Carl Death
Biographic Data
| ID | 185682 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Carl Death |
| GIVEN NAMES | Carl |
| FAMILY NAME | Death |
| SIGNATURE | DEATH C |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Manchester |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-1601-9473 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 41 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 595 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 41 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2006 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 10 |
The turn to the imagination
We are currently witnessing what we refer to in this Critical Exchange as ‘a turn to the imagination’. Across the academy and beyond, the concept of ‘imaginaries’is increasingly used to examine how the imagination is provoked, harnessed and dispersed to encourage or inhibit social, political, economic, technological and cultural transformation. Highlighting the need for critical reflection not only on the possibilities but also the limits of this…
Unfamiliar families and disturbing climate futures
Ecomaternalism remains the dominant narrative concerning the role of families in climate politics. The centrality of ecomaternalist narratives to intersectional constructions of race, gender, heteronormativity, and nature means that interrogating and disrupting these dominant representations of families is a crucial task of ecofeminist, postcolonial, and queer political theory. This article explores other ways to narrate familial politics that mi…
Narrating transitions to low carbon futures
This article examines how national 'long-term strategies' (LTS) narrate energy transitions to low carbon futures.It focuses on the case studies of South Africa and Nigeria as two early LTS submissions to the UNFCCC by prominent fossil fuel producing emerging economies.Given the relative lack of research on both the LTS specifically and the role of narrative futures in the IPE of energy transitions more generally, the article develops an analytica…
Thank You to Reviewers
Introduction
African Affairs has collected some of the most insightful and influential articles that it has published on Africa's International Relations and made them free to download as part of a virtual issue. The online-only introduction is provided by Carl Death.
Notes on researching Africa
The research methods used to study Africa have changed radically over the last thirty years. In the 1970s, the vast majority of historical, political, and anthropological work on the continent was predominantly qualitative. Whilst theoretical influences were diverse, and reflected contemporary debates between liberals and realists, Marxists and pan-Africanists, much work in African studies was primarily empirical and mainly relied on archival, in…
Climate Fiction, Climate Theory
The international politics of climate change invokes the imagination of various potential global futures, ranging from techno-optimist visions of ecological modernisation to apocalyptic nightmares of climate chaos. This article argues that most dominant framings of the future in climate policy imaginaries tend to be depoliticised and linear visions of universal, homogenous time, with little spatio-temporal or ecological plurality. This article ai…
Africanfuturist Socio‐Climatic Imaginaries and Nnedi Okorafor’s Wild Necropolitics
Dominant and insurgent socio‐climatic imaginaries struggle for influence over how the future is envisioned. Africanfuturist imaginaries have huge potential to unsettle racialised and gendered climate narratives. In this article I use Nnedi Okorafor’s novel Who Fears Death in order to challenge mainstream climate imaginaries and to imagine new forms of being and becoming in the context of climate change. Drawing on Achille Mbembe’s concepts of bio…
Laughter, resistance and ambivalence in Trevor Noah’s stand-up comedy
This article explores how to understand stand-up comedy as a form of resistance in global politics, combining discussion of Homi Bhabha’s concepts of ambivalence and mimicry with an examination of Trevor Noah’s stand-up performances, in particular his material on race, disease and poverty. The article builds upon approaches which have interpreted comedy in terms of hidden transcripts, counter-discourses, and counter-conducts to argue that stand-u…
Can we save the planet?
This chapter explores the politics and history of environmental movements and activists, each of which have asked themselves and their societies some version of a fundamental question: can we save the planet? A whole range of environmental issues – including global climate change, stresses on food and water supplies, urban hazards and pollution, the loss of biodiversity and the degradation of fragile ecosystems – seem to be increasing in scale an…
Gatekeeping practices in global environmental politics
Frederick Cooper’s concept of the gatekeeper state is a useful model for thinking about colonial and post-colonial continuities in African statehood. Yet the concept has a number of weaknesses or pitfalls: including treating states as singular, homogenous entities, a tendency to economic reductionism, and reinforcing a pathological view of African politics. In this article I make the conceptual case for focusing on gatekeeping practices which, al…
The Green State in Africa
A provocative reassessment of the relationship between states and environmental politics in Africa From climate-related risks such as crop failure and famine to longer-term concerns about sustainable urbanization, environmental justice, and biodiversity conservation, African states face a range of environmental issues. As Carl Death demonstrates, the ways in which they are addressing them have important political ramifications, and challenge curr…
The Green State in Africa
Like much of the globe, the African continent is in the midst of navigating numerous, interwoven environmental challenges. From climate-related risks such as crop failure and famine to longer-term concerns about sustainable urbanization, environmental justice, and biodiversity conservation, African states are charged with addressing a complex range of issues. As this book demonstrates, they are doing so with innovations such as community-based co…
The Green State in Africa
Counter-Conducts as a Mode of Resistance
This article argues that a “counter-conducts approach”, drawing on the work of Michel Foucault, can be used to disaggregate the concept of resistance and highlight how some resistant practices work to subvert dominant ways of being. One of the features of a “counter-conducts approach” is an attention to the interpenetration of forms of power and resistance, governmentality and alternative modes of subjectification. Such an approach can be used to…
Green State in Africa
From climate-related risks such as crop failure and famine to longer-term concerns about sustainable urbanization, environmental justice, and biodiversity conservation, African states face a range of environmental issues. As Carl Death demonstrates, the ways in which they are addressing them have important political ramifications, and challenge current understandings of green politics. Death draws on almost a decade of research to reveal how cent…
Teaching Africa and international studies
Africa has often been defined and represented by outsiders. In International Studies (IS), the continent is frequently viewed as peripheral and uninteresting. This is clearly a problem, and an increasingly apparent one as the number of courses on Africa and IS grow, both in Africa and beyond. Many academics who run these courses are keen to challenge the continent’s traditional marginalisation and perceived dependency; however, they are limited b…
Climate terror
Climate terror: a critical geopolitics of climate change." Social Movement Studies, 15(5), pp. 541–542
Interrogating Michel Foucault's Counter-Conduct
Resistance, and its study, is on the rise: visible and politically discernible practices of dissent against sovereignty and economic exploitation, such as protesting, agitating and occupying, have received increased analytical attention in the past decade. This special issue provides much needed systematic attention to less visible practices of resistance or those not manifested in expressly political registers. It focuses on attempts to inventiv…
The Politics of Land and Natural Resources in Madagascar
The Malagasy translation of ‘the environment’ is tontoloiainana, which also means ‘the world in which we live’ (p. 196) or ‘the lived in world’.1 This collection of essays, edited by Sandra Evers
Green states in Africa
Whilst the †̃green state debateâ€TM has primarily focused on a narrow range of usual suspects in the developed world, the debate can be enriched and challenged by considering more diverse cases. Viewing African states from a green state perspective invites empirical reassessment of the geographical scope of the concept, and introduces a new set of conceptual questions about the political significance of transitions in environmental governance. Ec…
Doing Biopolitics Differently? Radical Potential in the Post-2015 MDG and SDG Debates
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) have been critiqued as an ambitious project which sought to produce entrepreneurial neo-liberal subjects. From this perspective, the opportunities and dangers of the post-2015 debates acquire a more urgent importance than the cynical dismissal of the MDGs as ‘minimum development goals’. This article identifies two potentially radical shifts in development discourse offered by the proposals for global Sustai…
Disrupting Global Governance
Disruptive protest by nonstate actors often accompanies global governance conferences, but little analysis has been devoted to disaggregating its diverse forms. This article identifies four types of disruptive protest— symbolic, procedural, coercive, and evasive—and illustrates them with examples from UN environmental conferences in Stockholm (1972), Rio de Janeiro (1992), Johannesburg (2002), and Rio de Janeiro (2012). Symbolic disruption in Sto…
Four discourses of the green economy in the global South
This article identifies four contrasting global discourses of the green economy in contemporary usage: green resilience, green growth, green transformation and green revolution. These four discourses are manifested in recent green economy national strategies across the global South, including in Ethiopia, India, South Korea and Brazil. Disaggregating these discourses is politically important, and shows their different implications for broader pol…
Critical Perspectives on African Politics
Governing Sustainable Development
Multilateral UN summits from Stockholm to Copenhagen have set the pace and direction for the global governance of sustainable development. The 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) was a key moment in the evolution of sustainable development as a discourse and summitry as a technology of government. It firmly established multi-stakeholder partnerships, carbon-trading and communication strategies as primary techniques fo…
Summit theatre
Global summits - such as the 2002 Johannesburg Summit and the 2009 Copenhagen COP15 - can be seen as theatrical techniques of environmental governmentality. Summits such as these, which do not produce new international agreements or strengthen environmental regimes, are commonly regarded as failures. However, they can also be viewed as moments of political theatre, performative enactments of legitimacy and authority, and sites for the communicati…
Counter-conducts
The influence of Foucault on studies of social movements, dissent and protest is not as direct as might be imagined. He is generally regarded as focusing more on the analysis of power and government than forms of resistance. This is reflected in the governmentality literature, which tends to treat dissent and protest as an afterthought, or failure of government. However, Foucault's notion of ‘counter-conducts’ has much to offer the study of dispe…
Interrogating Michel Foucault's Counter-Conduct
Resistance, and its study, is on the rise: visible and politically discernible practices of dissent against sovereignty and economic exploitation, such as protesting, agitating and occupying, have received increased analytical attention in the past decade. This special issue provides much needed systematic attention to less visible practices of resistance or those not manifested in expressly political registers. It focuses on attempts to inventiv…
Counter-Conducts as a Mode of Resistance
This article argues that a “counter-conducts approach”, drawing on the work of Michel Foucault, can be used to disaggregate the concept of resistance and highlight how some resistant practices work to subvert dominant ways of being. One of the features of a “counter-conducts approach” is an attention to the interpenetration of forms of power and resistance, governmentality and alternative modes of subjectification. Such an approach can be used to…
The Green Economy in South Africa
Global interest in the 'green economy' has heightened since 2008, and this article contributes to these discussions by elaborating on (a) four alternative, and sometimes competing, discourses of the green economy, and (b) the particular politics of the green economy in South Africa. Most research on the green economy tends to focus on European and North American countries, however in the context of a changing global economy and the 'rise of the S…
Climate Fiction, Climate Theory
The international politics of climate change invokes the imagination of various potential global futures, ranging from techno-optimist visions of ecological modernisation to apocalyptic nightmares of climate chaos. This article argues that most dominant framings of the future in climate policy imaginaries tend to be depoliticised and linear visions of universal, homogenous time, with little spatio-temporal or ecological plurality. This article ai…
Governmentality at the limits of the international
The ability of International Relations theory to ‘travel well’ to other parts of the world has become one of the central questions within the discipline. This article argues that a Foucauldian-derived ‘analytics of government’ framework has particular advantages in overcoming some of the difficulties IR theory has faced abroad. These advantages include a methodological focus on specific practices of power at their point of application; attention …
Doing Biopolitics Differently? Radical Potential in the Post-2015 MDG and SDG Debates
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) have been critiqued as an ambitious project which sought to produce entrepreneurial neo-liberal subjects. From this perspective, the opportunities and dangers of the post-2015 debates acquire a more urgent importance than the cynical dismissal of the MDGs as ‘minimum development goals’. This article identifies two potentially radical shifts in development discourse offered by the proposals for global Sustai…
Carbon Trading
Carbon Trading: A Critical Conversation on Climate Change, Privatisation and Powerby Larry Lohmann; Uddevalla: Dag Hammersjold Foundation, The Durban Group for Climate Justice and The Corner House
Counter-conducts in South Africa
This article introduces Michel Foucault's concept of ‘counter-conducts’—‘struggles against the processes implemented for conducting others’—in order to rethink the relationship between power and dissent. It proposes an ‘analytics of protest’ to address forms of resistance, through which this article focuses on the mentalities, practices, and subjectivities produced at protests in South Africa at the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable D…
Africanfuturist Socio‐Climatic Imaginaries and Nnedi Okorafor’s Wild Necropolitics
Dominant and insurgent socio‐climatic imaginaries struggle for influence over how the future is envisioned. Africanfuturist imaginaries have huge potential to unsettle racialised and gendered climate narratives. In this article I use Nnedi Okorafor’s novel Who Fears Death in order to challenge mainstream climate imaginaries and to imagine new forms of being and becoming in the context of climate change. Drawing on Achille Mbembe’s concepts of bio…
Building States and Civil Societies in Africa
(2012). Building States and Civil Societies in Africa: Liberal Interventions and Global Governmentality. Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding: Vol. 6, Civil Society and Intervention in Africa, pp. 1-6
Leading by Example
Global environmental politics is emerging as a key field for South African diplomacy and foreign policy, in which Pretoria is endeavouring to lead by example. Environmental summits and conferences such as Johannesburg (2002) and Copenhagen (2009) have been crucial stages for the performance of this role as an environmental leader, and in December 2011 Durban will host the seventeenth Conference of the Parties (COP17) to the United Nations Framewo…
Four discourses of the green economy in the global South
This article identifies four contrasting global discourses of the green economy in contemporary usage: green resilience, green growth, green transformation and green revolution. These four discourses are manifested in recent green economy national strategies across the global South, including in Ethiopia, India, South Korea and Brazil. Disaggregating these discourses is politically important, and shows their different implications for broader pol…
Teaching Africa and international studies
Africa has often been defined and represented by outsiders. In International Studies (IS), the continent is frequently viewed as peripheral and uninteresting. This is clearly a problem, and an increasingly apparent one as the number of courses on Africa and IS grow, both in Africa and beyond. Many academics who run these courses are keen to challenge the continent’s traditional marginalisation and perceived dependency; however, they are limited b…
Environmental mainstreaming and post-sovereign governance in Tanzania
Tanzania's experiences of development aid partnerships and environmental mainstreaming have been widely praised in recent years, yet the country continues to suffer from considerable problems of poverty, food insecurity and ecological degradation. As such it constitutes an interesting case study through which to examine hypotheses on global environmental governance. Looking specifically at claims that environmental governance is increasingly "pos…
Environmental Movements, Climate Change, and Consumption in South Africa
The environmental movement in South Africa is plural and diverse, but lacks a strong centre or unified framing. How can we explain and understand this, and what consequences does it have for ecological politics in South Africa? There are many environmental grievances, extensive resources available to potential social movements, and a broadly favourable political opportunity structure. On the other hand, prominent environmental organisations have …
Troubles at the top
Political protests have visibly increased in frequency and intensity in South Africa in recent years, and they seem to indicate a more adversarial relationship between the post-apartheid state and civil society. This article uses the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development, and the protests which accompanied it, to illuminate these broader trends. It analyses the legacy of the Summit as a 'mega-event', and highlights the importa…
Resisting (nuclear) power? Environmental regulation in South Africa
This article considers the resistance potential of Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) and their effects upon existing power relationships. It focuses upon the blocking of Eskom's proposed new test nuclear reactor by the environmental NGO Earthlife Africa, at Koeberg, South Africa, the site of Africa's only existing nuclear power plant. This was achieved through their engagement with, and contestation of, the South African EIA process. It occ…
Notes on researching Africa
The research methods used to study Africa have changed radically over the last thirty years. In the 1970s, the vast majority of historical, political, and anthropological work on the continent was predominantly qualitative. Whilst theoretical influences were diverse, and reflected contemporary debates between liberals and realists, Marxists and pan-Africanists, much work in African studies was primarily empirical and mainly relied on archival, in…
Green states in Africa
Whilst the †̃green state debateâ€TM has primarily focused on a narrow range of usual suspects in the developed world, the debate can be enriched and challenged by considering more diverse cases. Viewing African states from a green state perspective invites empirical reassessment of the geographical scope of the concept, and introduces a new set of conceptual questions about the political significance of transitions in environmental governance. Ec…
Introduction
African Affairs has collected some of the most insightful and influential articles that it has published on Africa's International Relations and made them free to download as part of a virtual issue. The online-only introduction is provided by Carl Death.
Laughter, resistance and ambivalence in Trevor Noah’s stand-up comedy
This article explores how to understand stand-up comedy as a form of resistance in global politics, combining discussion of Homi Bhabha’s concepts of ambivalence and mimicry with an examination of Trevor Noah’s stand-up performances, in particular his material on race, disease and poverty. The article builds upon approaches which have interpreted comedy in terms of hidden transcripts, counter-discourses, and counter-conducts to argue that stand-u…
Gatekeeping practices in global environmental politics
Frederick Cooper’s concept of the gatekeeper state is a useful model for thinking about colonial and post-colonial continuities in African statehood. Yet the concept has a number of weaknesses or pitfalls: including treating states as singular, homogenous entities, a tendency to economic reductionism, and reinforcing a pathological view of African politics. In this article I make the conceptual case for focusing on gatekeeping practices which, al…
Resisting (nuclear) power? Environmental regulation in South Africa
This article considers the resistance potential of Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) and their effects upon existing power relationships. It focuses upon the blocking of Eskom's proposed new test nuclear reactor by the environmental NGO Earthlife Africa, at Koeberg, South Africa, the site of Africa's only existing nuclear power plant. This was achieved through their engagement with, and contestation of, the South African EIA process. It occ…
No WSSD + 5? Global environmental diplomacy in the twenty-first century
Profile: Highlighting the absence of a 'WSSD+5' anniversary summit in 2007, this article explores the reasons for the ebbing of enthusiasm for multilateral summits. It identifies their percieved ineffectiveness, shifts from policy formulation towards implementation, and the rise of bilateral partnerships. However the political potential of summits as moments where dominant actors can be confronted by protestors is also significant. The article en…
Carbon Trading
Carbon Trading: A Critical Conversation on Climate Change, Privatisation and Powerby Larry Lohmann; Uddevalla: Dag Hammersjold Foundation, The Durban Group for Climate Justice and The Corner House
Governing Sustainable Development
Multilateral UN summits from Stockholm to Copenhagen have set the pace and direction for the global governance of sustainable development. The 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) was a key moment in the evolution of sustainable development as a discourse and summitry as a technology of government. It firmly established multi-stakeholder partnerships, carbon-trading and communication strategies as primary techniques fo…
Counter-conducts
The influence of Foucault on studies of social movements, dissent and protest is not as direct as might be imagined. He is generally regarded as focusing more on the analysis of power and government than forms of resistance. This is reflected in the governmentality literature, which tends to treat dissent and protest as an afterthought, or failure of government. However, Foucault's notion of ‘counter-conducts’ has much to offer the study of dispe…
Troubles at the top
Political protests have visibly increased in frequency and intensity in South Africa in recent years, and they seem to indicate a more adversarial relationship between the post-apartheid state and civil society. This article uses the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development, and the protests which accompanied it, to illuminate these broader trends. It analyses the legacy of the Summit as a 'mega-event', and highlights the importa…
Counter-conducts in South Africa
This article introduces Michel Foucault's concept of ‘counter-conducts’—‘struggles against the processes implemented for conducting others’—in order to rethink the relationship between power and dissent. It proposes an ‘analytics of protest’ to address forms of resistance, through which this article focuses on the mentalities, practices, and subjectivities produced at protests in South Africa at the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable D…
Popular politics and resistance movements in South Africa
Popular politics and resistance movements in South Africa, edited by William Beinart and Marcelle C. Dawson, Johannesburg, Wits University Press, 2010, 360 pp., R223 (paperback), ISBN 9781868145188
Leading by Example
Global environmental politics is emerging as a key field for South African diplomacy and foreign policy, in which Pretoria is endeavouring to lead by example. Environmental summits and conferences such as Johannesburg (2002) and Copenhagen (2009) have been crucial stages for the performance of this role as an environmental leader, and in December 2011 Durban will host the seventeenth Conference of the Parties (COP17) to the United Nations Framewo…
Summit theatre
Global summits - such as the 2002 Johannesburg Summit and the 2009 Copenhagen COP15 - can be seen as theatrical techniques of environmental governmentality. Summits such as these, which do not produce new international agreements or strengthen environmental regimes, are commonly regarded as failures. However, they can also be viewed as moments of political theatre, performative enactments of legitimacy and authority, and sites for the communicati…
Building States and Civil Societies in Africa
(2012). Building States and Civil Societies in Africa: Liberal Interventions and Global Governmentality. Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding: Vol. 6, Civil Society and Intervention in Africa, pp. 1-6
A predictable disaster for the climate - but who else won and lost in Durban at COP17
Governmentality at the limits of the international
The ability of International Relations theory to ‘travel well’ to other parts of the world has become one of the central questions within the discipline. This article argues that a Foucauldian-derived ‘analytics of government’ framework has particular advantages in overcoming some of the difficulties IR theory has faced abroad. These advantages include a methodological focus on specific practices of power at their point of application; attention …
Environmental mainstreaming and post-sovereign governance in Tanzania
Tanzania's experiences of development aid partnerships and environmental mainstreaming have been widely praised in recent years, yet the country continues to suffer from considerable problems of poverty, food insecurity and ecological degradation. As such it constitutes an interesting case study through which to examine hypotheses on global environmental governance. Looking specifically at claims that environmental governance is increasingly "pos…
Critical Perspectives on African Politics
Critical Perspectives on African Politics
The Green Economy in South Africa
Global interest in the 'green economy' has heightened since 2008, and this article contributes to these discussions by elaborating on (a) four alternative, and sometimes competing, discourses of the green economy, and (b) the particular politics of the green economy in South Africa. Most research on the green economy tends to focus on European and North American countries, however in the context of a changing global economy and the 'rise of the S…
Environmental Movements, Climate Change, and Consumption in South Africa
The environmental movement in South Africa is plural and diverse, but lacks a strong centre or unified framing. How can we explain and understand this, and what consequences does it have for ecological politics in South Africa? There are many environmental grievances, extensive resources available to potential social movements, and a broadly favourable political opportunity structure. On the other hand, prominent environmental organisations have …
Doing Biopolitics Differently? Radical Potential in the Post-2015 MDG and SDG Debates
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) have been critiqued as an ambitious project which sought to produce entrepreneurial neo-liberal subjects. From this perspective, the opportunities and dangers of the post-2015 debates acquire a more urgent importance than the cynical dismissal of the MDGs as ‘minimum development goals’. This article identifies two potentially radical shifts in development discourse offered by the proposals for global Sustai…
Disrupting Global Governance
Disruptive protest by nonstate actors often accompanies global governance conferences, but little analysis has been devoted to disaggregating its diverse forms. This article identifies four types of disruptive protest— symbolic, procedural, coercive, and evasive—and illustrates them with examples from UN environmental conferences in Stockholm (1972), Rio de Janeiro (1992), Johannesburg (2002), and Rio de Janeiro (2012). Symbolic disruption in Sto…
Four discourses of the green economy in the global South
This article identifies four contrasting global discourses of the green economy in contemporary usage: green resilience, green growth, green transformation and green revolution. These four discourses are manifested in recent green economy national strategies across the global South, including in Ethiopia, India, South Korea and Brazil. Disaggregating these discourses is politically important, and shows their different implications for broader pol…
The Green State in Africa
Like much of the globe, the African continent is in the midst of navigating numerous, interwoven environmental challenges. From climate-related risks such as crop failure and famine to longer-term concerns about sustainable urbanization, environmental justice, and biodiversity conservation, African states are charged with addressing a complex range of issues. As this book demonstrates, they are doing so with innovations such as community-based co…
The Green State in Africa
Counter-Conducts as a Mode of Resistance
This article argues that a “counter-conducts approach”, drawing on the work of Michel Foucault, can be used to disaggregate the concept of resistance and highlight how some resistant practices work to subvert dominant ways of being. One of the features of a “counter-conducts approach” is an attention to the interpenetration of forms of power and resistance, governmentality and alternative modes of subjectification. Such an approach can be used to…
Green State in Africa
From climate-related risks such as crop failure and famine to longer-term concerns about sustainable urbanization, environmental justice, and biodiversity conservation, African states face a range of environmental issues. As Carl Death demonstrates, the ways in which they are addressing them have important political ramifications, and challenge current understandings of green politics. Death draws on almost a decade of research to reveal how cent…
Political science (32 works) · Politics (28 works) · Sociology (28 works) · Law (25 works) · Political economy (19 works) · Economics (15 works) · Geography (15 works) · Law (15 works) · International Development and Aid (11 works) · Development economics (9 works)