Peter Salovey
Biographic Data
| ID | 207945 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Peter Salovey |
| GIVEN NAMES | Peter |
| FAMILY NAME | Salovey |
| SIGNATURE | SALOVEY P |
| AFFILIATIONS | Yale University |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 66 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 769 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 66 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1981 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2023 |
| H-INDEX | 15 |
Ability emotional intelligence in parents and their offspring
The Ability Model of Emotional Intelligence
This article presents seven principles that have guided our thinking about emotional intelligence, some of them new. We have reformulated our original ability model here guided by these principles, clarified earlier statements of the model that were unclear, and revised portions of it in response to current research. In this revision, we also positioned emotional intelligence amidst other hot intelligences including personal and social intelligen…
Emotional Intelligence and Callous–Unemotional Traits in Incarcerated Adolescents
Explaining the Efficacy of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV Prevention
Improving Classroom Quality with The Ruler Approach to Social and Emotional Learning
The RULER Approach to Social and Emotional Learning (“RULER”) is designed to improve the quality of classroom interactions through professional development and classroom curricula that infuse emotional literacy instruction into teaching–learning interactions. Its theory of change specifies that RULER first shifts the emotional qualities of classrooms, which are then followed, over time, by improvements in classroom organization and instructional …
Rethinking stress
This article describes 3 studies that explore the role of mindsets in the context of stress. In Study 1, we present data supporting the reliability and validity of an 8-item instrument, the Stress Mindset Measure (SMM), designed to assess the extent to which an individual believes that the effects of stress are either enhancing or debilitating. In Study 2, we demonstrate that stress mindsets can be altered by watching short, multimedia film clips…
Healthy Eating for Life English as a second language curriculum
We conducted a pre-post feasibility trial of Healthy Eating for Life, a theory-based, multimedia English as a second language curriculum that integrates content about healthy nutrition into an English language learning program to decrease cancer health disparities. Teachers in 20 English as a second language classrooms delivered Healthy Eating for Life to 286 adult English as a second language students over one semester. Postintervention data are…
Examining the use of message tailoring to promote physical activity among medically underserved adults
The purpose of this study was to examine if messages tailored to an individual's regulatory focus (i.e. their tendency to focus on prevention or promotion) increased exercise intentions and behavior in a medically underserved sample. Adult English as a Second Language students ( N = 58) were presented with tailored exercise messages. There was a significant main effect for message type; participants who received promotion messages reported greate…
Classroom emotional climate, student engagement, and academic achievement.
The emotional connections students foster in their classrooms are likely to impact their success in school. Using a multimethod, multilevel approach, this study examined the link between classroom emotional climate and academic achievement, including the role of student engagement as a mediator. Data were collected from 63 fifth- and sixth-grade classrooms (N 1,399 students) and included classroom observations, student reports, and report card gr…
Enhancing academic performance and social and emotional competence with the Ruler feeling words curriculum
The Role of Knowledge and Skills for Managing Emotions in Adaptation to School
Students’ ability to evaluate emotionally challenging situations and identify effective strategies for managing emotions in themselves and others was negatively related to poor classroom social behavior across three studies. These studies, involving 463 students from two Spanish high schools and one American university, examined indicators of adaptation to school based on teacher ratings and official school records. Relationships between the abil…
Emotional intelligence in incarcerated men with psychopathic traits
The expression, recognition, and communication of emotional states are ubiquitous features of the human social world. Emotional intelligence (EI) is defined as the ability to perceive, manage, and reason about emotions, in oneself and others. Individuals with psychopathy have numerous difficulties in social interaction and show impairment on some emotional tasks. Here, the authors investigate the relation between EI and psychopathy in a sample of…
Emotional Intelligence
This article presents an overview of the ability model of emotional intelligence and includes a discussion about how and why the concept became useful in both educational and workplace settings. We review the four underlying emotional abilities comprising emotional intelligence and the assessment tools that that have been developed to measure the construct. A primary goal is to provide a review of the research describing the correlates of emotion…
Emotion Regulation and the Quality of Social Interaction
We examined self and friends' ratings of social relationship quality and everyday social interactions in 3 studies involving 544 college students in Germany, Spain, and the United States. Scores on a situational judgment test measuring strategic emotion regulation ability (SERA) were negatively related to conflict with others. SERA was more consistently and strongly related to conflict with others than to the positive dimension of relationship qu…
Emotion‐regulation ability, burnout, and job satisfaction among British secondary‐school teachers
The topic of emotion regulation and its relationship with teacher effectiveness is beginning to garner attention by researchers. This study examined the relationship between emotion‐regulation ability (ERA), as assessed by the Mayer–Salovey–Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT), and both job satisfaction and burnout among secondary‐school teachers ( N = 123). It also examined the mediating effects of affect and principal support on these ou…
Emotion Regulation and the Quality of Social Interaction
Mate retention is an important problem in romantic relationships because of mate poachers, infidelity, and the risk of outright defection. The current study (N=892) represents the first study of mate retention tactics conducted in Spain. We tested hypotheses about the effects of gender, relationship commitment status, and personality on mate retention tactics. Women and men differed in the use of resource display, appearance enhancement, intrasex…
A Review of Acculturation Measures and Their Utility in Studies Promoting Latino Health
The authors reviewed the acculturation literature with the goal of identifying measures used to assess acculturation in Hispanic populations in the context of studies of health knowledge, attitudes, and behavior change. Twenty-six acculturation measures were identified and summarized. As the Hispanic population continues to grow in the United States, there is a need to develop rigorous acculturation measures that include health indicators. Findin…
Emotional intelligence
Some individuals have a greater capacity than others to carry out sophisticated information processing about emotions and emotion-relevant stimuli and to use this information as a guide to thinking and behavior. The authors have termed this set of abilities emotional intelligence (EI). Since the introduction of the concept, however, a schism has developed in which some researchers focus on EI as a distinct group of mental abilities, and other res…
A field experiment testing the utility of regulatory fit messages for promoting physical activity
The Strategic Use of Gain- and Loss-Framed Messages to Promote Healthy Behavior
Message framing provides a theoretically grounded approach to the development of effective health messages. In this study, we review the state of research and theory on message framing (Rothman & Salovey, 1997), and how it can inform efforts to enhance health practices throughout the cancer care continuum. Gain-framed appeals are more effective when targeting behaviors that prevent the onset of disease, whereas loss-framed appeals are more effect…
Constraining accommodative homunculi in evolutionary explorations of jealousy
This article responds to a critique by H. C. Barrett, D. A. Frederick, M. G. Haselton, and R. Kurzban, wherein it is argued that manipulations of cognitive constraints cannot be used to test general evolutionary hypotheses regarding the architecture of mind. In making this argument, Barrett et al. focus on what they believe to be faulty logic in D. DeSteno, M. Y. Bartlett, J. Braverman, and P. Salovey's use of such techniques to examine proposed …
Relating emotional abilities to social functioning
Three studies used J. D. Mayer and P. Salovey's (1997) theory of emotional intelligence (EI) as a framework to examine the role of emotional abilities (assessed with both self-report and performance measures) in social functioning. Self-ratings were assessed in ways that mapped onto the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT), a validated performance measure of EI. In Study 1, self-ratings and MSCEIT scores were not strongly cor…
The Jury Persuaded (and Not)
In two experiments, we examined the persuasiveness of computer animation on juror decision making by comparing animation to diagrams in two mock trials—a plane crash case and a car accident case. The persuasiveness of the animation on verdicts was dependent on the case; in the plane crash case, participants rendered verdicts in favor of the side presenting the animation. In the car accident case, the animation had no effect on verdicts. The role …
Emotion Regulation Abilities and the Quality of Social Interaction
Emotion regulation abilities, measured on a test of emotional intelligence, were related to several indicators of the quality of individuals' social interactions with peers. In a sample of 76 college students, emotion regulation abilities were associated with both self-reports and peer nominations of interpersonal sensitivity and prosocial tendencies, the proportion of positive vs. negative peer nominations, and reciprocal friendship nominations.…
A Discrepancy in Analyses of the MSCEIT--Resolving the Mystery and Understanding Its Implications
Replies to comments made by G. E. Gignac on the current authors' original article . Gignac reanalyzed the factor structure of the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT) and found results that differed from those the authors obtained initially. The authors tracked down the surprising sources of those discrepancies. G. E. Gignac's hierarchical model of emotional intelligence appears promising, and the authors anticipate that furt…
Shaping perceptions to motivate healthy behavior
Health-relevant communications can be framed in terms of the benefits (gains) or costs (losses) associated with a particular behavior, and the framing of such persuasive messages influences health decision making. Although to ask people to consider a health issue in terms of associated costs is considered an effective way to motivate behavior, empirical findings are inconsistent. In evaluating the effectiveness of framed health messages, investig…
Perceived distributions of the characteristics of in-group and out-group members
This research studied 2 properties of perceived distributions of the characteristics of social category members: the probability of differentiating (making distinctions) among category members and the perceived variability (variance) of category members. The results of 4 experiments supported the hypothesis that greater familiarity with a social group leads to greater perceived differentiation and variability regarding that group. In-group member…
Emotional states and physical health
A Social Comparison Account of Gossip
The central thesis of this article is that all gossip involves social comparison. Research on social comparison is applied toward understanding motivations for gossip. In addition, the authors address why gossip tends to be negative and make predictions about factors that trigger especially negative talk about others. Factors such as need for moral information, powerlessness, formation and maintenance of in-groups and out-groups, and situations t…
Emotional intelligence
Some individuals have a greater capacity than others to carry out sophisticated information processing about emotions and emotion-relevant stimuli and to use this information as a guide to thinking and behavior. The authors have termed this set of abilities emotional intelligence (EI). Since the introduction of the concept, however, a schism has developed in which some researchers focus on EI as a distinct group of mental abilities, and other res…
Relating emotional abilities to social functioning
Three studies used J. D. Mayer and P. Salovey's (1997) theory of emotional intelligence (EI) as a framework to examine the role of emotional abilities (assessed with both self-report and performance measures) in social functioning. Self-ratings were assessed in ways that mapped onto the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT), a validated performance measure of EI. In Study 1, self-ratings and MSCEIT scores were not strongly cor…
The Influence of Message Framing on Intentions to Perform Health Behaviors
Rethinking stress
This article describes 3 studies that explore the role of mindsets in the context of stress. In Study 1, we present data supporting the reliability and validity of an 8-item instrument, the Stress Mindset Measure (SMM), designed to assess the extent to which an individual believes that the effects of stress are either enhancing or debilitating. In Study 2, we demonstrate that stress mindsets can be altered by watching short, multimedia film clips…
Influence of mood on health-relevant cognitions
Sex differences in jealousy
Two studies are presented that challenge the evidentiary basis for the existence of evolved sex differences in jealousy. In opposition to the evolutionary view, Study I demonstrated that a sex difference in jealousy resulting from sexual versus emotional infidelity is observed only when judgments are recorded using a forced-choice response format. On all other measures, no sex differences were found; both men and women reported greater jealousy i…
Some antecedents and consequences of social-comparison jealousy
80 undergraduates were randomly assigned to 1 of 8 experimental conditions in which they received either positive or negative feedback on a bogus personality test that was either self-definitionally relevant or irrelevant, followed by feedback of successful performance by another person in a domain
Measurement error masks bipolarity in affect ratings
Perceiving Affective Content in Ambiguous Visual Stimuli
Emotional intelligence involves the accurate appraisal and expression of emotions in oneself and others and the regulation of emotion in a way that enhances living. One aspect of emotional intelligence is the ability to recognize the consensually agreed upon emotional qualities of objects in the environment. One hundred thirty-nine adults viewed 18 reproductions of faces, color swatches, and abstract designs and rated the emotional content of the…
Construing action abstractly and blurring social distinctions
Most people's actions serve goals that, defined abstractly enough, are quite similar to one another. The authors thus proposed, and found, that construing action in abstract (vs. concrete) terms relates to perceiving greater similarity among persons both within and across different social groups (Studies 1-3). By fostering perspective taking, viewing action abstractly also related to empathizing with and expressing willingness to help nonstigmati…
Abstract and concrete self-evaluative goals
Assuming that people often hold the abstract goal of acquiring accurate feedback but recognize that acquiring favorable feedback can make the self-evaluative process more comfortable, the authors posited that low-level construals (of how action is performed) would elicit greater self-enhancement motivation than would high-level construals (of why action is performed). Individuals chronically using low-level construals had greater interest in down…
A field experiment testing the utility of regulatory fit messages for promoting physical activity
The differentiation of social-comparison jealousy and romantic jealousy
Message Framing and Pap Test Utilization among Women Attending a Community Health Clinic
In a randomized experiment, women ( N = 441) watched either a loss- or gain-framed video emphasizing the prevention or detection functions of the Pap test to test the hypothesis that loss- and gain-framed messages differentially influence health behaviors depending on the risk involved in performing the behavior. As predicted, loss-framed messages emphasizing the costs of not detecting cervical cancer early (a risky behavior) and gain-framed mess…
Mood-induced self-focused attention
The influence of mood on self-focused attention was explored in 2 experiments involving the induction of moods in the laboratory. Experiment 1 tested the hypothesis that mood states, whether pleasant or unpleasant, induce self-focused attention. This hypothesis was supported using a sentence completion task as the measure of self-focus. Experiment 2 replicated Experiment 1 results using a measure of self-complexity as an index of self-focus. Thes…
A broader conception of mood experience
The experience of a mood consists of more than emotional states such as happiness, anger, sadness, or fear. It also includes mood management processes that can facilitate or inhibit the experience of the mood reaction. A multidomain framework is described for organizing such experience, and 2 studies are reported that analyzed separately emotion-related and emotion-management-related mood experiences. In both studies, emotion-related experience, …
The joys of helping
Challenges Facing Female Doctoral Students and Recent Graduates
Although increasing the numbers of women and minority faculty in academia is a widely held goal, their numbers remain small. The presence of women and minorities decreases disproportionately at each ascending rung of the academic ladder. This investigation identified factors potentially contributing to attrition in White and non-White women at a critical stage in their careers: as doctoral candidates and recent graduates. Two-hundred and twenty-f…
Static, dynamic, and causative bipolarity of affect
In what sense are pleasant and unpleasant moods "bipolar"? One must differentiate three types of affective bipolarity: static bipolarity (the zero-order correlation between measures of pleasant and unpleasant affect, net of distortions due to measurement error, tends to be strongly negative), dynamic bipolarity (pleasant and unpleasant feelings generally change in opposite directions and to approximately the same extent), and causative bipolarity…
Predictors of Social Support and Psychological Distress in Women with Breast Cancer
This investigation sought to understand previous well-cited and worrisome findings that women treated for breast cancer with breast-conserving surgery compared to mastectomy experience less social support and more mood disturbance, and that social support from significant others erodes over time. Ninety-three women with breast cancer and a subset of their partners completed assessments at the time of surgical treatment and at 3 and 13 months post…
The Role of Knowledge and Skills for Managing Emotions in Adaptation to School
Students’ ability to evaluate emotionally challenging situations and identify effective strategies for managing emotions in themselves and others was negatively related to poor classroom social behavior across three studies. These studies, involving 463 students from two Spanish high schools and one American university, examined indicators of adaptation to school based on teacher ratings and official school records. Relationships between the abil…
The joys of helping
Some antecedents and consequences of social-comparison jealousy
80 undergraduates were randomly assigned to 1 of 8 experimental conditions in which they received either positive or negative feedback on a bogus personality test that was either self-definitionally relevant or irrelevant, followed by feedback of successful performance by another person in a domain
The differentiation of social-comparison jealousy and romantic jealousy
Influence of mood on health-relevant cognitions
Perceived distributions of the characteristics of in-group and out-group members
This research studied 2 properties of perceived distributions of the characteristics of social category members: the probability of differentiating (making distinctions) among category members and the perceived variability (variance) of category members. The results of 4 experiments supported the hypothesis that greater familiarity with a social group leads to greater perceived differentiation and variability regarding that group. In-group member…
Emotional Intelligence
This article presents a framework for emotional intelligence, a set of skills hypothesized to contribute to the accurate appraisal and expression of emotion in oneself and in others, the effective regulation of emotion in self and others, and the use of feelings to motivate, plan, and achieve in one's life. We start by reviewing the debate about the adaptive versus maladaptive qualities of emotion. We then explore the literature on intelligence, …
Perceiving Affective Content in Ambiguous Visual Stimuli
Emotional intelligence involves the accurate appraisal and expression of emotions in oneself and others and the regulation of emotion in a way that enhances living. One aspect of emotional intelligence is the ability to recognize the consensually agreed upon emotional qualities of objects in the environment. One hundred thirty-nine adults viewed 18 reproductions of faces, color swatches, and abstract designs and rated the emotional content of the…
A broader conception of mood experience
The experience of a mood consists of more than emotional states such as happiness, anger, sadness, or fear. It also includes mood management processes that can facilitate or inhibit the experience of the mood reaction. A multidomain framework is described for organizing such experience, and 2 studies are reported that analyzed separately emotion-related and emotion-management-related mood experiences. In both studies, emotion-related experience, …
The influence of affect on self-focused attention
Mood-induced self-focused attention
The influence of mood on self-focused attention was explored in 2 experiments involving the induction of moods in the laboratory. Experiment 1 tested the hypothesis that mood states, whether pleasant or unpleasant, induce self-focused attention. This hypothesis was supported using a sentence completion task as the measure of self-focus. Experiment 2 replicated Experiment 1 results using a measure of self-complexity as an index of self-focus. Thes…
The intelligence of emotional intelligence
The Influence of Message Framing on Intentions to Perform Health Behaviors
Measurement error masks bipolarity in affect ratings
The Psychology of Jealousy and Envy
I. Jealous and Envious Thoughts and Feelings 1. The Emotional Experiences of Envy and Jealousy, Parrott 2. The Organization of Jealousy Knowledge: Romantic Jealousy as a Blended Emotion, Sharpsteen 3. A Cognitive Theory of Jealousy, Mathes 4. Envy and the Sense of Injustice, Smith II. The Experience of Jealousy in Close Relationships 5. Psychosocial Aspects of Jealousy: A Transactional Model, Bringle 6. Developmental Correlates of Jealousy, Clant…
The Quasi-acceleration Relation
Satisfaction with a dynamic outcome is positively related to its value, the change in the value, and the rate of change. Proposed in this article is another outcome-satisfaction relation: Satisfaction is positively related to the change in the rate, or quasi-acceleration (QA). We tested this proposition (a) in a direct comparison paradigm where Ss compared pairs of hypothetical academic or investment values of different QAs unfolding graphically …
Emotional attention, clarity, and repair
Evolutionary Origins of Sex Differences in Jealousy? Questioning the “Fitness” of the Model
Evolutionary psychology has become a popular framework for studying jealousy Much of this popularity can be attributed to work by Buss and his colleagues showing an apparent relation between an individual's sex and jealousy for certain types of infidelity (i e, sexual vs emotional) that is consistent with evolutionary theory (Buss, Larsen, Westen, & Semmelroth, 1992) In two studies, we take issue with these findings and argue that the relation be…
Death Attitudes and Self-reported Health- relevant Behaviors
Two studies are presented investigating the role of attitudes toward death in self- reported health-protective behavior. The Multidimensional Death Attitudes Scale (MDAS), based on three existing measures of death attitudes, was administered to a group of health professionals ( N = 348). A principal components analysis revealed five factors, labeled Acceptance, Fear, Death as Passage, Death as Relief and Avoidance. The five- factor structure also…
Shaping perceptions to motivate healthy behavior
Health-relevant communications can be framed in terms of the benefits (gains) or costs (losses) associated with a particular behavior, and the framing of such persuasive messages influences health decision making. Although to ask people to consider a health issue in terms of associated costs is considered an effective way to motivate behavior, empirical findings are inconsistent. In evaluating the effectiveness of framed health messages, investig…
The Systematic Influence of Gain-and Loss-Framed Messages on Interest in and Use of Different Types of Health Behavior
Framing health messages systematically in terms of either gains or losses influences the behaviors that people adopt. Rothman and Salovey proposed that the relative influence of gain-and loss-framed messages is contingent on people’s perception of the risk or uncertainty associated with adopting the recommended behavior. Specifically, loss-framed messages are more effective when promoting illness-detecting (screening) behaviors, but gain-framed m…
Emotional intelligence meets traditional standards for an intelligence
Message framing and sunscreen use
Challenges Facing Female Doctoral Students and Recent Graduates
Although increasing the numbers of women and minority faculty in academia is a widely held goal, their numbers remain small. The presence of women and minorities decreases disproportionately at each ascending rung of the academic ladder. This investigation identified factors potentially contributing to attrition in White and non-White women at a critical stage in their careers: as doctoral candidates and recent graduates. Two-hundred and twenty-f…
Static, dynamic, and causative bipolarity of affect
In what sense are pleasant and unpleasant moods "bipolar"? One must differentiate three types of affective bipolarity: static bipolarity (the zero-order correlation between measures of pleasant and unpleasant affect, net of distortions due to measurement error, tends to be strongly negative), dynamic bipolarity (pleasant and unpleasant feelings generally change in opposite directions and to approximately the same extent), and causative bipolarity…
Predictors of Social Support and Psychological Distress in Women with Breast Cancer
This investigation sought to understand previous well-cited and worrisome findings that women treated for breast cancer with breast-conserving surgery compared to mastectomy experience less social support and more mood disturbance, and that social support from significant others erodes over time. Ninety-three women with breast cancer and a subset of their partners completed assessments at the time of surgical treatment and at 3 and 13 months post…
Psychology (64 works) · Social Psychology (47 works) · Developmental psychology (34 works) · Emotional Intelligence and Performance (25 works) · Social Psychology (23 works) · Cognitive psychology (21 works) · Emotional intelligence (19 works) · Personality Traits and Psychology (17 works) · Behavioral Health and Interventions (15 works) · Medicine (13 works)