Angus Deaton
Biographic Data
| ID | 206199 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Angus Deaton |
| GIVEN NAMES | Angus |
| FAMILY NAME | Deaton |
| SIGNATURE | DEATON A |
| AFFILIATIONS | Princeton University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-9222-8023 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 81 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 1203 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 81 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1972 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2022 |
| H-INDEX | 15 |
Item Context Effects Are Relevant for Monitoring Evaluative Well-being
To ensure the accuracy of self-reported data, it is important to reduce potential sources of bias such as the unwanted influence of prior questions on subsequent questions, the so-called item context effect. This article attempts to replicate the finding that evaluative subjective well-being was affected by a preceding item, a question about the political atmosphere in the country; it also examines manipulations that could mitigate the impact of …
Life expectancy in adulthood is falling for those without a BA degree, but as educational gaps have widened, racial gaps have narrowed
Significance Without a 4-y college diploma, it is increasingly difficult to build a meaningful and successful life in the United States. We explore what the BA divide has done to longevity, focusing on a measure of expected years lived between ages 25 and 75. In the richest large country in the world, with frontier medical technology, expected years lived between 25 and 75 declined for most of a decade for men and women without a 4-y degree, even…
Deaths of Despair and the Future of Capitalism
Deaths of Despair and the Future of Capitalism
Deaths of Despair and the Future of Capitalism
The Analysis of Household Surveys (Reissue Edition with a New Preface)
Two decades after its original publication, The Analysis of Household Surveys is reissued with a new preface by its author, Sir Angus Deaton, recipient of the 2015 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences. This classic work remains relevant to anyone with a serious interest in using household survey data to shed light on policy issues. This book reviews the analysis of household survey data, including the construction of household surveys, the econometri…
Understanding and misunderstanding randomized controlled trials
Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) are increasingly popular in the social sciences, not only in medicine. We argue that the lay public, and sometimes researchers, put too much trust in RCTs over other methods of investigation. Contrary to frequent claims in the applied literature, randomization does not equalize everything other than the treatment in the treatment and control groups, it does not automatically deliver a precise estimate of the av…
Reflections on Randomized Control Trials
In this paper, we describe our assessment of whether Youth Villages' Intercept program had a demonstrable impact on the likelihood a young person will be placed in out-of-home care given the young person was at risk of placement by virtue of having been the subject of an investigation for maltreatment. Intercept is an integrated approach to intensive in-home parenting skill development that offers a variety of evidence-based and best practices to…
Experiential Wellbeing Data from the American Time Use Survey
Mortality and Morbidity in the 21st Century
from one birth cohort to the next, in the labor market, in marriage and child outcomes, and in health, is triggered by progressively worsening labor market opportunities at the time of entry for whites with low levels of education. This account, which fits much of the data, has the profoundly negative implication that policies, even ones that successfully improve earnings and jobs, or redistribute income, will take many years to reverse the morta…
Creative Destruction and Subjective Well-Being
In this paper we analyze the relationship between turnover-driven growth and subjective well-being. Our model of innovation-led growth and unemployment predicts that: (i) the effect of creative destruction on expected individual welfare should be unambiguously positive if we control for unemployment, less so if we do not; (ii) job creation has a positive and job destruction has a negative impact on well-being; (iii) job destruction has a less neg…
Subjective wellbeing, health, and ageing
Rising morbidity and mortality in midlife among white non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st century
Significance Midlife increases in suicides and drug poisonings have been previously noted. However, that these upward trends were persistent and large enough to drive up all-cause midlife mortality has, to our knowledge, been overlooked. If the white mortality rate for ages 45−54 had held at their 1998 value, 96,000 deaths would have been avoided from 1999–2013, 7,000 in 2013 alone. If it had continued to decline at its previous (1979‒1998) rate,…
The Great Escape
Two Happiness Puzzles
We consider two happiness puzzles. First, many studies show that only relative income matters for well-being. Yet the Gallup data for the United States and from the rest of the world show no such result, at least for life evaluation. There may be relative income effects in hedonic well-being though other interpretations are available. Second, more religious people typically report higher experiential well-being but more religious places have wors…
The Great Escape
A Nobel Prize–winning economist tells the remarkable story of how the world has grown healthier, wealthier, but also more unequal over the past two and half centuries The world is a better place than it used to be. People are healthier, wealthier, and live longer. Yet the escapes from destitution by so many has left gaping inequalities between people and nations. In The Great Escape , Nobel Prize–winning economist Angus Deaton—one of the foremost…
The financial crisis and the well-being of Americans
The Great Recession was associated with large changes in income, wealth, and unemployment, changes that affected many lives. Since January 2008, the Gallup Organization has been collecting daily data on 1,000 Americans each day, with a range of self-reported well-being (SWB) questions. I use these data to examine how the recession affected the emotional and evaluative lives of the population, as well as of subgroups within it. In the fall of 2008…
Purchasing Power Parity Exchange Rates for the Global Poor
The first of the Millennium Development Goals targets global poverty. The numbers that support this goal are estimated by the World Bank, and come from a worldwide count of people who live below a common international poverty line. This line, loosely referred to as the dollar-a-day line, is calculated as an average over the world's poorest countries of their national poverty lines expressed in international dollars. The counts of those living bel…
A snapshot of the age distribution of psychological well-being in the United States
Psychological well-being (WB) includes a person's overall appraisal of his or her life (Global WB) and affective state (Hedonic WB), and it is considered a key aspect of the health of individuals and groups. Several cross-sectional studies have documented a relation between Global WB and age. Little is known, however, about the age distribution of Hedonic WB. It may yield a different view of aging because it is less influenced by the cognitive re…
Instruments, Randomization, and Learning about Development
There is currently much debate about the effectiveness of foreign aid and about what kind of projects can engender economic development. There is skepticism about the ability of econometric analysis to resolve these issues or of development agencies to learn from their own experience. In response, there is increasing use in development economics of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to accumulate credible knowledge of what works, without overrel…
High income improves evaluation of life but not emotional well-being
Recent research has begun to distinguish two aspects of subjective well-being. Emotional well-being refers to the emotional quality of an individual's everyday experience—the frequency and intensity of experiences of joy, stress, sadness, anger, and affection that make one's life pleasant or unpleasant. Life evaluation refers to the thoughts that people have about their life when they think about it. We raise the question of whether money buys ha…
Price Indexes, Inequality, and the Measurement of World Poverty
I discuss the measurement of world poverty and inequality, with particular attention to the role of purchasing power parity (PPP) price indexes from the International Comparison Project. Global inequality increased with the latest revision of the ICP, and this reduced the global poverty line relative to the US dollar. The recent large increase of nearly half a billion poor people came from an inappropriate updating of the global poverty line, not…
Understanding the Mechanisms of Economic Development
In this paper, I advocate the investigation, testing, and modification of mechanisms as a progressive empirical research strategy for the field of economic development (and other areas of applied economics). I discuss three lines of work that have elucidated mechanisms that are relevant for development: 1) connections between saving and growth; 2) the determinants of commodity prices, which are a key source of income for many developing countries…
Adult Height and Childhood Disease
Taller populations are typically richer populations, and taller individuals live longer and earn more. In consequence, adult height has recently become a focus in understanding the relationship between health and wealth. We investigate the childhood determinants of population adult height, focusing on the respective roles of income and of disease. Across a range of European countries and the United States, we find a strong inverse relationship be…
Using Census and Survey Data to Estimate Poverty and Inequality for Small Areas
Recent years have seen widespread use of small-area maps based on census data enriched by relationships estimated from household surveys that predict variables, such as income, not covered by the census. The purpose is to obtain putatively precise estimates of poverty and inequality for small areas for which no or few observations are available in the survey. We argue that to usefully match survey and census data in this way requires a degree of …
Understanding and misunderstanding randomized controlled trials
Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) are increasingly popular in the social sciences, not only in medicine. We argue that the lay public, and sometimes researchers, put too much trust in RCTs over other methods of investigation. Contrary to frequent claims in the applied literature, randomization does not equalize everything other than the treatment in the treatment and control groups, it does not automatically deliver a precise estimate of the av…
The Determinants of Mortality
The pleasures of life are worth nothing if one is not alive to experience them. Through the twentieth century in the United States and other high-income countries, growth in real incomes was accompanied by a historically unprecedented decline in mortality rates that caused life expectancy at birth to grow by nearly 30 years. In the years just after World War II, life expectancy gaps between countries were falling across the world. Poor countries …
Income, Health, and Well-Being around the World
During 2006, the Gallup Organization conducted a World Poll that used an identical questionnaire for national samples of adults from 132 countries. I analyze the data on life satisfaction and on health satisfaction and look at their relationships with national income, age, and life-expectancy. The analysis confirms a number of earlier findings and also yields some new and different results. Average life satisfaction is strongly related to per cap…
Large Cash Transfers to the Elderly in South Africa
We examine the social pension in South Africa, where large cash sums-about twice the median per capita income of African households-are paid to people qualified by age but irrespective of previous contributions. We present the history of the scheme and use a 1993 nationally representative survey to investigate the redistributive consequences of the transfers, documenting who receive the pensions, their levels of living, and those of their familie…
The Demand for Food and Calories
The authors investigate nutrition and expenditure in rural Maharashtra in India. They estimate that the elasticity of calorie consumption with respect to total expenditure is 0.3-0.5, a range that is in accord with conventional wisdom. The elasticity declines only slowly with levels of living and is far from the value of zero suggested by a recent revisionist literature. In these Indian data, the calories necessary for a day's activity cost less …
Economies of Scale, Household Size, and the Demand for Food
Household scale economics are plausibly attributed to shared household public goods that make larger households better off at the same level of per capita resources. larger households should therefore have higher per capita consumption of private goods, such as food, provided that they do not substitute too much toward the effectively cheaper public goods. The evidence shows exactly the opposite. Data from rich and poor countries indicate that, a…
Mortality, inequality and race in American cities and states
On Measuring Child Costs
The theoretical basis for measuring child costs is discussed, and detailed consideration is given to two straightforward procedures for calculation, Engel's food share method and Rothbarth's adult good method. Each of these methods embodies different definitions of child costs so that the same empirical evidence can generate quite different estimates depending on the method used. It is shown that true costs are generally overstated by Engel's met…
Instruments of development
There is currently much debate about the effectiveness of foreign aid and about what kind of projects can engender economic development.There is skepticism about the ability of econometric analysis to resolve these issues, or of development agencies to learn from their own experience.In response, there is movement in development economics towards the use of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to accumulate credible knowledge of what works, withou…
Intertemporal Choice and Inequality
The permanent income hypothesis implies that, for any cohort of people, inequality in consumption and income should grow with age, a prediction that is here confirmed using data from eleven years of household survey data from the United States, twenty-two years from Great Britain, and fourteen years from Taiwan. In the permanent income hypothesis, the increase in inequality reflects the cumulative effect of luck on consumption. Other models of in…
Rice Prices and Income Distribution in Thailand
Rice is a staple crop in Thailand, significantly entering both household production and consumption. This paper examines the effect of rice prices on the distribution of real income across households, taking into account household characteristics and geographical location. The data set is a large-scale survey of 11,893 households. Simple nonparametric techniques for regression and density estimation are used. These methods depend on few assumptio…
Commodity Prices and Growth in Africa
African states that came to independence by the late 1960s made a rapid transition to authoritarian rule during a period of reasonably robust growth. Growth then faltered badly from the mid-1970s to the mid-1990s as these regimes coped with external shocks and varying degrees of fiscal crisis. Leading critics embed Africa's slow growth in failures of governance associated with "weak" authoritarian rule. These provide important insights into polic…
Surveys in Applied Economics
Journal Article Surveys in Applied Economics: Models of Consumer Behaviour Get access Alan Brown, Alan Brown Institute of Economics and Statistics, Oxford Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Angus Deaton Angus Deaton Department of Applied Economics, Cambridge Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 82, Issue 328, 1 December 1972, Pages 1145–1236, ht…
Competitive Storage and Commodity Price Dynamics
By buying cheap and selling dear, risk-neutral commodity speculators can smooth commodity prices and induce serial dependence in price even when none would exist under a simple process of supply and demand. Commodity prices are variable and strongly positively correlated from one year to the next. The variability is often explained by supply factors and the autocorrelation by the activities of speculators. The authors show that this explanation i…
A Reconsideration of the Empirical Implications of Additive Preferences
Journal Article A Reconsideration of the Empirical Implications of Additive Preferences Get access Angus Deaton Angus Deaton Department of Applied Economics, Cambridge. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 84, Issue 334, 1 June 1974, Pages 338–348, https://doi.org/10.2307/2231258 Published: 01 June 1974
The Influence of Household Composition on Household Expenditure Patterns
A concept of demographic separability is proposed that formalizes t he notion that there are groups of goods (adult goods) that have little or no relationship to specific classes of household demographics (the numbers or ages of children). That there exist adult goods demographically separable from children is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for the validity of Erwin Rothbarth's method for measuring child costs. The authors propose two…
Reflections on Randomized Control Trials
In this paper, we describe our assessment of whether Youth Villages' Intercept program had a demonstrable impact on the likelihood a young person will be placed in out-of-home care given the young person was at risk of placement by virtue of having been the subject of an investigation for maltreatment. Intercept is an integrated approach to intensive in-home parenting skill development that offers a variety of evidence-based and best practices to…
The effects of economic and population growth on national saving and inequality
This is a progress report on ongoing research into the effects of economic and population growth on national saving rates and inequality. The theoretical basis for the investigation is the life cycle model of saving and inequality. We report evidence that is conditional on the validity of the model, as well as evidence that casts doubt on it. Using time series of cross-sectional household surveys from Taiwan, Thailand, Britain, and the United Sta…
Experiential Wellbeing Data from the American Time Use Survey
A model of commodity prices after Sir Arthur Lewis
Getting Prices Right
Much of the profession accepts that the CPI likely overstates the rate of increase of the cost-of-living. It is less clear that there are sound and feasible steps that the BLS can adopt to improve matters in the short run. There are unresolved conceptual and identification problems in the measurement of quality. Superlative price indexes are not feasible, and feasible approximations are not superlative, and may not even be better. The need for a …
Understanding the Mechanisms of Economic Development
In this paper, I advocate the investigation, testing, and modification of mechanisms as a progressive empirical research strategy for the field of economic development (and other areas of applied economics). I discuss three lines of work that have elucidated mechanisms that are relevant for development: 1) connections between saving and growth; 2) the determinants of commodity prices, which are a key source of income for many developing countries…
Applied Consumption Analysis
Journal Article Applied Consumption Analysis, Empirical Analytics of Demand Systems Get access Applied Consumption Analysis. By L. PHLIPS. (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1974. Pp. xi + 279. Dfl. 50.)Empirical Analytics of Demand Systems. By A. A. POWELL. (Lexington, Mass.: D. C. Heath, 1974. Pp. xiv+ 149. £8.55.) Angus Deaton Angus Deaton Department of Applied Economics Cambridge Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Schola…
Models and Projections of Demand in Post-War Britain
Journal Article Models and Projections of Demand in Post- War Britain Get access Models and Projections of Demand in Post- War Britain. Cambridge Studies in Applied Econometrics: 1. By A. DEATON. (London: Chapman and Hall, 1975. Pp. x + 261. £7.50.) C. E. V. Leser C. E. V. Leser University of Leeds Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 85, Issue 340, 1 December 1975, Pages 917–918, h…
Engel’s What? A Response to Gan and Vernon
Surveys in Applied Economics
Journal Article Surveys in Applied Economics: Models of Consumer Behaviour Get access Alan Brown, Alan Brown Institute of Economics and Statistics, Oxford Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Angus Deaton Angus Deaton Department of Applied Economics, Cambridge Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 82, Issue 328, 1 December 1972, Pages 1145–1236, ht…
Permanent Income, Wealth, and Consumption
Journal Article Thomas Mayer. Permanent Income, Wealth, and Consumption Get access Permanent Income, Wealth, and Consumption. A Critique of the Permanent Income Theory, the Life-Cycle Hypothesis, and Related Theories. By Thomas Mayer. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973. Pp. xiv + 415. £6.75.) Angus Deaton Angus Deaton Fitzwilliam College and Department of Applied Economics, Cambridge. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford …
A Reconsideration of the Empirical Implications of Additive Preferences
Journal Article A Reconsideration of the Empirical Implications of Additive Preferences Get access Angus Deaton Angus Deaton Department of Applied Economics, Cambridge. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 84, Issue 334, 1 June 1974, Pages 338–348, https://doi.org/10.2307/2231258 Published: 01 June 1974
Applied Consumption Analysis
Journal Article Applied Consumption Analysis, Empirical Analytics of Demand Systems Get access Applied Consumption Analysis. By L. PHLIPS. (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1974. Pp. xi + 279. Dfl. 50.)Empirical Analytics of Demand Systems. By A. A. POWELL. (Lexington, Mass.: D. C. Heath, 1974. Pp. xiv+ 149. £8.55.) Angus Deaton Angus Deaton Department of Applied Economics Cambridge Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Schola…
Models and Projections of Demand in Post-War Britain
Journal Article Models and Projections of Demand in Post- War Britain Get access Models and Projections of Demand in Post- War Britain. Cambridge Studies in Applied Econometrics: 1. By A. DEATON. (London: Chapman and Hall, 1975. Pp. x + 261. £7.50.) C. E. V. Leser C. E. V. Leser University of Leeds Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 85, Issue 340, 1 December 1975, Pages 917–918, h…
Econometric Models of Personal Saving
Journal Article Econometric Models of Personal Saving: The United Kingdom 1948-1966 Get access Econometric Models of Personal Saving: The United Kingdom 1948-1966. By A. M. EL-MOKADEM. (London: Butterworths, 1973. Pp. 196. £5-75.) Angus Deaton Angus Deaton Department of Applied Economics, Cambridge Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 85, Issue 338, 1 June 1975, Pages 404–406, https…
Models and Projections of Demand in Post-War Britain
Specification and Testing in Applied Demand Analysis
Journal Article Specification and Testing in Applied Demand Analysis Get access Angus Deaton Angus Deaton University of Bristol Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 88, Issue 351, 1 September 1978, Pages 524–536, https://doi.org/10.2307/2232051 Published: 01 September 1978
Patterns in Household Demand and Saving
Economics and Consumer Behavior
This classic text has introduced generations of students to the economic theory of consumer behaviour. Written by 2015 Nobel Laureate Angus Deaton and John Muellbauer, the book begins with a self-contained presentation of the basic theory and its use in applied econometrics. These early chapters also include elementary extensions of the theory to labour supply, durable goods, the consumption function, and rationing. The rest of the book is divide…
Economic and Consumer Behaviour
Essays in the Theory and Measurement of Consumer Behaviour in Honour of Sir Richard Stone
Journal Article Essays in the Theory and Measurement of Consumer Behaviour in Honour of Sir Richard Stone Get access Essays in the Theory and Measurement of Consumer Behaviour in Honour of Sir Richard Stone. Edited by ANGUS DEATON. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981. Pp. viii + 344. £25.00.) Ian Jewitt Ian Jewitt University of Bristol Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 9…
Inequality and Needs
It is generally recognized that, in view of the variable needs and demographic composition of households, neither per capita expenditure nor total household expenditure provides an adequate measure of household or individual welfare. Although the move from total to per capita expenditure makes some allowance for variations in household size, the crudeness of a simple head count excludes considerations of differential needs by sex or by age, as we…
Panel data from time series of cross-sections
A Profitable Approach to Labor Supply and Commodity Demands over the Life-Cycle
On Measuring Child Costs
The theoretical basis for measuring child costs is discussed, and detailed consideration is given to two straightforward procedures for calculation, Engel's food share method and Rothbarth's adult good method. Each of these methods embodies different definitions of child costs so that the same empirical evidence can generate quite different estimates depending on the method used. It is shown that true costs are generally overstated by Engel's met…
The Influence of Household Composition on Household Expenditure Patterns
A concept of demographic separability is proposed that formalizes t he notion that there are groups of goods (adult goods) that have little or no relationship to specific classes of household demographics (the numbers or ages of children). That there exist adult goods demographically separable from children is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for the validity of Erwin Rothbarth's method for measuring child costs. The authors propose two…
Rice Prices and Income Distribution in Thailand
Rice is a staple crop in Thailand, significantly entering both household production and consumption. This paper examines the effect of rice prices on the distribution of real income across households, taking into account household characteristics and geographical location. The data set is a large-scale survey of 11,893 households. Simple nonparametric techniques for regression and density estimation are used. These methods depend on few assumptio…
Saving and Liquidity Constraints
This paper is concerned with the theory of saving when consumers are not permitted to borrow, and with the ability of such a theory to account for some of the stylized facts of saving behavior.When consumers are relatively impatient, and when labor income is independently and identically distributed over time, assets act like a buffer stock, protecting consumption against bad draws of income.The precautionary demand for saving interacts with the …
Understanding Consumption
Presents a comprehensive introduction to the study of consumption and saving using theoretical models based on standard microeconomic foundations as well as reviewing the substantial empirical literature on the subject. A number of related topics such as the growth‐to‐saving hypothesis, the impact of interest rates on saving, risk sharing, aggregation, and information are also covered. One main focus of the book is the debate on the permanent inc…
On the Behaviour of Commodity Prices
This paper applies the standard rational expectations competitive storage model to the study of thirteen commodities. It explains the skewness, and the existence of rare but violent explosions in prices, coupled with a high degree of price autocorrelation in more normal times. A central feature of the model is the explicit recognition of the fact that it is impossible for the market as a whole to carry negative inventories, and this introduces an…
Intertemporal Choice and Inequality
The permanent income hypothesis implies that, for any cohort of people, inequality in consumption and income should grow with age, a prediction that is here confirmed using data from eleven years of household survey data from the United States, twenty-two years from Great Britain, and fourteen years from Taiwan. In the permanent income hypothesis, the increase in inequality reflects the cumulative effect of luck on consumption. Other models of in…
Understanding Consumption
Journal Article Understanding Consumption Get access Understanding Consumption. By Deaton (Angus). (Oxford and New York: Clarendon Press, 1992. Pp. xiii + 242. £17.95 hardback. ISBN 0 19 828759 3.) P. Simmons P. Simmons University of York Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 104, Issue 422, 1 January 1994, Pages 168–169, https://doi.org/10.2307/2234690 Published: 01 January 1994
The Demand for Food and Calories
The authors investigate nutrition and expenditure in rural Maharashtra in India. They estimate that the elasticity of calorie consumption with respect to total expenditure is 0.3-0.5, a range that is in accord with conventional wisdom. The elasticity declines only slowly with levels of living and is far from the value of zero suggested by a recent revisionist literature. In these Indian data, the calories necessary for a day's activity cost less …
Competitive Storage and Commodity Price Dynamics
By buying cheap and selling dear, risk-neutral commodity speculators can smooth commodity prices and induce serial dependence in price even when none would exist under a simple process of supply and demand. Commodity prices are variable and strongly positively correlated from one year to the next. The variability is often explained by supply factors and the autocorrelation by the activities of speculators. The authors show that this explanation i…
Economics (63 works) · Sociology (32 works) · Income, Poverty, and Inequality (25 works) · Demography (20 works) · Economic growth (20 works) · Medicine (20 works) · Demographic economics (18 works) · Mathematics (17 works) · Econometrics (15 works) · Political science (15 works)