Sandy Cairncro
Biographic Data
| ID | 207157 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Sandy Cairncro |
| GIVEN NAMES | Sandy |
| FAMILY NAME | Cairncro |
| SIGNATURE | CAIRNCRO S |
| AFFILIATIONS | London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-5342-1269 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 32 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 102 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 32 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1987 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 5 |
A community-level complementary-food safety and hygiene intervention improves family-food preparation behaviours in rural Gambia
INTRODUCTION: Infectious diarrhoea causes millions of deaths annually in low-income countries. Prevention strategies minimising transmission of diarrhoeal pathogens could include adopting better food hygiene practices. The objective was to assess whether a complementary-food hygiene intervention improved family-food hygiene practices in rural Gambian households. METHODS: A parallel cluster randomised controlled trial was conducted in central Gamb…
Assessing the health benefits of development interventions
To achieve Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3—healthy lives and well-being for all people—development interventions (such as improved housing, water and sanitation) are critically needed in addition to biomedical interventions (such as drugs, vaccines and insecticides). \nHowever, many development interventions, such as house screening for vector-borne disease control, remain neglected in global health policy today. \nA major reason for this ne…
The value of monitoring data in a process evaluation of hygiene behaviour change in Community Health Clubs to explain findings from a cluster-randomised controlled trial in Rwanda
The cRCT conclusion that the case study of Rusizi District does not encourage the use of the CHC model for scaling up, raises concerns over the possible misrepresentation of the potential of the holistic CHC model to achieve health impact in a more realistic time frame. It also questions the appropriateness of apparently rigorous quantitative research, such as the cluster-Randomised Controlled Trial as conducted in Rusizi District, to adequately …
Understanding Living Conditions and Deprivation in Informal Settlements of Kisumu, Kenya
Informal settlements are a common occurrence in developing countries. Each settlement, however, has unique living conditions which require improvement efforts that are specifically tailored to the settlement. This study, carried out in Kisumu’s informal settlements, had two aims: to describe living conditions and to propose areas of improvement within the settlements. The study adopted two approaches: the living conditions framework and the multi…
What Proportion Counts? Disaggregating Access to Safely Managed Sanitation in an Emerging Town in Tanzania
Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6.2 sets an ambitious target of leaving no-one without adequate and equitable sanitation by 2030. The key concern is the lack of local human and financial capital to fund the collection of reliable information to monitor progress towards the goal. As a result, national and local records may be telling a different story of the proportion of safely managed sanitation that counts towards achieving the SDG. This pap…
Urban Waste Collectors in Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Frequent contact with hazardous materials makes waste collection a potentially unhealthy activity. This article assesses the perception of waste management workers regarding work-related accidents in domestic and health service contexts in Brazil. Six focus groups were performed between June 2014 and August 2015. The aims of this study were to apprehend different aspects of the participants' health, workers' experiences of work-related accidents …
The public health benefits of urban sanitation in low and middle income countries
Estimating the Cost and Payment for Sanitation in the Informal Settlements of Kisumu, Kenya
Lack of sanitation facilities is a common occurrence in informal settlements that are common in most developing countries. One challenge with sanitation provision in these settlements is the cost and financing of sanitation. This study aimed at estimating the cost of sanitation, and investigating the social and economic dynamics within Kisumu's informal settlements that hinder provision and uptake of sanitation facilities. Primary data was collec…
Determinants of quality of shared sanitation facilities in informal settlements
Apart from hardware factors, quality of shared sanitation is largely due to group behaviour of users. The CPR principles form a crucial lens through which the dynamics of shared sanitation facilities in informal settlements can be understood. Development and policy efforts should incorporate group behaviour as they determine the quality of shared sanitation facilities
Menstrual Hygiene Practices, Wash Access and the Risk of Urogenital Infection in Women from Odisha, India
Menstrual hygiene management (MHM) practices vary worldwide and depend on the individual's socioeconomic status, personal preferences, local traditions and beliefs, and access to water and sanitation resources. MHM practices can be particularly unhygienic and inconvenient for girls and women in poorer settings. Little is known about whether unhygienic MHM practices increase a woman's exposure to urogenital infections, such as bacterial vaginosis …
Pit Latrine Emptying Behavior and Demand for Sanitation Services in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
Pit latrines are the main form of sanitation in unplanned areas in many rapidly growing developing cities. Understanding demand for pit latrine fecal sludge management (FSM) services in these communities is important for designing demand-responsive sanitation services and policies to improve public health. We examine latrine emptying knowledge, attitudes, behavior, trends and rates of safe/unsafe emptying, and measure demand for a new hygienic la…
Hepatitis B and C in household and health services solid waste workers
Human contact with solid waste poses biological, chemical, and physical health risks for workers involved in waste collection, transportation, and storage. The potential risk to human health resulting from contact with health services waste or household waste still sparks considerable controversy. The aim of this study was to identify the context of scientific discussions on risk/infection from the hepatitis B and C viruses in workers that collec…
Systematic review
Burden of disease from inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene in low‐ and middle‐income settings
Promoting Health and Advancing Development through Improved Housing in Low-Income Settings
Programa Nacional de Vigilância em Saúde Ambiental Relacionada à Qualidade da Água para Consumo Humano (Vigiagua)
A avaliação e o acompanhamento das ações do Programa Nacional de Vigilância em Saúde Ambiental Relacionada à Qualidade da Água para Consumo Humano (Vigiagua) são importantes para validar o processo de trabalho, identificar nós e sugerir mudanças objetivando o avanço do Programa. Trabalhos sobre o Vigiagua geralmente exploram aspectos quantitativos e metas atingidas, inexistindo uma avaliação qualitativa sobre a sua implantação na instância munici…
P2-545 Heterogeneity of risk factors of dengue virus infection in an urban setting
Introduction Although it has been established that poverty is one of the determinants of the majority of infectious and parasitic diseases, in the case of dengue this is still a matter of some controversy. The objective of this study was to describe the distribution of dengue seroprevalence and seroincidence and to investigate the relationship between the intensity of virus circulation and the population's living conditions or between group immun…
Demand for sanitation in Salvador, Brazil
Water, sanitation and hygiene for the prevention of diarrhoea
BACKGROUND: Ever since John Snow's intervention on the Broad St pump, the effect of water quality, hygiene and sanitation in preventing diarrhoea deaths has always been debated. The evidence identified in previous reviews is of variable quality, and mostly relates to morbidity rather than mortality. METHODS: We drew on three systematic reviews, two of them for the Cochrane Collaboration, focussed on the effect of handwashing with soap on diarrhoe…
Hygiene, Sanitation, and Water
As the first article in a four-part PLoS Medicine series on water and sanitation, Jamie Bartram and Sandy Cairncross argue that the massive burden of ill health associated with poor hygiene, sanitation, and water supply demands more attention from health professionals and policymakers.
Weight-for-age z-score as a proxy marker for diarrhoea in epidemiological studies
BACKGROUND: The validity of unblinded randomised trials testing interventions against diarrhoea is severely compromised by the potential for bias. Objective proxy markers for diarrhoea not relying on self-report are needed to assess the effect of interventions that cannot be blinded. Short-term changes in weight-for-age z-score (WAZ) may (due to catch-up growth) not be a clinically important marker for nutritional status. However, even a transien…
Interventions to improve water quality for preventing diarrhoea
Environmental risks in the developing world
Background: Monitoring and empirical evaluation are essential components of evidence based public health policies and programmes. Consequently, there is a growing interest in monitoring of, and indicators for, major environmental health risks, particularly in the developing world. Current large scale data collection efforts are generally disconnected from micro-scale studies in health sciences, which in turn have insufficiently investigated the b…
What causes sustainable changes in hygiene behaviour? A cross-sectional study from Kerala, India
Creating demand for sanitation and hygiene through Community Health Clubs
The Poor Die Young
The urban context community action to address housing and health problems - the case of San Martin in Buenos Aires, Argentina housing and health in Olaleye-Iponri, a low income settlement in Lagos, Nigeria housing and health in three squatter settlements in Allahabad, India water supply and the urban poor low cost sanitation surface water drainage in urban areas the collection and management of household garbage the role of house design in limiti…
Creating demand for sanitation and hygiene through Community Health Clubs
What causes sustainable changes in hygiene behaviour? A cross-sectional study from Kerala, India
Elasticity of demand for water in Khartoum, Sudan
Demand for sanitation in Salvador, Brazil
Promoting Health and Advancing Development through Improved Housing in Low-Income Settings
The public health benefits of urban sanitation in low and middle income countries
Environmental risks in the developing world
Background: Monitoring and empirical evaluation are essential components of evidence based public health policies and programmes. Consequently, there is a growing interest in monitoring of, and indicators for, major environmental health risks, particularly in the developing world. Current large scale data collection efforts are generally disconnected from micro-scale studies in health sciences, which in turn have insufficiently investigated the b…
The impact of health education to promote cloth filters on dracunculiasis prevalence in the Northern Region, Ghana
Dracunculiasis eradication by 1995. Will endemic countries meet the target
Dracunculiasis continues to be a major public health problem among many rural communities in Africa and the Indian Sub-continent which depend upon unprotected water sources for drinking. It is a painful and debilitating disease which is exclusively transmitted through drinking water from contaminated open sources. Various risk factors are implicated in dracunculiasis transmission which are related to water sources. Dracunculiasis is highly season…
Programa Nacional de Vigilância em Saúde Ambiental Relacionada à Qualidade da Água para Consumo Humano (Vigiagua)
A avaliação e o acompanhamento das ações do Programa Nacional de Vigilância em Saúde Ambiental Relacionada à Qualidade da Água para Consumo Humano (Vigiagua) são importantes para validar o processo de trabalho, identificar nós e sugerir mudanças objetivando o avanço do Programa. Trabalhos sobre o Vigiagua geralmente exploram aspectos quantitativos e metas atingidas, inexistindo uma avaliação qualitativa sobre a sua implantação na instância munici…
The private sector and water supply in developing countries
The private sector and water supply in developing countries: partnership or profiteering? Get access Sandy Cairncross Sandy Cairncross Department of Tropical Hygiene, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Health Policy and Planning, Volume 2, Issue 2, June 1987, Pages 180–182, https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/2.2.180 Published: 01 June 1987
The private sector and water supply in developing countries
The private sector and water supply in developing countries: partnership or profiteering? Get access Sandy Cairncross Sandy Cairncross Department of Tropical Hygiene, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Health Policy and Planning, Volume 2, Issue 2, June 1987, Pages 180–182, https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/2.2.180 Published: 01 June 1987
Ten best readings in… rural water supply for developing countries
Journal Article Ten best readings in... rural water supply for developing countries Get access Sandy Cairncross Sandy Cairncross Senior Lecturer in Tropical Public Health Engineering, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Health Policy and Planning, Volume 4, Issue 2, June 1989, Pages 172–173, https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/4.2.172 Published: 01 June 1989
The Poor Die Young
The urban context community action to address housing and health problems - the case of San Martin in Buenos Aires, Argentina housing and health in Olaleye-Iponri, a low income settlement in Lagos, Nigeria housing and health in three squatter settlements in Allahabad, India water supply and the urban poor low cost sanitation surface water drainage in urban areas the collection and management of household garbage the role of house design in limiti…
Elasticity of demand for water in Khartoum, Sudan
Dracunculiasis eradication by 1995. Will endemic countries meet the target
Dracunculiasis continues to be a major public health problem among many rural communities in Africa and the Indian Sub-continent which depend upon unprotected water sources for drinking. It is a painful and debilitating disease which is exclusively transmitted through drinking water from contaminated open sources. Various risk factors are implicated in dracunculiasis transmission which are related to water sources. Dracunculiasis is highly season…
The impact of health education to promote cloth filters on dracunculiasis prevalence in the Northern Region, Ghana
Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhoea risk in the community
Environmental risks in the developing world
Background: Monitoring and empirical evaluation are essential components of evidence based public health policies and programmes. Consequently, there is a growing interest in monitoring of, and indicators for, major environmental health risks, particularly in the developing world. Current large scale data collection efforts are generally disconnected from micro-scale studies in health sciences, which in turn have insufficiently investigated the b…
What causes sustainable changes in hygiene behaviour? A cross-sectional study from Kerala, India
Creating demand for sanitation and hygiene through Community Health Clubs
Interventions to improve water quality for preventing diarrhoea
Water, sanitation and hygiene for the prevention of diarrhoea
BACKGROUND: Ever since John Snow's intervention on the Broad St pump, the effect of water quality, hygiene and sanitation in preventing diarrhoea deaths has always been debated. The evidence identified in previous reviews is of variable quality, and mostly relates to morbidity rather than mortality. METHODS: We drew on three systematic reviews, two of them for the Cochrane Collaboration, focussed on the effect of handwashing with soap on diarrhoe…
Hygiene, Sanitation, and Water
As the first article in a four-part PLoS Medicine series on water and sanitation, Jamie Bartram and Sandy Cairncross argue that the massive burden of ill health associated with poor hygiene, sanitation, and water supply demands more attention from health professionals and policymakers.
Weight-for-age z-score as a proxy marker for diarrhoea in epidemiological studies
BACKGROUND: The validity of unblinded randomised trials testing interventions against diarrhoea is severely compromised by the potential for bias. Objective proxy markers for diarrhoea not relying on self-report are needed to assess the effect of interventions that cannot be blinded. Short-term changes in weight-for-age z-score (WAZ) may (due to catch-up growth) not be a clinically important marker for nutritional status. However, even a transien…
P2-545 Heterogeneity of risk factors of dengue virus infection in an urban setting
Introduction Although it has been established that poverty is one of the determinants of the majority of infectious and parasitic diseases, in the case of dengue this is still a matter of some controversy. The objective of this study was to describe the distribution of dengue seroprevalence and seroincidence and to investigate the relationship between the intensity of virus circulation and the population's living conditions or between group immun…
Demand for sanitation in Salvador, Brazil
Promoting Health and Advancing Development through Improved Housing in Low-Income Settings
Programa Nacional de Vigilância em Saúde Ambiental Relacionada à Qualidade da Água para Consumo Humano (Vigiagua)
A avaliação e o acompanhamento das ações do Programa Nacional de Vigilância em Saúde Ambiental Relacionada à Qualidade da Água para Consumo Humano (Vigiagua) são importantes para validar o processo de trabalho, identificar nós e sugerir mudanças objetivando o avanço do Programa. Trabalhos sobre o Vigiagua geralmente exploram aspectos quantitativos e metas atingidas, inexistindo uma avaliação qualitativa sobre a sua implantação na instância munici…
Systematic review
Burden of disease from inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene in low‐ and middle‐income settings
Menstrual Hygiene Practices, Wash Access and the Risk of Urogenital Infection in Women from Odisha, India
Menstrual hygiene management (MHM) practices vary worldwide and depend on the individual's socioeconomic status, personal preferences, local traditions and beliefs, and access to water and sanitation resources. MHM practices can be particularly unhygienic and inconvenient for girls and women in poorer settings. Little is known about whether unhygienic MHM practices increase a woman's exposure to urogenital infections, such as bacterial vaginosis …
Pit Latrine Emptying Behavior and Demand for Sanitation Services in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
Pit latrines are the main form of sanitation in unplanned areas in many rapidly growing developing cities. Understanding demand for pit latrine fecal sludge management (FSM) services in these communities is important for designing demand-responsive sanitation services and policies to improve public health. We examine latrine emptying knowledge, attitudes, behavior, trends and rates of safe/unsafe emptying, and measure demand for a new hygienic la…
Hepatitis B and C in household and health services solid waste workers
Human contact with solid waste poses biological, chemical, and physical health risks for workers involved in waste collection, transportation, and storage. The potential risk to human health resulting from contact with health services waste or household waste still sparks considerable controversy. The aim of this study was to identify the context of scientific discussions on risk/infection from the hepatitis B and C viruses in workers that collec…
Estimating the Cost and Payment for Sanitation in the Informal Settlements of Kisumu, Kenya
Lack of sanitation facilities is a common occurrence in informal settlements that are common in most developing countries. One challenge with sanitation provision in these settlements is the cost and financing of sanitation. This study aimed at estimating the cost of sanitation, and investigating the social and economic dynamics within Kisumu's informal settlements that hinder provision and uptake of sanitation facilities. Primary data was collec…
Determinants of quality of shared sanitation facilities in informal settlements
Apart from hardware factors, quality of shared sanitation is largely due to group behaviour of users. The CPR principles form a crucial lens through which the dynamics of shared sanitation facilities in informal settlements can be understood. Development and policy efforts should incorporate group behaviour as they determine the quality of shared sanitation facilities
Medicine (23 works) · Environmental health (21 works) · Child Nutrition and Water Access (20 works) · Business (16 works) · Sanitation (15 works) · Economics (14 works) · Public health (14 works) · Economic growth (13 works) · Geography (13 works) · Nursing (11 works)