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Martin Van Bruinessen

Biographic Data

ID245666
NAMEMartin Van Bruinessen
GIVEN NAMESMartin
FAMILY NAMEVan Bruinessen
SIGNATUREVAN BRUINESSEN M
AFFILIATIONSUtrecht University
ORCID0009-0009-4965-6485
VERIFIEDYes
TOTAL WORKS60
TOTAL CITATIONS236
AUTHOR COUNT58
EDITOR COUNT4
FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR1970
LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR2025
H-INDEX6
  • Afterword

    Open Access•Martin Van Bruinessen•ARTICLE•Religion State & Society•2025

  • Boris James, Genèse du Kurdistan. Les Kurdes dans l’Orient mamelouk et mongol (1250-1340)

    Open Access•Martin Van Bruinessen•ARTICLE•Bulletin critique des Annales…•2023

    Serious historical studies of the Kurds are few and far between and tend moreover to focus on the modern period. As part of the current flourishing of Ottoman studies, it is true, there has been a steady trickle of studies on the Kurds, their neighbours and the state in the Ottoman period (which for the Kurds began around 1500 CE), but hardly any work has been done on pre-Ottoman times. The most authoritative general overviews of Kurdish history,…

  • Under Empire

    Open Access•Martin Van Bruinessen•ARTICLE•Journal of Islamic Studies•2023

    Journal Article Under Empire: Muslim Lives and Loyalties across the Indian Ocean World, 1775–1945 By Michael Francis Laffan Get access Under Empire: Muslim Lives and Loyalties across the Indian Ocean World, 1775–1945By Michael Francis Laffan (Columbia, NY: Columbia University Press, 2022. Columbia Studies in International and Global History), xii + 464 pp. Price PB £30.00. EAN 978–0231202633. Martin van Bruinessen Martin van Bruinessen Utrecht Un…

  • Salafism and the State

    Open Access•Martin Van Bruinessen•ARTICLE•Bijdragen tot de taal- land- en…•2022•Cited by: 1•References: 2

  • The Forgotten Years of Kurdish Nationalism in Iran

    Martin Van Bruinessen•ARTICLE•Kurdish Studies•2021

    Abbas Vali, The Forgotten Years of Kurdish Nationalism in Iran, review by Martin van Bruinessen

  • The Kurds. Legend of the East

    Martin Van Bruinessen•ARTICLE•Kurdish Studies•2021

    The Kurds. Legend of the East reviewed by Martin van Bruinessen et al

  • In memoriam Kamal Mazhar Ahmad (1937-2021), doyen of Kurdish historians

    Martin Van Bruinessen•ARTICLE•Kurdish Studies•2021

    The Iraqi Kurdish historian Kamal Mazhar Ahmad (1937-2021) was probably one of the best known and most productive historians. He belonged to the first generation of Iraqis to pursue postgraduate studies in the Soviet Union, and when he was allowed to return to Iraq in 1970, he played a crucial role in the institutionalization of academic institutions and disciplines there and acted as an intermediary between Iraqi Kurdish and Soviet academic circ…

  • In Memoriam Mona Abaza, global scholar (1959-2021)

    Open Access•Martin Van Bruinessen•ARTICLE•Archipel•2021

    This summer the sad news reached us that the Egyptian sociologist Mona Abaza, to whom we owe insightful studies on interactions between the Middle East and Southeast Asia as well as important works on contemporary Egyptian culture and society, passed away after a long and painful struggle with cancer. Death arrived on July 5 in Berlin, where she had been receiving medical treatment, cutting short a flourishing scholarly career – even during the l…

  • Saudi Arabia and Indonesian Networks

    Open Access•Martin Van Bruinessen•ARTICLE•Bijdragen tot de taal- land- en…•2021

    Saudi Arabia does not generally enjoy much sympathy among Western opinion makers, politicians and academic observers, nor does the brand of Islamic doctrine and practice known as Salafism, which is widely considered as the Kingdom's chief ideological export product.Many Indonesian spokespersons for 'moderate' Islam share the disdain for Salafism and hold Saudi influence responsible for the decline of religious tolerance and the rise of assertive …

  • Kurdish Studies Archive

    Martin Van Bruinessen•BOOK•Kurdish Studies Archive•2020

  • The Peacock in Sufi Cosmology and Popular Religion

    Open Access•Martin Van Bruinessen•ARTICLE•Epistemé Jurnal Pengembangan Ilmu…•2020

    In various cultural and religious contexts, from West Asia to Southeast Asia, we come across a number of quite similar creation myths in which a peacock, seated on a cosmic tree, plays a central part. For the Yezidis, a sect of Sufi origins that has moved away from Islam, the Peacock Angel, who is the most glorious of the angels, is the master of the created world. This belief may be related to early Muslim cosmologies involving the Muhammadan Li…

  • Zeki Sarigil, Ethnic Boundaries in Turkish Politics

    Martin Van Bruinessen•ARTICLE•Kurdish Studies•2020

    Review of Zeki Sarigil, Ethnic Boundaries in Turkish Politics

  • In Memoriam Merle Calvin Ricklefs

    Open Access•Martin Van Bruinessen•ARTICLE•Bijdragen tot de taal- land- en…•2020•Cited by: 1•References: 3

  • Tribes and Ethnic Identity

    Martin Van Bruinessen•CHAPTER•The Kurds in a Changing Middle East•2019

  • Islam and the State in Myanmar

    Open Access•Martin Van Bruinessen•ARTICLE•Bijdragen tot de taal- land- en…•2018•References: 1

    Islam and the State in Myanmar: Muslim-Buddhist Relations and the Politics of Belonging, by Melissa Crouch (ed.) & Myanmar’s Enemy Within: Buddhist Violence and the Making of a Muslim ‘Other’, by Francis Wade" published on 13 Jul 2018 by Brill

  • The Governance of Islam in Two Secular Polities

    Open Access•Martin Van Bruinessen•ARTICLE•European journal of Turkish studies•2018•Cited by: 3•References: 32

    Turkey’s particular form of secularism, laiklik, does not entail the separation of state and religion but the disestablishment of all independent religious authority and subjection of the religious sphere to state control. The chief instrument through which the state exerts its control, Diyanet, has grown into a vast bureaucracy, especially in the wake of the 1980 military coup. The only other Muslim-majority country that has a similar large bure…

  • Between Dersim and Dālahū – Reflections on Kurdish Alevism and the Ahl-e Ḥaqq Religion

    Martin Van Bruinessen•CHAPTER•Islamic Alternatives•2017

    Türklerinin rolü, Ankara: Selçuklu Tarih ve Medeniyeti Enstitüsü, 1976. 9 There is no indication of the large Kurdish component of the Kızılbaş in Sümer's study.Interestingly, in his history of the Kurdish emirates, Sharafnâma, which was completed in 1597, the former ruler of Bitlis, Sharaf Khân, claims that all Kurds were staunch Sunnis (except the occasional Yezidi tribe).There are good reasons to

  • Forging Islamic Power and Place

    Martin Van Bruinessen•ARTICLE•Journal of Islamic Studies•2017

    Shaykh Dāʾūd bin ‘Abd Allāh from Patani in southern Thailand, who was active as a scholar and teacher in Makka in the first decades of the nineteenth century, was a highly prolific and influential author of religious texts in Malay. He was the progenitor of what Bradley has elsewhere called the ‘Patani school’, a network of scholars with Patani roots that has dominated traditionalist Islamic learning in Malay during the past two centuries. Shaykh…

  • Shiʿism in South East Asia

    Martin Van Bruinessen•ARTICLE•Journal of Islamic Studies•2017

    The title of this book is slightly deceptive, for apart from the last two chapters, which concern recent conversions to Shiʿism in Indonesia, and a chapter on Persian and Indian Shiʿis in Thailand, it does not really deal with actual Shiʿi communities but mostly describes expressions of piety focussing on ʿAlī and the ahl al-bayt in otherwise Sunni contexts. The editors and contributors provide a comprehensive overview of the various phenomena th…

  • The Turkic-Turkish Theme in Traditional Malay Literature. Imagining the Other to Empower the Self, written by Vladimir Braginsky

    Open Access•Martin Van Bruinessen•ARTICLE•Bijdragen tot de taal- land- en…•2016

  • From Anatolia to Aceh

    Martin Van Bruinessen•ARTICLE•Journal of Islamic Studies•2016

    The relations between Muslim Southeast Asia and the major contemporary Muslim power, the Ottoman Empire, have long remained under-researched. In English-language scholarship, a few articles by Anthony Reid on the sixteenth-century and late nineteenth-century diplomatic and military relations between Aceh and the Ottomans, published more than 40 years ago, pretty much summed up the available knowledge. There was little interest in pushing research…

  • In the Tradition or Outside? Reflections on Teachers and Influences

    Open Access•Martin Van Bruinessen•ARTICLE•Al-Jami ah Journal of Islamic…•2015

    In this autobiographical essay, Martin van Bruinessen looks back at the diverse intellectual influences that contributed to his formation as a scholar of Indonesian Islam. He was never trained as an Indonesianist or a scholar of Islam, and came to the subject through a series of unplanned changes in his life trajectory. His first acquaintance with Indonesia was through late colonial and post-colonial Dutch literature. It was followed in his stude…

  • The Netherlands and the Gülen movement

    Martin Van Bruinessen•ARTICLE•Sociology of Islam•2014•Cited by: 2

    The Gülen movement has been active among immigrant workers from Turkey in the Netherlands since the 1980s. Its first institutions—educational centers, boarding houses, schools, business associations—were established when a (partly) Dutch-educated second generation came to adulthood in the mid-1990s. Ağabeyler (“older brothers”) dispatched from Turkey remained in the background, while students and graduates of Dutch universities and colleges built…

  • Contemporary Developments in Indonesian Islam

    Martin Van Bruinessen•BOOK•Contemporary Developments in…•2013

    "Once celebrated in the Western media as a shining example of a 'liberal' and 'tolerant' Islam, Indonesia since the end of the Soeharto regime (May 1998) has witnessed a variety of developments that bespeak a conservative turn in the country's Muslim politics. In this timely collection of original essays, Martin van Bruinessen, our most distinguished senior Western scholar of Indonesian Islam, and four leading Indonesian Muslim scholars explore a…

  • Mullas, Sufis, and Heretics

    Martin Van Bruinessen

Next
  • Agha, shaikh, and state

    Martin Van Bruinessen•BOOK•Agha, shaikh, and state•1992•Cited by: 68

  • Genealogies of Islamic Radicalism in Post-Suharto Indonesia

    Open Access•Martin Van Bruinessen•ARTICLE•South East Asia Research•2002•Cited by: 44•References: 10

    The emergence of violent Muslim vigilante groups in regions of Indonesia where there has been serious inter-religious conflict is one of the most conspicuous new phenomena in contemporary Indonesian Islam. During the brief presidency of Abdurrahman Wahid, such groups often gained control of the streets, and the army and police appeared unable, or unwilling, to contain them. Most observers of modern Indonesia agree that much of the violence is fin…

  • Shifting national and ethnic identities

    Martin Van Bruinessen•ARTICLE•Institute of Muslim Minority…•1998•Cited by: 38•References: 1

    1998). Shifting national and ethnic identities: the Kurds in Turkey and the European Diaspora. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs: Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 39-52

  • Kitab kuning; Books in Arabic script used in the Pesantren milieu; Comments on a new collection in the KITLV Library

    Open Access•Martin Van Bruinessen, Martin Bruinessen•ARTICLE•Bijdragen tot de taal- land- en…•1990•Cited by: 37•References: 5

    A source-critical or tradition-historical approach to the Genesis Apocryphon will quite justifiably emphasize the features of the Apocryphon that point toward what can be described as its lack of compositional unity. There exists, however, a level on which the Apocryphon can be shown to be a whole; that is its narrative unity. The latter is the result of the ways in which the final author/composer organized and manipulated the sources and traditi…

  • The Madrasa in Asia

    Dietrich Reetz, Mareike Winkelmann et al.•BOOK•The madrasa in Asia•2008•Cited by: 14•References: 3

  • Shari'a court, tarekat and pesantren

    Martin Van Bruinessen•ARTICLE•Archipel•1995•Cited by: 11

    van Bruinessen Martin. Shari'a court, tarekat and pesantren: Religious Institutions in the Banten Sultanate. In: Archipel, volume 50, 1995. Banten. Histoire d'une région. pp. 165-199

  • Global and Local in Indonesian Islam

    Open Access•Martin Van Bruinessen, M M van Bruinessen•ARTICLE•Tōnan Ajia Kenkyū/Tonan ajia kenkyu•1999•Cited by: 4•References: 4

    One important aspect of globalisation is the process of Islamisation of Indonesia.For many centuries this precess consisted of a constant stream of ideas and practices from Mecca to Indonesia.fldjis and Arab traders were the carriers of this cultural flow, which was largely one-directional.Cultural practices originating frorn the Middle East were integrated into local custom and belief.Such well-known cultural and to the syncretistic rule and as …

  • Najmuddin al-Kubra, Jumadil Kubra and Jamaluddin al-Akbar; Traces of Kubrawiyya influence in early Indonesian islam

    Open Access•Martin Van Bruinessen, Martin Bruinessen•ARTICLE•Bijdragen tot de taal- land- en…•1994•Cited by: 4

    Traces of Kubrawiyya Influence in Early Indonesian IslamThe Javanese Sajarah Banten rante-rante (hereafter abbreviated as SBR) and its Malay translation Hikayat Hasanuddin, compiled in the late seventeenth or early eighteenth century but incorporating much older material, consist of a number of disparate narratives, one of which tells of the alleged studies of Sunan Gunung Jati in Mecca. 1 A very similar, though less detailed, account is containe…

  • The Governance of Islam in Two Secular Polities

    Open Access•Martin Van Bruinessen•ARTICLE•European journal of Turkish studies•2018•Cited by: 3•References: 32

    Turkey’s particular form of secularism, laiklik, does not entail the separation of state and religion but the disestablishment of all independent religious authority and subjection of the religious sphere to state control. The chief instrument through which the state exerts its control, Diyanet, has grown into a vast bureaucracy, especially in the wake of the 1980 military coup. The only other Muslim-majority country that has a similar large bure…

  • Haji Bektash, Sultan Sahak, Shah Mina Sahib and Various Avatars of a Running Wall

    Open Access•Martin Van Bruinessen•ARTICLE•Turcica•1991•Cited by: 3•References: 2

  • The Netherlands and the Gülen movement

    Martin Van Bruinessen•ARTICLE•Sociology of Islam•2014•Cited by: 2

    The Gülen movement has been active among immigrant workers from Turkey in the Netherlands since the 1980s. Its first institutions—educational centers, boarding houses, schools, business associations—were established when a (partly) Dutch-educated second generation came to adulthood in the mid-1990s. Ağabeyler (“older brothers”) dispatched from Turkey remained in the background, while students and graduates of Dutch universities and colleges built…

  • Muslim fundamentalism

    Martin Van Bruinessen•ARTICLE•Islam and Christian–Muslim…•1995•Cited by: 2•References: 4

    This article surveys various attempts to make sociological sense of the diverse Muslim movements often lumped together under the label of fundamentalism. Explanations of fundamentalism as a form of resistance to modernization or those reducing it to social and economic discontent may have some prima facie plausibility but fail to explain why this protest takes a religious form. Orientalist studies emphasizing the theological dimension, on the oth…

  • New perspectives on Southeast Asian Islam

    Open Access•Martin Van Bruinessen, Martin Bruinessen•ARTICLE•Bijdragen tot de taal- land- en…•1987•Cited by: 2

    Fred R. von der Mehden, Religion and Modernization in Southeast Asia, New York: Syracuse University Press, 1986. Readings on Islam in Southeast Asia, compiled by Ahmad Ibrahim, Sharon Siddique, and Yasmin Hussain, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1985. . B. Hooker (ed.), Islam in South-East Asia, Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1983. L'Islam en Indon?sie I III, two special issues of Archipel, nos. 29 and 30, Paris 1985

  • Salafism and the State

    Open Access•Martin Van Bruinessen•ARTICLE•Bijdragen tot de taal- land- en…•2022•Cited by: 1•References: 2

  • In Memoriam Merle Calvin Ricklefs

    Open Access•Martin Van Bruinessen•ARTICLE•Bijdragen tot de taal- land- en…•2020•Cited by: 1•References: 3

  • Kurdistan in the 16th and 17th Centuries

    Martin Van Bruinessen•ARTICLE•Journal of Kurdish Studies•2000•Cited by: 1

  • The 28th Congress of the Nahdatul Ulama

    Martin Van Bruinessen•ARTICLE•Archipel•1991•Cited by: 1

    van Bruinessen Martin. The 28th Congress of the Nahdatul Ulama : Power Struggle and Social Concerns. In: Archipel, volume 41, 1991. pp. 185-200

  • Ṣūfī and Sultāns in Southeast Asia and Kurdistan

    Open Access•Martin Van Bruinessen•ARTICLE•STUDIA ISLAMIKA•1970

    This paper describes the stories about the relationship between Sufi with the king in the process of Islamization of a society that is a lot of coloring the literature in the Muslim world. This happens due to the fact that the relationship between the world religions (spiritual) with the world powers (the material) is always a problem that is somewhat typical. On the one hand, people tend to assume that a Sufi should not approach politics, becaus…

  • The Origins and Development of Ṣūfī Orders (Tarekat) in Southeast Asia

    Open Access•Martin Van Bruinessen•ARTICLE•STUDIA ISLAMIKA•1970

    Any Theory of the Islamization of the Malay Archipelago will have to at least explain why the process began when it did, instead of some centuries earlier or later. Foreign Muslims has probably been resident in the trading ports of Sumatra and Java for many centuries, but it is only towards the end of the 13th century that the find traces of apparently indigenous Muslims. The first evidence is from the north coast Sumatra, where a few tini muslim…

  • Muslims of the Dutch East Indies and the Caliphate Question

    Open Access•Martin Van Bruinessen•ARTICLE•STUDIA ISLAMIKA•1970

    The abolition of 'Abd al-Majid's caliphate by Turkey's national assembly in March 1924, and the call by Azhar 'ulama' for an international congress in Cairo to elect a new khalifah the following year, had the effct of making Muslims in the Dutch Indies more aware that they were living under infildel rule. These events, and the conquest of the Hijaz by Ibn Sa'ud in the same year, briefly caised feverish activity the Indies. The interm advisor on n…

  • The Kurds in Turkey

    Martin Van Bruinessen•ARTICLE•MERIP Reports•1984

  • The Kurds between Iran and Iraq

    Martin Van Bruinessen•ARTICLE•MERIP Middle East Report•1986

  • New perspectives on Southeast Asian Islam

    Open Access•Martin Van Bruinessen, Martin Bruinessen•ARTICLE•Bijdragen tot de taal- land- en…•1987•Cited by: 2

    Fred R. von der Mehden, Religion and Modernization in Southeast Asia, New York: Syracuse University Press, 1986. Readings on Islam in Southeast Asia, compiled by Ahmad Ibrahim, Sharon Siddique, and Yasmin Hussain, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1985. . B. Hooker (ed.), Islam in South-East Asia, Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1983. L'Islam en Indon?sie I III, two special issues of Archipel, nos. 29 and 30, Paris 1985

  • Between Guerrilla War and Political Murder

    Martin Van Bruinessen•ARTICLE•Middle East Report•1988

  • Kitab kuning; Books in Arabic script used in the Pesantren milieu; Comments on a new collection in the KITLV Library

    Open Access•Martin Van Bruinessen, Martin Bruinessen•ARTICLE•Bijdragen tot de taal- land- en…•1990•Cited by: 37•References: 5

    A source-critical or tradition-historical approach to the Genesis Apocryphon will quite justifiably emphasize the features of the Apocryphon that point toward what can be described as its lack of compositional unity. There exists, however, a level on which the Apocryphon can be shown to be a whole; that is its narrative unity. The latter is the result of the ways in which the final author/composer organized and manipulated the sources and traditi…

  • The 28th Congress of the Nahdatul Ulama

    Martin Van Bruinessen•ARTICLE•Archipel•1991•Cited by: 1

    van Bruinessen Martin. The 28th Congress of the Nahdatul Ulama : Power Struggle and Social Concerns. In: Archipel, volume 41, 1991. pp. 185-200

  • Haji Bektash, Sultan Sahak, Shah Mina Sahib and Various Avatars of a Running Wall

    Open Access•Martin Van Bruinessen•ARTICLE•Turcica•1991•Cited by: 3•References: 2

  • Agha, shaikh, and state

    Martin Van Bruinessen•BOOK•Agha, shaikh, and state•1992•Cited by: 68

  • Evliya Celebi in Diyarbekir. The Relevant Section of the Seyahatname Edited with Translation, Commentary and Introduction

    Suraiya Faroqhi, Martin Van Bruinessen et al.•ARTICLE•Journal of the Economic and…•1992

  • Kurdish Ethnonationalism

    Eric Hooglund, Nader Entessar et al.•ARTICLE•Middle East Report•1993

  • Agha, Shaikh and State

    Lale Yalcin-Heckmann, Lale Yalçın‐heckmann et al.•REVIEW•Man•1993

    Preface * Introduction * How this book came to be written * Subject of this study * A note on the written sources * 1. General Information on Kurdistan * Geography * Geopolitical situation * Population * Other economic activities: crafts/industries and trades * Language * Religion * The Kurdish national movement, 1960-85 * Iranian Kurdistan and the Islamic Revolution * The Iran-Iraq war and the Kurds * Saddam Hussein's solution to the Kurdish que…

  • Najmuddin al-Kubra, Jumadil Kubra and Jamaluddin al-Akbar; Traces of Kubrawiyya influence in early Indonesian islam

    Open Access•Martin Van Bruinessen, Martin Bruinessen•ARTICLE•Bijdragen tot de taal- land- en…•1994•Cited by: 4

    Traces of Kubrawiyya Influence in Early Indonesian IslamThe Javanese Sajarah Banten rante-rante (hereafter abbreviated as SBR) and its Malay translation Hikayat Hasanuddin, compiled in the late seventeenth or early eighteenth century but incorporating much older material, consist of a number of disparate narratives, one of which tells of the alleged studies of Sunan Gunung Jati in Mecca. 1 A very similar, though less detailed, account is containe…

  • Islam und Politik in der Turkei

    Klaus Kreiser, Jochen Blaschke et al.•ARTICLE•Die Welt des Islams•1994

  • Muslim fundamentalism

    Martin Van Bruinessen•ARTICLE•Islam and Christian–Muslim…•1995•Cited by: 2•References: 4

    This article surveys various attempts to make sociological sense of the diverse Muslim movements often lumped together under the label of fundamentalism. Explanations of fundamentalism as a form of resistance to modernization or those reducing it to social and economic discontent may have some prima facie plausibility but fail to explain why this protest takes a religious form. Orientalist studies emphasizing the theological dimension, on the oth…

  • Shari'a court, tarekat and pesantren

    Martin Van Bruinessen•ARTICLE•Archipel•1995•Cited by: 11

    van Bruinessen Martin. Shari'a court, tarekat and pesantren: Religious Institutions in the Banten Sultanate. In: Archipel, volume 50, 1995. Banten. Histoire d'une région. pp. 165-199

  • Turkey's Death Squads

    Martin Van Bruinessen•ARTICLE•Middle East Report•1996

  • Kurds, Turks and the Alevi Revival in Turkey

    Martin Van Bruinessen•ARTICLE•Middle East Report•1996

  • Rakyat kecil, Islam, dan politik

    Open Access•Martin Van Bruinessen•BOOK•Rakyat kecil, Islam, dan politik•1998

    Role of Islam in the lives of the poor and in politics, Indonesia; collected articles

  • Shifting national and ethnic identities

    Martin Van Bruinessen•ARTICLE•Institute of Muslim Minority…•1998•Cited by: 38•References: 1

    1998). Shifting national and ethnic identities: the Kurds in Turkey and the European Diaspora. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs: Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 39-52

  • Studies of Sufism and the Sufi Orders in Indonesia

    Martin Van Bruinessen•ARTICLE•Die Welt des Islams•1998

  • Öcalan capturé

    Martin Van Bruinessen, Rachel Bouyssou•ARTICLE•Critique internationale•1999

    van Bruinessen Martin, Bouyssou Rachel. Öcalan capturé : et après ?. In: Critique internationale, vol. 4. 1999. Les "bonnes oeuvres" des extrémistes, sous la direction de Christophe Jaffrelot. pp. 39-47

  • Global and Local in Indonesian Islam

    Open Access•Martin Van Bruinessen, M M van Bruinessen•ARTICLE•Tōnan Ajia Kenkyū/Tonan ajia kenkyu•1999•Cited by: 4•References: 4

    One important aspect of globalisation is the process of Islamisation of Indonesia.For many centuries this precess consisted of a constant stream of ideas and practices from Mecca to Indonesia.fldjis and Arab traders were the carriers of this cultural flow, which was largely one-directional.Cultural practices originating frorn the Middle East were integrated into local custom and belief.Such well-known cultural and to the syncretistic rule and as …

History (34 works) · Political science (34 works) · Philosophy (29 works) · Islam (27 works) · Sociology (27 works) · Ancient history (25 works) · Islamic Studies and History (22 works) · Asian Studies and History (21 works) · Law (21 works) · Politics (19 works)

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