Marc A Fournier
Biographic Data
| ID | 189477 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Marc A Fournier |
| GIVEN NAMES | Marc A |
| FAMILY NAME | Fournier |
| SIGNATURE | FOURNIER M A |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Toronto |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-6439-346X |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 19 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 107 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 19 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2000 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 7 |
The Development and Initial Validation of the Self-Presentational Defensiveness Scale
Informed by psychoanalytic, humanistic, and cybernetic perspectives on defensive functioning, the present work established the psychometric structure and initial validation of the 10-item Self-Presentational Defensiveness Scale (SPDS). Across four studies (total N = 1,634), we assessed the item-level observability of the initial 20-item SPDS (Study 1), explored the psychometric structure of the initial SPDS in two separate samples (Studies 2 and …
Exploring the nomological network of self-presentational defensiveness in self-reports and personal narratives
The present work used both self-reports and autobiographical narratives to determine how self-presentational defensiveness, defined as the denial of accountability or the deflection of blame for negative outcomes, is related to personality functioning. Defensiveness in autobiographical narratives was negatively associated with meaning-making (i.e., growth, learning, integration) and redemption (i.e., negative beginnings, positive endings). Self-r…
Me in a nutshell”
Trait taxonomies such as the Big Five have been effective in studying population-level trends but may obscure important individual differences in the structure, stability, and personal relevance of individuals' dispositional tendencies. Inspired by Gordon Allport's notion that people may be defined by distinctive "organizing foci" of personality, the current work introduces the central trait approach, which focuses on identifying the most definin…
Personality and Lifetime Need Frustration
The current research adopted a person-centered approach to examine whether people’s experiences of lifetime need frustration interact with their personality trait profiles to predict their problems and pathology from the perspectives of both the interpersonal circumplex (IPC) and the five-factor model (FFM). Data ( N = 1,026) were analyzed using multilevel modeling. Consistent with prediction, lifetime need frustration predicted participants’ ove…
Who makes a more consistent first impression? Examining the structure and correlates of dissensus
OBJECTIVE AND BACKGROUND: How do targets shape consensus in impression formation? Targets are known to play an outsized role in the accuracy of first impressions, but their influence on consensus has been difficult to study. With the help of the recently developed extended Social Relations Model, we explore the structure and correlates of individual differences in consensus (i.e., dissensus). METHOD: Across 3 studies, 187 photographs of targets w…
Thirty Years of Psychological Wisdom Research
Psychologists have studied the ancient concept of wisdom for 3 decades. Nevertheless, apparent discrepancies in theories and empirical findings have left the nomological network of the construct unclear. Using multilevel meta-analyses, we summarized wisdom’s correlations with age, intelligence, the Big Five personality traits, narcissism, self-esteem, social desirability, and well-being. We furthermore examined whether these correlations were mod…
The Science of Wisdom in a Polarized World
Interest in wisdom in the cognitive sciences, psychology, and education has been paralleled by conceptual confusions about its nature and assessment. To clarify these issues and promote consensus in the field, wisdom researchers met in Toronto in July of 2019, resolving disputes through discussion. Guided by a survey of scientists who study wisdom-related constructs, we established a common wisdom model, observing that empirical approaches to wis…
It was the best worst day of my life”
This study emphasizes the role of both persons and environments in the development of wisdom, and highlights the importance of self-reflection as a mechanism through which wisdom is constructed from life experience
Need fulfillment and the modulation of medial prefrontal activity when judging remembered past, perceived present, and imagined future identities
People’s abilities to integrate temporally distant identities are known to be facilitated by the fulfillment of basic psychological needs. However, the neural systems that support the integrative functions of need fulfillment are not well understood. Neuroimaging studies indicate that the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) differentiates remembered past, perceived present, and imagined future identities, possibly on the basis of the self-relevance a…
Hierarchy Formation and Self-Determination
We examined how self-determination, the subjective experience of one's behavior as internally initiated and personally endorsed, depends on one's standing in real-world social hierarchies. We predicted that those with the traits most relevant to status attainment would be those afforded the most opportunities to be self-determining. We examined the trait of physical attractiveness, given its documented association with social status and no known …
Socioeconomic Status, Income Inequality, and Health Complaints
Constructing the Self in Early, Middle, and Late Adolescent Boys
The present study examined aspects of identity development in a sample of adolescent boys from two approaches: individuation and narrative. To extend the more recent research on narrative identity development, we also examined relations between narrative identity, well-being, and age. Narrative meaning making was predicted by themes of individuation in the narratives, specifically the interaction of autonomy and connectedness. Well-being was pred…
The interpersonal signature
The content and processes of autobiographical reasoning in narrative identity
Integrating dispositions, signatures, and the interpersonal domain
A person's behavior across situations can be characterized in terms of a mean level (disposition), a dispersion within the person around that mean level, and a stable organization to the pattern of dispersion (signature). The authors' goals were to examine the structure and stability of behavior, both at the level of behavioral dispositions and at the level of behavioral signatures. Participants completed event-contingent records of their social …
For better and for worse
The authors examined the frequency, direction, and impact of social comparisons between romantic partners. Comparisons were expected to occur on a daily basis, owing to regular interactions between partners. To the extent that one empathizes and shares outcomes with one's partner, one might respond more positively to upward than to downward comparisons. Study 1a was an experience-sampling study in which participants reported comparisons made to t…
Gender and relationships
The present research examined the moderating influence of situations involving friends and romantic partners on gender differences in interpersonal behaviors reflecting agency and communion. Behavior was studied in three situations varying in social role and dyadic gender composition: same‐sex friendships, opposite‐sex friendships, and romantic relationships. To obtain multiple events representing each relationship situation, participants recorde…
Social rank strategies in hierarchical relationships
Social rank theorists propose that threat appraisals evoke escalation behavior toward subordinates and de-escalation behavior toward superiors. These hypotheses were examined among records of behavior sampled ecologically from the work environments of 90 individuals. At the level of the event, situated threat appraisals (feeling criticized) predicted different kinds of behavior across status situations. Individuals tended to quarrel when criticiz…
The mitigation of interpersonal behavior
Theorists since D. Bakan (1966) have advocated the importance of mitigation for successful adaptation within the interpersonal domain. Although mitigation has previously been conceptualized as a balance between agency and communion (interdimensional mitigation), the circumplex framework suggests that mitigation may also be conceptualized as a balance within agency and a balance within communion (intradimensional mitigation). In the two present st…
Constructing the Self in Early, Middle, and Late Adolescent Boys
The present study examined aspects of identity development in a sample of adolescent boys from two approaches: individuation and narrative. To extend the more recent research on narrative identity development, we also examined relations between narrative identity, well-being, and age. Narrative meaning making was predicted by themes of individuation in the narratives, specifically the interaction of autonomy and connectedness. Well-being was pred…
Integrating dispositions, signatures, and the interpersonal domain
A person's behavior across situations can be characterized in terms of a mean level (disposition), a dispersion within the person around that mean level, and a stable organization to the pattern of dispersion (signature). The authors' goals were to examine the structure and stability of behavior, both at the level of behavioral dispositions and at the level of behavioral signatures. Participants completed event-contingent records of their social …
The interpersonal signature
The content and processes of autobiographical reasoning in narrative identity
Social rank strategies in hierarchical relationships
Social rank theorists propose that threat appraisals evoke escalation behavior toward subordinates and de-escalation behavior toward superiors. These hypotheses were examined among records of behavior sampled ecologically from the work environments of 90 individuals. At the level of the event, situated threat appraisals (feeling criticized) predicted different kinds of behavior across status situations. Individuals tended to quarrel when criticiz…
For better and for worse
The authors examined the frequency, direction, and impact of social comparisons between romantic partners. Comparisons were expected to occur on a daily basis, owing to regular interactions between partners. To the extent that one empathizes and shares outcomes with one's partner, one might respond more positively to upward than to downward comparisons. Study 1a was an experience-sampling study in which participants reported comparisons made to t…
Socioeconomic Status, Income Inequality, and Health Complaints
It was the best worst day of my life”
This study emphasizes the role of both persons and environments in the development of wisdom, and highlights the importance of self-reflection as a mechanism through which wisdom is constructed from life experience
The mitigation of interpersonal behavior
Theorists since D. Bakan (1966) have advocated the importance of mitigation for successful adaptation within the interpersonal domain. Although mitigation has previously been conceptualized as a balance between agency and communion (interdimensional mitigation), the circumplex framework suggests that mitigation may also be conceptualized as a balance within agency and a balance within communion (intradimensional mitigation). In the two present st…
Hierarchy Formation and Self-Determination
We examined how self-determination, the subjective experience of one's behavior as internally initiated and personally endorsed, depends on one's standing in real-world social hierarchies. We predicted that those with the traits most relevant to status attainment would be those afforded the most opportunities to be self-determining. We examined the trait of physical attractiveness, given its documented association with social status and no known …
The mitigation of interpersonal behavior
Theorists since D. Bakan (1966) have advocated the importance of mitigation for successful adaptation within the interpersonal domain. Although mitigation has previously been conceptualized as a balance between agency and communion (interdimensional mitigation), the circumplex framework suggests that mitigation may also be conceptualized as a balance within agency and a balance within communion (intradimensional mitigation). In the two present st…
Social rank strategies in hierarchical relationships
Social rank theorists propose that threat appraisals evoke escalation behavior toward subordinates and de-escalation behavior toward superiors. These hypotheses were examined among records of behavior sampled ecologically from the work environments of 90 individuals. At the level of the event, situated threat appraisals (feeling criticized) predicted different kinds of behavior across status situations. Individuals tended to quarrel when criticiz…
Gender and relationships
The present research examined the moderating influence of situations involving friends and romantic partners on gender differences in interpersonal behaviors reflecting agency and communion. Behavior was studied in three situations varying in social role and dyadic gender composition: same‐sex friendships, opposite‐sex friendships, and romantic relationships. To obtain multiple events representing each relationship situation, participants recorde…
The content and processes of autobiographical reasoning in narrative identity
Integrating dispositions, signatures, and the interpersonal domain
A person's behavior across situations can be characterized in terms of a mean level (disposition), a dispersion within the person around that mean level, and a stable organization to the pattern of dispersion (signature). The authors' goals were to examine the structure and stability of behavior, both at the level of behavioral dispositions and at the level of behavioral signatures. Participants completed event-contingent records of their social …
For better and for worse
The authors examined the frequency, direction, and impact of social comparisons between romantic partners. Comparisons were expected to occur on a daily basis, owing to regular interactions between partners. To the extent that one empathizes and shares outcomes with one's partner, one might respond more positively to upward than to downward comparisons. Study 1a was an experience-sampling study in which participants reported comparisons made to t…
The interpersonal signature
Constructing the Self in Early, Middle, and Late Adolescent Boys
The present study examined aspects of identity development in a sample of adolescent boys from two approaches: individuation and narrative. To extend the more recent research on narrative identity development, we also examined relations between narrative identity, well-being, and age. Narrative meaning making was predicted by themes of individuation in the narratives, specifically the interaction of autonomy and connectedness. Well-being was pred…
Hierarchy Formation and Self-Determination
We examined how self-determination, the subjective experience of one's behavior as internally initiated and personally endorsed, depends on one's standing in real-world social hierarchies. We predicted that those with the traits most relevant to status attainment would be those afforded the most opportunities to be self-determining. We examined the trait of physical attractiveness, given its documented association with social status and no known …
Socioeconomic Status, Income Inequality, and Health Complaints
Need fulfillment and the modulation of medial prefrontal activity when judging remembered past, perceived present, and imagined future identities
People’s abilities to integrate temporally distant identities are known to be facilitated by the fulfillment of basic psychological needs. However, the neural systems that support the integrative functions of need fulfillment are not well understood. Neuroimaging studies indicate that the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) differentiates remembered past, perceived present, and imagined future identities, possibly on the basis of the self-relevance a…
It was the best worst day of my life”
This study emphasizes the role of both persons and environments in the development of wisdom, and highlights the importance of self-reflection as a mechanism through which wisdom is constructed from life experience
The Science of Wisdom in a Polarized World
Interest in wisdom in the cognitive sciences, psychology, and education has been paralleled by conceptual confusions about its nature and assessment. To clarify these issues and promote consensus in the field, wisdom researchers met in Toronto in July of 2019, resolving disputes through discussion. Guided by a survey of scientists who study wisdom-related constructs, we established a common wisdom model, observing that empirical approaches to wis…
Thirty Years of Psychological Wisdom Research
Psychologists have studied the ancient concept of wisdom for 3 decades. Nevertheless, apparent discrepancies in theories and empirical findings have left the nomological network of the construct unclear. Using multilevel meta-analyses, we summarized wisdom’s correlations with age, intelligence, the Big Five personality traits, narcissism, self-esteem, social desirability, and well-being. We furthermore examined whether these correlations were mod…
Personality and Lifetime Need Frustration
The current research adopted a person-centered approach to examine whether people’s experiences of lifetime need frustration interact with their personality trait profiles to predict their problems and pathology from the perspectives of both the interpersonal circumplex (IPC) and the five-factor model (FFM). Data ( N = 1,026) were analyzed using multilevel modeling. Consistent with prediction, lifetime need frustration predicted participants’ ove…
Who makes a more consistent first impression? Examining the structure and correlates of dissensus
OBJECTIVE AND BACKGROUND: How do targets shape consensus in impression formation? Targets are known to play an outsized role in the accuracy of first impressions, but their influence on consensus has been difficult to study. With the help of the recently developed extended Social Relations Model, we explore the structure and correlates of individual differences in consensus (i.e., dissensus). METHOD: Across 3 studies, 187 photographs of targets w…
The Development and Initial Validation of the Self-Presentational Defensiveness Scale
Informed by psychoanalytic, humanistic, and cybernetic perspectives on defensive functioning, the present work established the psychometric structure and initial validation of the 10-item Self-Presentational Defensiveness Scale (SPDS). Across four studies (total N = 1,634), we assessed the item-level observability of the initial 20-item SPDS (Study 1), explored the psychometric structure of the initial SPDS in two separate samples (Studies 2 and …
Exploring the nomological network of self-presentational defensiveness in self-reports and personal narratives
The present work used both self-reports and autobiographical narratives to determine how self-presentational defensiveness, defined as the denial of accountability or the deflection of blame for negative outcomes, is related to personality functioning. Defensiveness in autobiographical narratives was negatively associated with meaning-making (i.e., growth, learning, integration) and redemption (i.e., negative beginnings, positive endings). Self-r…
Me in a nutshell”
Trait taxonomies such as the Big Five have been effective in studying population-level trends but may obscure important individual differences in the structure, stability, and personal relevance of individuals' dispositional tendencies. Inspired by Gordon Allport's notion that people may be defined by distinctive "organizing foci" of personality, the current work introduces the central trait approach, which focuses on identifying the most definin…
Psychology (16 works) · Social Psychology (15 works) · Developmental psychology (8 works) · Interpersonal communication (6 works) · Interpersonal relationship (6 works) · Personality (6 works) · Social Psychology (6 works) · Cognitive psychology (5 works) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (5 works) · Behavioral Health and Interventions (4 works)