionary ecology and cross-cultural comparison
Introduction The comparative method will always be an important tool when testing adaptive hypotheses about human behaviour, particularly as experimentation is not usually an option. Cross-cultural comparison has a long history in anthropology, but in recent decades, formal statistical comparison has fallen into decline. This was partly due to broad philosophical and ideational changes in the field as whole. The specificity and uniqueness of indi…
A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Relationship Between Sub-Adult Mortality and Mode of Subsistence
The hypothesis that measures of sub-adult mortality rates in natural fertility populations are associated with subsistence practices in a selected cross-cultural sample ( n = 39 ) was tested. After controlling for both distance from the equator and the general likelihood of cultural similarities between genetically closely related cultures using phylogenetic comparative methods, it was found that dependence on extractive modes of subsistence (hun…
Sexual dimorphism in stature and women's work
The following cultural variables were tested for their association with sexual dimorphism: sexual division of labor, type of subsistence (hunting and agriculture), and polygyny. The transmission of these traits among populations was investigated. All the traits were found to be associated with phylogeny, indicating that they are inherited from mother to daughter populations. A cross-cultural comparative method was used which controls for the stat…
Sexual dimorphism in stature and women's work
Evolutionary ecology of human life history
The effects of kin on child mortality in rural gambia
We analyzed data that were collected continuously between 1950 and 1974 from a rural area of the Gambia to determine the effects of kin on child mortality. Multilevel event-history models were used to demonstrate that having a living mother, maternal grandmother, or elder sisters had a significant positive effect on the survival probabilities of children, whereas having a living father, paternal grandmother, grandfather, or elder brothers had no …
Labor-Saving Technology and Fertility Increase in Rural Africa
Across the developing world, labor-saving technologies have been designed and implemented to introduce savings in the time and energy that women allocate to work. In rural Arsi, southern Ethiopia, a recent water-supply scheme has reduced long arduous trips to obtain water and is associated with considerable improvements in women's energy budgets. Assuming that the time and energy saved is not diverted to other energetically costly activities and …
A Life History Approach to Fertility Rates in Rural Gambia
The effects of kin on female fertility in rural Gambia
Families and Firewood
Helpful grandmothers in rural Ethiopia
From bridewealth to dowry
Polygyny, Reproductive Success and Child Health in Rural Ethiopia
This study examines the reproductive success of men and women in rural Ethiopia as a function of their marital status, specifically by comparing polygamously and monogamously married individuals. In line with predictions from evolutionary theory, polygamy is beneficial to male reproductive success (i.e. producing larger numbers of surviving offspring). The success of polygamously married females depends on wife rank: the first wives of polygamous…
Fertility Decline Driven by Poverty
Demographic transition theory states that fertility declines in response to development, thus wealth and fertility are negatively correlated. Evolutionary theory, however, suggests a positive relationship between wealth and fertility. Fertility transition as a result of industrialization and economic development started in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in Western Europe; and it extended to some of the Asian and Latin American countries l…
Who keeps children alive? A review of the effects of kin on child survival
Trade-offs in modern parenting
Matrilocal residence is ancestral in Austronesian societies
The nature of social life in human prehistory is elusive, yet knowing how kinship systems evolve is critical for understanding population history and cultural diversity. Post-marital residence rules specify sex-specific dispersal and kin association, influencing the pattern of genetic markers across populations. Cultural phylogenetics allows us to practise ‘virtual archaeology’ on these aspects of social life that leave no trace in the archaeolog…
Kin influence on the decision to start using modern contraception
In earlier work in rural Gambia, we found that kin influence reproductive success: matrilineal kin, especially mothers, maternal grandmothers and unmarried older sisters all helped to promote the survival and nutrition of young children; in contrast patrilineal kin, especially husband's mother, promoted fertility. These differing influences of maternal and paternal lineage are predicted on the basis of kin selection and sexual conflict theory, be…
Update to Holden and Mace's “Phylogenetic Analysis of the Evolution of Lactose Digestion in Adults” (1997)
In 1997, Clare Holden and I used a formal phylogenetic comparative method to show that high levels of the ability to digest lactose in adulthood were coevolving with a history of dairying at the population level (Holden and Mace 1997). This not only confirmed what was already suspected—that lactase persistence was an adaptation to pastoralism—but also allowed us to show statistically the direction of the change: Dairying preceded the evolution of…
Sociology (52 works) · Demography (40 works) · Biology (38 works) · Population (32 works) · Psychology (32 works) · Demographic Trends and Gender Preferences (26 works) · Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior (26 works) · Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation (25 works) · Geography (19 works) · Fertility (16 works)