Jon Swain
Biographic Data
| ID | 252172 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Jon Swain |
| GIVEN NAMES | Jon |
| FAMILY NAME | Swain |
| SIGNATURE | SWAIN J |
| AFFILIATIONS | Northumbria University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-1105-6654 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 43 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 518 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 43 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1938 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 12 |
Contradictions in Young Black Men’s Attitudes and Practices
The focus of this ethnographic research, which took place in London in 2019, was on a small number of Black, Asian and minority ethnic young men and their relationships with their mothers. Data came from informal conversations and recorded interviews, capturing the perspectives of the young men, mothers and youth workers. We draw on the concept of philogynous masculinities—defined as the fondness, love and adoration of women—a neglected research …
Notions of the ‘ideal’ schoolgirl and hybrid patterns of femininity for 10–11-year-olds in two London schools
Trajectories in and exits out for young men involved with violence on an inner-city housing estate
This paper narrates an induction process about how adolescents and young men are drawn into living and practising a distinctive and often violent cultural form of street masculinity on an inner-city estate in London. The paper sets out to counteract dominant discourses which often portray young black men from working-class and impoverished backgrounds as ‘hypermasculine perpetrators of violence’. Developing the concepts of caring and personalized…
Popular boys, the ideal schoolboy, and blended patterns of masculinity for 10‐ to 11‐year‐olds in two London schools
Generating data from small group interviews with 41 boys aged 10–11 years from two London schools in 2022, this paper contributes to the field of gender by introducing a new form of non‐hegemonic and positive masculinity, which I am calling ‘blended’ masculinity, and which was the most common formation in each school. Although its features differed a little in each setting, this blended formulation broadly consisted of orthodox qualities of mascu…
The characteristics of street codes and competing performances of masculinity on an inner-city housing estate
With analysis occurring during a heightened concern with the Black Lives Matter movement and knife crime in the U.K., this paper aims to delineate the characteristics of a street code, constituting a specific dominant and often hegemonic form of ‘street masculinity’ found on an inner-city housing estate in London called Maxwell. The fieldwork ran over nine months in 2019, involving 48 Black, Asian, and minority ethnic men aged 18–22. Using an eth…
Resources and Strategies Used by Young, Black Men to Gain Status on an Inner-City London Estate
This paper delineates the resources and strategies that three young black men use to gain status and construct and perform an often-violent street masculinity on a London (UK) housing estate. Ethnographic fieldwork occurred in 2019 during a growing moral panic about youth violence and knife crime. Referring to resources as types of capital, they are categorised under the four headings of economic, social, linguistic, cultural, and physical. Centr…
Using Informal Conversations in Qualitative Research
The aim of this paper is to promote a greater use of informal conversations in qualitative research. Although not a new innovation, we posit that they are a neglected innovation and a method that should become more widely employed. We argue that these conversations create a greater ease of communication and often produce more naturalistic data. While many researchers have written about the use of informal conversations in ethnography, as part of …
Approaching Retirement After a Working Life in Poverty
This paper uses a life course perspective to explore and understand how an individual’s experiences over their lifetime contribute to the formation of a growing consciousness about their impending retirement. The fieldwork took place in 2016 and was part of a wider mixed methods study about retirement in the UK, which used data from the 1958 birth cohort study (also known as the National Child Development Study). The paper focuses on the qualitat…
A Hybrid Approach to Thematic Analysis in Qualitative Research
Building on previous literature in the field of qualitative analysis, this case presents a flexible \nframework for using a form of thematic analysis employing a hybrid approach of deductive and \ninductive reasoning. The analysis is based on 25 semi-structured interviews from a real-life, \nqualitative, study about people’s attitudes toward retirement and their expectations of growing \nolder. This case also provides details of actual codings, e…
The effect of Phase One training on young recruits' personal and professional development in the British army
This paper focuses on young men in the British army and their attitudes towards, and experiences of, Phase One basic training. The research, which took place in 2008–2011, used a longitudinal design. Using mixed methods, the findings draw on qualitative data from semi-structured interviews with 26 young trainees, and interviews and quantitative survey data with 1518 recruits, with an average age of 19.6 years. It reports on recruits’ motivations …
The benefits of family literacy provision for parents in England
This article is concerned with parents’ experiences and perceptions of being involved in a family literacy programme. The research, which was conducted from November 2007 to July 2009, involved interviewing 101 parents from 74 family literacy programmes in England around 12 weeks after they had completed their courses. The aim of these qualitative interviews was to identify any short- and medium-term benefits, and to assess the impact on their li…
Critical perspectives on user involvement
edited by Marian Barnes and Phil Cotterell, Bristol, The Policy Press, 2012, xxvi + 269 pp., £56.00 (hardback), ISBN 978-1-84-742751-9, £26.99 (paperback), ISBN 978-1-84-742750-2 Although there hav
Men with learning difficulties doing research
This paper explores the views of men with learning difficulties living in a secure environment. Reflecting findings from a doctoral thesis based upon a research project where the participants looked at the processes and concepts of research, the dialogues within the study were analysed using critical discourse analysis. Thesis aims relevant here include investigating given ‘truths’ about the positives of having a learning disability. The men are …
Disability studies
by Dan Goodley, London, Sage, 2011, 217 pp., £20.99 (paperback), ISBN 978‐1‐84787‐558‐7 This book is about the academic, the theorising of disability, as realised and developed in the academic area
The motivations and outcomes of studying for part-time mature students in higher education
This paper examines the motivations and outcomes for mature students who study part-time in higher education (HE) in the UK. Although many students in HE are mature part-time learners, they have not been the specific focus of much research or policy interest. In-depth narrative interviews were carried out with 18 graduates who had studied part-time at a university college specialising in part-time provision. The sample was drawn from a quantitati…
An Ethnographic Approach to Researching Children in Junior School
This paper describes the methods and methodology used in a nine‐month‐long empirical study, exploring the constructions of masculinity amongst 10–11‐year‐old boys in three junior schools in the UK. It considers issues arising around sampling and the principal methods of data collection used, which were small‐group interviews and semi‐participant observation. Approaches to writing fieldnotes are also discussed. The second part of the paper looks a…
The role of sport in the construction of masculinities in an English independent junior school
This article concerns the central role of organised sport in the construction of masculinity amongst Year 6 boys (10 to 11-year-olds) at an English independent (fee-paying) junior school. The data come from an ethnographic study of one year's duration that investigated constructions of masculinity among two classes. The formal school culture consciously promoted a range of sports/games and made them an integral part of a competitive, masculine re…
Telling stories for a politics of hope
This paper is about listening to voices from an excluded past. The oral history of disabled people challenges accepted, formal history, the history from dominant voices well established in unequal power relations. The paper draws on an oral history project conducted with over 60 visually impaired people who gave detailed accounts, telling stories of their experiences of education. This oral history research was carried out through the medium of t…
Reflections on Patterns of Masculinity in School Settings
This article is based on an ethnographic exploration into the construction of masculinities among ten-and eleven-year-old boys in three schools in the United Kingdom between 1998 and 1999. The research found that there were different patterns of masculinity both between and within each setting that drew on the resources and storylines available. The author discusses the way the research was theorized, particularly in relation to the concept of he…
Sharing the same world
This paper explores the effect of cross gender relations on the construction of boys' masculine identities. The findings are based on data gathered from a year long empirical study of 10 to 11‐year‐old boys set in three UK junior schools. Although masculinity is defined against femininity and boys needed to mark out a set of distinctions from themselves and girls, I found that most boys categorized girls as different (they are not us) rather than…
The resources and strategies that 10–11‐year‐old boys use to construct masculinities in the school setting
The data in this article come from an ethnographic exploration into the construction of masculinities in three junior schools in the UK between 1998 and 1999. The author argues that the construction and performance of masculinity is inextricably linked to the acquisition of status within the school peer group, and he delineates the specific series of resources and strategies that the boys draw on and use in each setting to achieve this. The diffe…
Organisational simplification and secondary complexity in health services for adults with learning disabilities
Needing to be ‘in the know’
It is important for educators to understand the tactics used in subordination between young people if they are going to take effective measures to counter them in their pedagogical practice. This paper explores strategies used by school boys aged 10-11 to subordinate and position boys at the bottom of the pupil hierarchy. The findings are based on data gathered from a year long empirical study (between 1998 and 1999) set in three UK junior school…
Parent-Professional Power Relations
This paper reflects on a small-scale qualitative research study around the establishment of a conductive education centre in a city in the north of England. From the outset, the centre's existence presented a challenge to existing services because the monopoly control of existing professional practice and policy was under question. The research does not offer an evaluation of the effectiveness of conductive education. The task was to examine the …
How Young Schoolboys Become Somebody
This paper explores the key role of the body in the construction of identity in school boys aged 10-11. The findings are based on data gathered from a 1-year empirical study set in three UK junior schools. I argue that the body is used by the boys as a means of classification, inclusion and differentiation, and is the principal resource to establish status and position within the pupil peer group. The most prevalent and esteemed resource is physi…
Towards an Affirmation Model of Disability
In this paper we argue that a new model of disability is emerging within the literature by disabled people and within disability culture, expressed most clearly by the Disability Arts Movement. For the purposes of discussion we call it the affirmative model. It is essentially a non-tragic view of disability and impairment which encompasses positive social identities, both individual and collective, for disabled people grounded in the benefits of …
Using Informal Conversations in Qualitative Research
The aim of this paper is to promote a greater use of informal conversations in qualitative research. Although not a new innovation, we posit that they are a neglected innovation and a method that should become more widely employed. We argue that these conversations create a greater ease of communication and often produce more naturalistic data. While many researchers have written about the use of informal conversations in ethnography, as part of …
Disability studies
by Dan Goodley, London, Sage, 2011, 217 pp., £20.99 (paperback), ISBN 978‐1‐84787‐558‐7 This book is about the academic, the theorising of disability, as realised and developed in the academic area
Reflections on Patterns of Masculinity in School Settings
This article is based on an ethnographic exploration into the construction of masculinities among ten-and eleven-year-old boys in three schools in the United Kingdom between 1998 and 1999. The research found that there were different patterns of masculinity both between and within each setting that drew on the resources and storylines available. The author discusses the way the research was theorized, particularly in relation to the concept of he…
The Money's Good, The Fame's Good, The Girls are Good
This paper looks at the influential part played by the game of football in the social construction of hegemonic masculine practices among a group of Year 6 boys in an English junior school, which is an area that remains under-researched. Football forms a large part of school life for many children (the majority of whom are boys) and is sated with masculinising associations: this paper argues that football acts as a model for the boys, and they us…
Public Research, Private Concerns
This paper is an exploration of the ethical dilemmas in open-ended interview research with people with learning difficulties. We address the possibility that research which gives voice to the experience of abuse, from the viewpoint of the victim, can itself be abusive. Such research is justified in terms of empowering, illuminating and disseminating the meaning that participants give to their lives. Yet every stage of the process raises complex e…
How Young Schoolboys Become Somebody
This paper explores the key role of the body in the construction of identity in school boys aged 10-11. The findings are based on data gathered from a 1-year empirical study set in three UK junior schools. I argue that the body is used by the boys as a means of classification, inclusion and differentiation, and is the principal resource to establish status and position within the pupil peer group. The most prevalent and esteemed resource is physi…
Life History or ‘Case’ History
Case histories of people with learning difficulties tend to privilege information that is useful to professionals, such as IQ and medical diagnosis. Such information allows professionals to slot people with learning difficulties into categories which inform 'treatment' and aid prognosis. Case records, as they are currently constructed, appear to further silence an already oppressed group of people, and to objectify, pathologise and label them. Th…
The Right Stuff
This article explores the key role played by clothing as an expression of individual and collective identity amongst 10-11 year-olds. The data arise from an ethnographically based study of one junior school in the south-east of England between October 1998 and June 1999. The article proposes that a relaxed enforcement of school uniform created a space for pupils to use clothing as a means of gaining recognition, of generating common bonds, and of…
What's in a Name? The Implications of Diagnosis for People with Learning Difficulties and their Family Carers
Diagnosis plays a significant role in the shaping of individual identities and the quality of life for people with learning difficulties and their family carers. Diagnostic labels are constitutive of peoples' lives, in that they bring forth pathology, create problem-saturated stories and construct careers as patients and cases. Disabled identities of people with learning difficulties remain largely 'embodied' and within the definitional control o…
The motivations and outcomes of studying for part-time mature students in higher education
This paper examines the motivations and outcomes for mature students who study part-time in higher education (HE) in the UK. Although many students in HE are mature part-time learners, they have not been the specific focus of much research or policy interest. In-depth narrative interviews were carried out with 18 graduates who had studied part-time at a university college specialising in part-time provision. The sample was drawn from a quantitati…
The role of sport in the construction of masculinities in an English independent junior school
This article concerns the central role of organised sport in the construction of masculinity amongst Year 6 boys (10 to 11-year-olds) at an English independent (fee-paying) junior school. The data come from an ethnographic study of one year's duration that investigated constructions of masculinity among two classes. The formal school culture consciously promoted a range of sports/games and made them an integral part of a competitive, masculine re…
The resources and strategies that 10–11‐year‐old boys use to construct masculinities in the school setting
The data in this article come from an ethnographic exploration into the construction of masculinities in three junior schools in the UK between 1998 and 1999. The author argues that the construction and performance of masculinity is inextricably linked to the acquisition of status within the school peer group, and he delineates the specific series of resources and strategies that the boys draw on and use in each setting to achieve this. The diffe…
Telling stories for a politics of hope
This paper is about listening to voices from an excluded past. The oral history of disabled people challenges accepted, formal history, the history from dominant voices well established in unequal power relations. The paper draws on an oral history project conducted with over 60 visually impaired people who gave detailed accounts, telling stories of their experiences of education. This oral history research was carried out through the medium of t…
Voices from Segregated Schooling
This paper considers the notion of ‘inclusion’ in the provision of education for young disabled people in a climate of closing specialist schools. Uniquely, it analyses the judgements of disabled adults on their education and the views and experiences of pupils from a specialist school. Cook argues that understanding experiences of segregation is crucial to the construction of education policies that are truly inclusive. The paper highlights the …
An Ethnographic Approach to Researching Children in Junior School
This paper describes the methods and methodology used in a nine‐month‐long empirical study, exploring the constructions of masculinity amongst 10–11‐year‐old boys in three junior schools in the UK. It considers issues arising around sampling and the principal methods of data collection used, which were small‐group interviews and semi‐participant observation. Approaches to writing fieldnotes are also discussed. The second part of the paper looks a…
Sharing the same world
This paper explores the effect of cross gender relations on the construction of boys' masculine identities. The findings are based on data gathered from a year long empirical study of 10 to 11‐year‐old boys set in three UK junior schools. Although masculinity is defined against femininity and boys needed to mark out a set of distinctions from themselves and girls, I found that most boys categorized girls as different (they are not us) rather than…
The Resources and Strategies Boys Use to Establish Status in a Junior School without Competitive Sport
The data in this paper comes from an ethnographically based study of Year 6 (10-11-year-old) boys in an English junior school. It investigates the resources and strategies used and created by the boys to classify themselves, and to construct and perform their masculinity in a tightly regulated school where competitive sport (including playground football) is prohibited for the majority of the school year. The paper considers the relationship betw…
Needing to be ‘in the know’
It is important for educators to understand the tactics used in subordination between young people if they are going to take effective measures to counter them in their pedagogical practice. This paper explores strategies used by school boys aged 10-11 to subordinate and position boys at the bottom of the pupil hierarchy. The findings are based on data gathered from a year long empirical study (between 1998 and 1999) set in three UK junior school…
Critical perspectives on user involvement
edited by Marian Barnes and Phil Cotterell, Bristol, The Policy Press, 2012, xxvi + 269 pp., £56.00 (hardback), ISBN 978-1-84-742751-9, £26.99 (paperback), ISBN 978-1-84-742750-2 Although there hav
Alone in the crowd
The characteristics of street codes and competing performances of masculinity on an inner-city housing estate
With analysis occurring during a heightened concern with the Black Lives Matter movement and knife crime in the U.K., this paper aims to delineate the characteristics of a street code, constituting a specific dominant and often hegemonic form of ‘street masculinity’ found on an inner-city housing estate in London called Maxwell. The fieldwork ran over nine months in 2019, involving 48 Black, Asian, and minority ethnic men aged 18–22. Using an eth…
The benefits of family literacy provision for parents in England
This article is concerned with parents’ experiences and perceptions of being involved in a family literacy programme. The research, which was conducted from November 2007 to July 2009, involved interviewing 101 parents from 74 family literacy programmes in England around 12 weeks after they had completed their courses. The aim of these qualitative interviews was to identify any short- and medium-term benefits, and to assess the impact on their li…
Organisational simplification and secondary complexity in health services for adults with learning disabilities
Parent-Professional Power Relations
This paper reflects on a small-scale qualitative research study around the establishment of a conductive education centre in a city in the north of England. From the outset, the centre's existence presented a challenge to existing services because the monopoly control of existing professional practice and policy was under question. The research does not offer an evaluation of the effectiveness of conductive education. The task was to examine the …
Talleyrand's Last Diplomatic Encounter
Professional/client Relationships
People labelled as mentally handicapped are perhaps the last amongst the various client groups to be considered as autonomous individuals with a say in their own destinies. There is growing pressure on professionals in all fields to relinquish power and control and recognise the inherent problems of attitudes and practices which promote rather than reduce dependency in clients. Even where client groups are recognised as independent and effective …
Industry before the Industrial Revolution
A vocational special college
This paper is based on an ethnographic type study of the say that young people have in the decisions which shape their education and their lives. Such student participation in decision-making is not only a challenge to an essentially authoritarian system in which education is controlled by teachers, politicians and others, it is the foundation of citizenship. The research was undertaken in a newly established, supposedly unique, vocational colleg…
Sex Education Programmes for Students with Severe Learning Difficulties in Further Education and the Problem of Evaluation
This paper is based on a qualitative study of the evaluation of sex education programmes for young people with severe learning difficulties. In an area so fraught with dilemmas and controversies, any such research will be problematic and tentative. The approach to evaluation described here is one which attempts to realise the right of people with learning difficulties to make informed choices. The course aims both to provide students with informa…
Disabling Barriers, Enabling Environments
Introduction - Sally French PART ONE: PERSPECTIVES ON DISABILITY AND IMPAIRMENT An Historical Overview Disability and Impairment - Carol Thomas Disability, Disability Studies and the Academy - Colin Barnes Developing an Affirmative Model of Disability and Impairment - Colin Cameron Dependence, Independence and Normality - Colin Goble Reflections on Doing Emancipatory Disability Research - Colin Barnes International Perspectives on Disability - Jo…
Life History or ‘Case’ History
Case histories of people with learning difficulties tend to privilege information that is useful to professionals, such as IQ and medical diagnosis. Such information allows professionals to slot people with learning difficulties into categories which inform 'treatment' and aid prognosis. Case records, as they are currently constructed, appear to further silence an already oppressed group of people, and to objectify, pathologise and label them. Th…
Alone in the crowd
Public Research, Private Concerns
This paper is an exploration of the ethical dilemmas in open-ended interview research with people with learning difficulties. We address the possibility that research which gives voice to the experience of abuse, from the viewpoint of the victim, can itself be abusive. Such research is justified in terms of empowering, illuminating and disseminating the meaning that participants give to their lives. Yet every stage of the process raises complex e…
A Risk Management Dilemma
This paper describes a qualitative study which explored the views about challenging behaviour of staff in day centres for people with learning difficulties. Respondents' abstract definitions stressed the relativity of the concept. However, they readily cited concrete illustrate incidents of challenging behaviour which involved physical, sexual and verbal assault, noise, non-compliance, non-communication and exposure to danger. Staff explained spe…
Seizing the Moment
Current policy in relation to special needs prioritises early intervention and inclusive education, at least as 'good intentions'. This article argues for a paradigmatic shift away from individualist models of learning and disability. The social context of play is emphasised as the crucial arena for realising such good intentions, as long as it is geared to responding to, and developing, the self-determination, control, and identity of young disa…
Towards an Affirmation Model of Disability
In this paper we argue that a new model of disability is emerging within the literature by disabled people and within disability culture, expressed most clearly by the Disability Arts Movement. For the purposes of discussion we call it the affirmative model. It is essentially a non-tragic view of disability and impairment which encompasses positive social identities, both individual and collective, for disabled people grounded in the benefits of …
What's in a Name? The Implications of Diagnosis for People with Learning Difficulties and their Family Carers
Diagnosis plays a significant role in the shaping of individual identities and the quality of life for people with learning difficulties and their family carers. Diagnostic labels are constitutive of peoples' lives, in that they bring forth pathology, create problem-saturated stories and construct careers as patients and cases. Disabled identities of people with learning difficulties remain largely 'embodied' and within the definitional control o…
The Money's Good, The Fame's Good, The Girls are Good
This paper looks at the influential part played by the game of football in the social construction of hegemonic masculine practices among a group of Year 6 boys in an English junior school, which is an area that remains under-researched. Football forms a large part of school life for many children (the majority of whom are boys) and is sated with masculinising associations: this paper argues that football acts as a model for the boys, and they us…
Voices from Segregated Schooling
This paper considers the notion of ‘inclusion’ in the provision of education for young disabled people in a climate of closing specialist schools. Uniquely, it analyses the judgements of disabled adults on their education and the views and experiences of pupils from a specialist school. Cook argues that understanding experiences of segregation is crucial to the construction of education policies that are truly inclusive. The paper highlights the …
In the name of inclusion
Romantown local education authority (LEA), like other authorities in England and Wales, is adopting a policy of ‘inclusion’ in providing education for young disabled people alongside non-disabled peers. Ostensibly, at least, this is a process of radical change towards institutions which are explicitly designed to cater for all, rather than the ‘integration’ or assimilation of disabled individuals into existing or adapted mainstream provision. We …
The Right Stuff
This article explores the key role played by clothing as an expression of individual and collective identity amongst 10-11 year-olds. The data arise from an ethnographically based study of one junior school in the south-east of England between October 1998 and June 1999. The article proposes that a relaxed enforcement of school uniform created a space for pupils to use clothing as a means of gaining recognition, of generating common bonds, and of…
The Resources and Strategies Boys Use to Establish Status in a Junior School without Competitive Sport
The data in this paper comes from an ethnographically based study of Year 6 (10-11-year-old) boys in an English junior school. It investigates the resources and strategies used and created by the boys to classify themselves, and to construct and perform their masculinity in a tightly regulated school where competitive sport (including playground football) is prohibited for the majority of the school year. The paper considers the relationship betw…
Needing to be ‘in the know’
It is important for educators to understand the tactics used in subordination between young people if they are going to take effective measures to counter them in their pedagogical practice. This paper explores strategies used by school boys aged 10-11 to subordinate and position boys at the bottom of the pupil hierarchy. The findings are based on data gathered from a year long empirical study (between 1998 and 1999) set in three UK junior school…
Parent-Professional Power Relations
This paper reflects on a small-scale qualitative research study around the establishment of a conductive education centre in a city in the north of England. From the outset, the centre's existence presented a challenge to existing services because the monopoly control of existing professional practice and policy was under question. The research does not offer an evaluation of the effectiveness of conductive education. The task was to examine the …
How Young Schoolboys Become Somebody
This paper explores the key role of the body in the construction of identity in school boys aged 10-11. The findings are based on data gathered from a 1-year empirical study set in three UK junior schools. I argue that the body is used by the boys as a means of classification, inclusion and differentiation, and is the principal resource to establish status and position within the pupil peer group. The most prevalent and esteemed resource is physi…
Sharing the same world
This paper explores the effect of cross gender relations on the construction of boys' masculine identities. The findings are based on data gathered from a year long empirical study of 10 to 11‐year‐old boys set in three UK junior schools. Although masculinity is defined against femininity and boys needed to mark out a set of distinctions from themselves and girls, I found that most boys categorized girls as different (they are not us) rather than…
The resources and strategies that 10–11‐year‐old boys use to construct masculinities in the school setting
The data in this article come from an ethnographic exploration into the construction of masculinities in three junior schools in the UK between 1998 and 1999. The author argues that the construction and performance of masculinity is inextricably linked to the acquisition of status within the school peer group, and he delineates the specific series of resources and strategies that the boys draw on and use in each setting to achieve this. The diffe…
Organisational simplification and secondary complexity in health services for adults with learning disabilities
An Ethnographic Approach to Researching Children in Junior School
This paper describes the methods and methodology used in a nine‐month‐long empirical study, exploring the constructions of masculinity amongst 10–11‐year‐old boys in three junior schools in the UK. It considers issues arising around sampling and the principal methods of data collection used, which were small‐group interviews and semi‐participant observation. Approaches to writing fieldnotes are also discussed. The second part of the paper looks a…
Sociology (36 works) · Psychology (34 works) · Political science (27 works) · Gender Studies (21 works) · Gender Roles and Identity Studies (16 works) · Gender Studies (16 works) · Social Psychology (16 works) · Masculinity (13 works) · Social Psychology (13 works) · Social science (13 works)