M D Hayward
Biographic Data
| ID | 20975 |
|---|---|
| NAME | M D Hayward |
| GIVEN NAMES | M D |
| FAMILY NAME | Hayward |
| SIGNATURE | HAYWARD M D |
| AFFILIATIONS | The University of Texas at Austin |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-4702-1461 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 89 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 2020 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 89 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1978 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 26 |
Offspring Educational Disadvantage and Parents’ Dementia Onset
Objectives A growing body of research examines how adult children’s education influences older parents’ cognitive health. Whereas prior studies tend to focus on educational advantage, this study seeks to understand how various measures of educational disadvantage are associated with parents’ dementia likelihood. In addition, we ask how the risks associated with one child’s educational disadvantage are shaped by a sibling’s educational success. Me…
How Does the Risk of Dementia Change With Each Additional Year of Education
The risk of dementia is considerably lower among persons with a high educational attainment level than among less educated persons. This association has been documented across countries, cohorts, and populations. However, several questions remain unanswered. What is the rate of decline in dementia risk associated with additional education? Does the rate of decline with additional education differ across the education distribution? Are there key p…
The importance of education for understanding variability of dementia onset in the United States
BACKGROUND: Greater levels of education are associated with lower risk of dementia, but less is known about how education is also associated with the compression of dementia incidence. OBJECTIVE: We extend the literature on morbidity compression by evaluating whether increased levels of education are associated with greater dementia compression. We evaluate these patterns across race and gender groups. METHODS: We use the Health and Retirement St…
Racial/Ethnic differences in inflammation levels among older adults 56
OBJECTIVE: Chronic inflammation is a key biological risk factor for many widespread adult health conditions. This study examines racial/ethnic differences in inflammation across several inflammatory markers, including selected cytokines that are identified as important for aging and age-related health outcomes. METHODS: Data came from the 2016 Venous Blood Collection Subsample of the Health and Retirement Study. Using logistic regression models, …
The Potential for Using a Shortened Version of the Everyday Discrimination Scale in Population Research with Young Adults
Discrimination is associated with numerous psychological health outcomes over the life course. The nine-item Everyday Discrimination Scale (EDS) is one of the most widely used measures of discrimination; however, this nine-item measure may not be feasible in large-scale population health surveys where a shortened discrimination measure would be advantageous. The current study examined the construct validity of a combined two-item discrimination m…
Black-White Differences in Offspring Educational Attainment and Older Parents' Dementia
Emerging research documents the health benefits of having highly educated adult offspring. Yet less is known about whether those advantages vary across racial groups. This study examines how offspring education is tied to parents' dementia risk for Black and White parents in the United States. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study, findings suggest that children's education does not account for the Black-White gap in dementia risk. Howe…
Interstates of Infection
PURPOSE: The COVID-19 pandemic has illuminated various heterogeneities between urban and rural environments in public health. The SARS-CoV-2 virus initially spread into the United States from international ports of entry and into urban population centers, like New York City. Over the course of the pandemic, cases emerged in more rural areas, implicating issues of transportation and mobility. Additionally, many rural areas developed into national …
Socioeconomic status across the life course and dementia-status life expectancy among older Americans
This study examines how socioeconomic status (SES) across the life course is associated with individuals’ lifetime dementia experience – the years of life persons can expect to live and without with dementia. Conceptually, dementia-free life expectancy reflects the ability to postpone dementia onset while dementia life expectancy reflects the average lifetime period with the condition. How SES across the life course contributes to dementia-status…
Trends in Dementia Prevalence, Incidence, and Mortality in the United States (2000–2016)
Objectives: The prevalence of dementia has declined in the United States; how this parallels to changes in incidence and mortality, and how improvements in educational attainment may have influences these trends, is not known. Methods: Using the Health and Retirement Study (2000-2016), we estimated logistic regression models to examine trends in dementia prevalence and incidence, and mortality for those with and without dementia. Results: The rel…
The Importance of Improving Educational Attainment for Dementia Prevalence Trends From 2000 to 2014, Among Older Non-Hispanic Black and White Americans
This study shows the importance of improvement in educational attainment in the early part of the twentieth century to understand the downward trend in dementia prevalence in the United States from 2000 to 2014
US State Disparities in Life Expectancy, Disability-Free Life Expectancy, and Disabled Life Expectancy Among Adults Aged 25 to 89 Years
Objectives. To estimate total life expectancy (TLE), disability-free life expectancy (DFLE), and disabled life expectancy (DLE) by US state for women and men aged 25 to 89 years and examine the cross-state patterns. Methods. We used data from the 2013–2017 American Community Survey and the 2017 US Mortality Database to calculate state-specific TLE, DFLE, and DLE by gender for US adults and hypothetical worst- and best-case scenarios. Results. For…
Trends in U.S. Population Health
Recent trends in U.S. health have been mixed, with improvements among some groups and geographic areas alongside declines among others. Medical sociologists have contributed to the understanding of those disparate trends, although important questions remain. In this article, we review trends since the 1980s in key indicators of U.S. health and weigh evidence from the last decade on their causes. To better understand contemporary trends in health,…
US State Policies, Politics, and Life Expectancy
Policy Points Changes in US state policies since the 1970s, particularly after 2010, have played an important role in the stagnation and recent decline in US life expectancy. Some US state policies appear to be key levers for improving life expectancy, such as policies on tobacco, labor, immigration, civil rights, and the environment. US life expectancy is estimated to be 2.8 years longer among women and 2.1 years longer among men if all US state…
The Education of Multiple Family Members and the Life-Course Pathways to Cognitive Impairment
This study adds to current research by asking how resources from earlier and subsequent generations matter for older adults' cognitive health. Although we found little evidence that parental education matters at this life stage, results suggest that offspring education has a salient positive effect on later-life cognitive health. This finding underscores an overlooked source of health disparities-offspring resources-and highlights how a family pe…
Association Between Educational Attainment and Causes of Death Among White and Black US Adults, 2010-2017
Importance: There are substantial and increasing educational differences in US adult life expectancy. To reduce social inequalities in mortality, it is important to understand how specific causes of death have contributed to increasing educational differences in adult life expectancy in recent years. Objective: To estimate the relationship of specific causes of death with increasing educational differences in adult life expectancy from 2010 to 20…
Increasing Education-Based Disparities in Healthy Life Expectancy Among U.S. Non-Hispanic Whites, 2000–2010
Differences in HLE between education groups increased among non-Hispanic whites from 2000 to 2010. In fact, education-based differences in HLE were larger than differences in total life expectancy. Thus, the lives of less-educated whites were not only shorter, on average, compared with their college-educated counterparts, but they were also more burdened with disability
Racial and Educational Disparities in Dementia and Dementia-Free Life Expectancy
Dementia experience and dementia burden differ dramatically along race-education lines. Race and education combine to exaggerate disparities and they both have enduring effects. Future research should explicitly consider how race and education combine to influence dementia in the older American population
Educational Disparities in Adult Mortality Across U.S. States
Adult mortality varies greatly by educational attainment. Explanations have focused on actions and choices made by individuals, neglecting contextual factors such as economic and policy environments. This study takes an important step toward explaining educational disparities in U.S. adult mortality and their growth since the mid-1980s by examining them across U.S. states. We analyzed data on adults aged 45–89 in the 1985–2011 National Health Int…
Educational Disparities in Adult Health
Despite numerous studies on educational disparities in U.S. adult health, explanations for the disparities and their growth over time remain incomplete. The authors argue that this knowledge gap partly reflects an individualist paradigm in U.S. studies of educational disparities in health. These studies have focused largely on proximal explanations (e.g., individual behaviors) to the neglect of contextual explanations (e.g., economic policies). T…
Black/white differences in mortality among veteran and non-veteran males
Educational differences in the compression of disability incidence in the United States
To our knowledge, no prior studies have examined educational difference in compression of disability incidence and conducted formal tests for statistical significance. Educational differences in life span variation in mortality correspond closely with life span variation in disability incidence. One long-range implication of this work is growing inequality in life-span variation in disability incidence given trends in educational differences in l…
Heterogeneity in Educational Pathways and the Health Behavior of U.S. Young Adults
Educational Differences in the Prevalence of Dementia and Life Expectancy with Dementia
Differences in the burden of cognitive loss by education point to the significant cost of low social status both to individuals and to society
Disparities in Disability by Educational Attainment Across US States
Objectives. To examine how disparities in adult disability by educational attainment vary across US states. Methods. We used the nationally representative data of more than 6 million adults aged 45 to 89 years in the 2010–2014 American Community Survey. We defined disability as difficulty with activities of daily living. We categorized education as low (less than high school), mid (high school or some college), or high (bachelor’s or higher). We …
Do U.S. states' socioeconomic and policy contexts shape adult disability
The long arm of childhood
Increasingly, social scientists are turning to childhood to gain a better understanding of the fundamental social causes of adult mortality. However, evidence of the link between childhood and the mortality of adults is fragmentary, and the intervening mechanisms remain unclear. Drawing on the National Longitudinal Survey of Older Men, our analysis shows that men’s mortality is associated with an array of childhood conditions, including socioecon…
The Significance of Socioeconomic Status in Explaining the Racial Gap in Chronic Health Conditions
Black Americans live fewer years than whites and live more years with chronic health problems. The origins of this racial gap are ambiguous. This study examines the pervasiveness of this gap across chronic medical and disabling conditions among middle-aged persons. Alternative hypotheses about how fundamental social conditions of disease differentiate the health of blacks and whites are also examined. Results show that the racial gap in health is…
Does childhood health affect chronic morbidity in later life
Trends and group differences in the association between educational attainment and U.S. adult mortality
Marriage Markets and Marital Choice
This article presents a search model of marital choice. We tested the hypothesis that demographic shortages of suitable marital partners not only lower the probability of marriage, but increase the likelihood that never-married women will either: (a) marry men with characteristics dissimilar to their own or (b) marry men with low socioeconomic status. This analysis was accomplished using data from the 1979-1986 waves of the National Longitudinal …
Educational Attainment and Adult Mortality in the United States
A vast literature has documented the inverse association between educational attainment and U.S. adult mortality risk but given little attention to identifying the optimal functional form of the association. A theoretical explanation of the association hinges on our ability to describe it empirically. Using the 1979–1998 National Longitudinal Mortality Study for non-Hispanic white and black adults aged 25–100 years during the mortality follow-up …
Differentials in Active Life Expectancy in the Older Population of the United States
This study clarifies the process by which mortality and disability interact to determine differences in active life expectancy by age, sex, race, and education for the U.S. population 70 years of age and over. The analysis is performed using data from the Longitudinal Study of Aging and multistate life tables constructed using the results of hazard models. Women spend more years than men both active and inactive at every age; however, the proport…
Racial inequality in active life among adult americans
Is a shorter life with more years lived in poor health a defining attribute of the life cycle of disadvantaged groups? Based on the J990 5% Public Use Microdata Survey, we develop life table models of healthy (or active) life for the major racial groups, by sex, in the United States. The analysis underscores the complexity of the relationship between morbidity and mortality in the population. For Asians, longer life is associated with fewer years…
Childlessness and the Psychological Well-Being of Older Persons
The findings suggest that it is important to understand the consequences of childlessness in the context of marital status and sex
Hispanic Older Adult Mortality in the United States
Hispanics make up a rapidly growing proportion of the U.S. older adult population, so a firm grasp of their mortality patterns is paramount for identifying racial/ethnic differences in life chances in the population as a whole. Documentation of Hispanic mortality is also essential for assessing whether the Hispanic paradox—the similarity in death rates between Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites despite Hispanics’ socioeconomic disadvantage—charact…
Educational Disparities in Adult Mortality Across U.S. States
Adult mortality varies greatly by educational attainment. Explanations have focused on actions and choices made by individuals, neglecting contextual factors such as economic and policy environments. This study takes an important step toward explaining educational disparities in U.S. adult mortality and their growth since the mid-1980s by examining them across U.S. states. We analyzed data on adults aged 45–89 in the 1985–2011 National Health Int…
Early-Life Origins of the Race Gap in Men's Mortality
Using a life course framework, we examine the early life origins of the race gap in men's all-cause mortality. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Older Men (1966-1990), we evaluate major social pathways by which early life conditions differentiate the mortality experiences of blacks and whites. Our findings indicate that early life socioeconomic conditions, particularly parental occupation and family structure, explain part of the race gap…
Changing Mortality and Morbidity Rates and the Health Status and Life Expectancy of the Older Population
This paper demonstrates the consequences of changes in mortality and health transition rates for changes in both health status life expectancy and the prevalence of health problems in the older population. A five-state multistate life table for the mid-1980s provides the baseline for estimating the effect of differing mortality and morbidity schedules. Results show that improving mortality alone implies increases in both the years and the proport…
The Significance of Education for Mortality Compression in the United States
Recent studies of old-age mortality trends assess whether longevity improvements over time are linked to increasing compression of mortality at advanced ages. The historical backdrop of these studies is the long-term improvement in a population’s socioeconomic resources that fueled longevity gains. We extend this line of inquiry by examining whether socioeconomic differences in longevity within a population are accompanied by old-age mortality co…
Gender, the Marital Life Course, and Cardiovascular Disease in Late Midlife
Drawing on 5 waves of the Health and Retirement Study, we examine the influence of the marital life course on the prevalence and incidence of cardiovascular disease among 9,434 middle-aged individuals. Results show that compared to continuously married persons, both men and women with a marital loss have significantly higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease at baseline. Men and women, however, differ in the effects of marital loss on the inci…
Educational Disparities in Adult Health
Despite numerous studies on educational disparities in U.S. adult health, explanations for the disparities and their growth over time remain incomplete. The authors argue that this knowledge gap partly reflects an individualist paradigm in U.S. studies of educational disparities in health. These studies have focused largely on proximal explanations (e.g., individual behaviors) to the neglect of contextual explanations (e.g., economic policies). T…
Health Consequences of Marriage for the Retirement Years
Greater numbers of persons will enter retirement outside of marriage or with a checkered marital history. Given the traditional health benefits of marriage, these changes in the population's marital life course may foretell changing demands for eldercare in addition to adverse health consequences. Here, the authors provide new evidence on the specific aspects of health associated with marriage for a nationally representative survey of retirement …
Why Is the Educational Gradient of Mortality Steeper for Men
Low education and unmarried status exert a synergistic effect on men's mortality. Unmarried, low-educated men may lack social supports that encourage positive health behaviors
Early Life Influences on Cognitive Impairment Among Oldest Old Chinese
Our findings suggest that socioeconomic environment throughout the life course, early life in particular, can influence the risk of cognitive impairment in old age. Not only can public policy that targets illiteracy, hunger, and poverty improve the lives of tens of thousands of children, but ultimately such investments will pay significant dividends many decades later in enhancing the cognitive well-being of older persons
Occupational careers and mortality of elderly men
This article presents findings from an analysis of occupational differentials in mortality among a cohort of males aged 55 years and older in the United States for the period 1966–1983. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Mature Men, we construct event histories for 3,080 respondents who reach the exact age of 55. The dynamics that characterize socioeconomic differentials in mortality are analyzed by evaluating the differential effects of o…
Adult children's education and changes to parents' physical health in Mexico
Interpreting Hazard Rate Models
Hazard rate models are found with increasing frequency in the social science literature. Although such models hold considerable potential for answering difficult research questions, the substantive meaning of coefficients from hazard rate models is not always immediately obvious. In order to aid in the substantive interpretation of hazard rate models, the authors suggest that associated survival functions and related quantities be calculated. Sev…
Do U.S. states' socioeconomic and policy contexts shape adult disability
Does the Hispanic Paradox in U.S. Adult Mortality Extend to Disability
Change in disability-free life expectancy for Americans 70 years old and older
In this article, we examine changes in life expectancy free of disability using longitudinal data collected from 1984 through 2000 from two cohorts who composed the Longitudinal Studies of Aging I and II. Life expectancies with and without ADL and/or IADL disability are calculated using a Markov-based multistate life table approach. At age 70, disability-free life expectancy increased over a 10-year period by 0.6 of a year in the later cohort, wh…
The Location of Change in the Sexual Structure of Occupations, 1950-1970
Empirical analyses of inequality trends indicates that gender differentials have remained highly stable in the United States since World War II. We challenge such conclusions of extreme stability with respect to the sexual structure of occupations. The primary focus is on shifts in gender composition, because different occupational distributions of men and women are now regarded as the major source of differential work rewards. We demonstrate tha…
The Occupational Retention and Recruitment of Older Men
This study examines the effects of structural characteristics of occupations on the occupational retention and recruitment rates of older male workers. Based on transition rates reflecting occupational labor force status movements, the results indicate that movement out of the labor force is lowest in occupations characterized by high growth, substantively complex work, and low physical demands; movement to a different occupation is lowest in occ…
The Influence of Occupational Characteristics on Men's Early Retirement
This study examines the influence of occupational characteristics on the early retirement of men. The results indicate that there is some age-grading of occupational “attractiveness” such that occupational characteristics gain or lose their direct salience for retirement depending on the age of incumbents. In addition, when the nature of work is controlled, the influence of pension coverage declines, suggesting that past research may have overest…
Change in the Racial Composition of Occupations, 1960-1970
This study estimates change in the racial inequality of employment during the 1960s, a decade characterized by substantial economic growth and significant government antidiscriminatory activity. The focus is on the influence of (1) structural change, as measured by industrial and occupational growth, and (2) indicators of industrial structure (e.g., profitability, concentration) on change in the racial composition of occupations within industries…
Changes in the retirement process among older men in the United States
Recent changes in older men’s retirement patterns are investigated for the United States. The results show that labor force incumbents, particularly those in secondary occupations, experienced increases in the volume of both retirement and reentry to the labor force. In addition, although working life expectancy remained relatively stable across occupations, men in secondary occupations spent increasingly greater portions of their work lives in p…
Contraceptive Discontinuation among Married Women in the United States
Using data from the 1982 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), this analysis reports differentials in contraceptive discontinuation among married women aged 15-44 years in the United States. The total discontinuation rate is broken down into change to no method (termination) or to a different method (a method switch), and rates are obtained for specific methods. In addition, sociodemographic differences in risks associated with each type of di…
Contraceptive switching among currently married women in the United States
This study examines contraceptive method switching among married women in the US. It enquires first into the effect of method type and women's socioeconomic characteristics on the risk of switching to each of six methods, including no method, and secondly into the previous methods used by women who adopt specific contraceptive means. The results indicate a great deal of circulation among all method types and of movement to unprotected intercourse…
Occupational influences on retirement, disability, and death
This research examines the alternative mechanisms by which occupations influence the nature and timing of older men’s labor force withdrawal. We specifically assess the extent to which occupational factors operate directly and indirectly on exiting events and whether occupations constrain traditional determinants of labor force participation. Based on a discrete-time hazard modeling approach, the results substantiate that the occupational task ac…
Work and Retirement Among a Cohort of Older Men in the United States, 1966–1983
Multivariate increment-decrement working life tables are estimated for a cohort of older men in the United States for the period 1966–1983. The approach taken allows multiple processes to be simultaneously incorporated into a single model, resulting in a more realistic portrayal of a cohort’s late-life labor force behavior. In addition, because the life table model is developed from multivariate hazard equations, we identify the effects of sociod…
Occupational careers and mortality of elderly men
This article presents findings from an analysis of occupational differentials in mortality among a cohort of males aged 55 years and older in the United States for the period 1966–1983. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Mature Men, we construct event histories for 3,080 respondents who reach the exact age of 55. The dynamics that characterize socioeconomic differentials in mortality are analyzed by evaluating the differential effects of o…
A Generation of Change
Interpreting Hazard Rate Models
Hazard rate models are found with increasing frequency in the social science literature. Although such models hold considerable potential for answering difficult research questions, the substantive meaning of coefficients from hazard rate models is not always immediately obvious. In order to aid in the substantive interpretation of hazard rate models, the authors suggest that associated survival functions and related quantities be calculated. Sev…
Changing Mortality and Morbidity Rates and the Health Status and Life Expectancy of the Older Population
This paper demonstrates the consequences of changes in mortality and health transition rates for changes in both health status life expectancy and the prevalence of health problems in the older population. A five-state multistate life table for the mid-1980s provides the baseline for estimating the effect of differing mortality and morbidity schedules. Results show that improving mortality alone implies increases in both the years and the proport…
Work After Retirement
Marriage Markets and Marital Choice
This article presents a search model of marital choice. We tested the hypothesis that demographic shortages of suitable marital partners not only lower the probability of marriage, but increase the likelihood that never-married women will either: (a) marry men with characteristics dissimilar to their own or (b) marry men with low socioeconomic status. This analysis was accomplished using data from the 1979-1986 waves of the National Longitudinal …
Race Inequities in Men's Retirement
A multistate life table model is used to identify how labor force experiences and mortality determine the labor force participation rates (LFPRs) and the qualities of the retirement life cycle of Black and White older men. LFPRs and the life cycle measures are compared to assess inequities of retirement access for the racial groups. The results show that Blacks' lower LFPRs are a function of disability. Despite lower LFPRs than Whites, however, B…
Differentials in Active Life Expectancy in the Older Population of the United States
This study clarifies the process by which mortality and disability interact to determine differences in active life expectancy by age, sex, race, and education for the U.S. population 70 years of age and over. The analysis is performed using data from the Longitudinal Study of Aging and multistate life tables constructed using the results of hazard models. Women spend more years than men both active and inactive at every age; however, the proport…
Inequality in Men's Mortality
Lower mortality for older rural Americans, compared to urban residents, runs counter to rural-urban disparities in health care services and residents' socioeconomic resources. This paradox calls into question the ways in which community conditions influence mortality and contextualize the relationship between individuals' socioeconomic status and health. Drawing on 24 years of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Older Men, we observe th…
Cause of Death and Active Life Expectancy in the Older Population of the United States
This study investigates how the major causes of death end active and inactive life among older Americans. Based on data from the Longitudinal Study of Aging, a multistate life-table model of individuals' age-graded mortality and disability experiences reveals that many, and sometimes most, of the deaths occurring among the elderly population happen when people are active relatively close to death. This pattern is especially evident for men. Despi…
Career Trajectories and Older Men's Retirement
The idea of a long and stable career rewarded by retirement is a fixture of the American social ethos and political economy. The paradox is that many Americans' careers do not fit this image. Here, we examined how the structure of the career, as compared to only those circumstances proximate to retirement, is important for understanding career endings. Based on labor force histories drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Older Men, we obs…
A Life Cycle Model of Labor Force Inequality
Prevalence measures of labor force activity unambiguously demonstrate inequality across population groups (e.g., education groups), but they cannot reveal the underlying stochastic processes generating inequality. In this article, the authors develop explicit life cycle measures of inequality that summarize the divergent stochastic processes defining group differences in labor force behavior. They focus specifically on educational differences in …
Racial inequality in active life among adult americans
Is a shorter life with more years lived in poor health a defining attribute of the life cycle of disadvantaged groups? Based on the J990 5% Public Use Microdata Survey, we develop life table models of healthy (or active) life for the major racial groups, by sex, in the United States. The analysis underscores the complexity of the relationship between morbidity and mortality in the population. For Asians, longer life is associated with fewer years…
The Significance of Socioeconomic Status in Explaining the Racial Gap in Chronic Health Conditions
Black Americans live fewer years than whites and live more years with chronic health problems. The origins of this racial gap are ambiguous. This study examines the pervasiveness of this gap across chronic medical and disabling conditions among middle-aged persons. Alternative hypotheses about how fundamental social conditions of disease differentiate the health of blacks and whites are also examined. Results show that the racial gap in health is…
Health Consequences of Marriage for the Retirement Years
Greater numbers of persons will enter retirement outside of marriage or with a checkered marital history. Given the traditional health benefits of marriage, these changes in the population's marital life course may foretell changing demands for eldercare in addition to adverse health consequences. Here, the authors provide new evidence on the specific aspects of health associated with marriage for a nationally representative survey of retirement …
Childlessness and the Psychological Well-Being of Older Persons
The findings suggest that it is important to understand the consequences of childlessness in the context of marital status and sex
Medicine (78 works) · Gerontology (67 works) · Health disparities and outcomes (66 works) · Demography (60 works) · Population (59 works) · Sociology (56 works) · Psychology (53 works) · Demography (43 works) · Global Health Care Issues (38 works) · Gerontology (36 works)