Chris Bonell
Biographic Data
| ID | 264207 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Chris Bonell |
| GIVEN NAMES | Chris |
| FAMILY NAME | Bonell |
| SIGNATURE | BONELL C |
| AFFILIATIONS | London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-6253-6498 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 133 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 280 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 133 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2002 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 9 |
The association of positive educational experiences with adolescents’ depressive symptoms
Introduction The school environment influences adolescent health through both individual experiences, such as one’s own engagement with school, and broader school-level factors, such as aggregate student levels of engagement, affecting all students. For mental-health outcomes, existing evidence more consistently supports individual-level influences than school-level effects. In relation to depression, negative student-level educational experience…
Effectiveness of public health measures and strategies to reduce risk of spread of respiratory pathogens at sporting mass gatherings
Objectives: To determine the type and effectiveness of public health interventions implemented at sporting mass gatherings to mitigate respiratory infectious disease spread and understand how feasible and acceptable the interventions were to implement. Design: Systematic review. Data sources: Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, Global Health, Epistemonikos, Global Index Medicus, WHO Library, WHO IRIS, IOC and FIFA were sear…
Feasibility of THINK Again, a programme to prevent dating and relationship violence and gender-based violence in English secondary schools
Objective: Dating and relationship violence (DRV) and gender-based violence (GBV) are reported to be common among adolescents internationally and can have significant adverse long-term consequences, including widening gender inequalities in health outcomes. There is evidence that while school-based curriculum programmes can be effective in preventing DRV, whole-school elements such as student/staff action groups are important for preventing GBV. …
Development and validation of the sexual wellbeing in Adolescence Scale (Adol-SW)
Purpose Sexual development is a core biopsychosocial process in adolescence. Lack of brief measures of sexual wellbeing for this age group limits understanding of the impact of these processes on broader mental health and wellbeing. This study aimed to develop and validate a brief measure of sexual wellbeing for mid-to-late adolescents (aged 14-19), suitable for use in population surveys. Methods Measure development was informed by seven agenda-s…
Factors affecting the implementation of a whole-school relationships and sexual health intervention
Whole-school relationships and sexual health interventions represent promising approaches to promoting healthy sexual development. However, data from a randomised controlled trial of the Positive Choices whole-school intervention demonstrate these may be challenging to implement in English secondary schools. We draw on qualitative data to examine staff perspectives on the implementation of the intervention and the factors affecting delivery. Inte…
Understanding the limited effectiveness of a whole-school relationships and sexual-health programme
Previous trials of whole-school relationships and sexual-health programmes have not reported on fidelity, reach or acceptability, despite the importance of these factors for interpreting outcomes. Our trial of the Positive Choices whole-school relationships and sexual-health programme found limited effectiveness in secondary schools in England. We aimed to understand whether sub-optimal fidelity, reach or acceptability might explain the results. …
Effects of a whole-school relationships and sexual health intervention on non-competent sexual debut
BACKGROUND: Relationships and sex education (RSE) impacts some sexual behaviours but could be strengthened by incorporating whole-school approaches (eg, building engagement, providing contraception). These can prevent pregnancies and sexually-transmitted infections but are unevaluated in UK schools. METHODS: A cluster-randomised trial of 'Positive Choices' compared it with usual practice in English secondary schools. Intervention comprised: RSE, …
Staff motivation and schools' capacities to sustain an intervention to prevent bullying and promote wellbeing in English secondary schools
Introduction: Discontinuing effective school health interventions prevents new practices from reaching wider student populations and wastes investment in implementation. While reviews have consistently identified facilitators and barriers to the sustainment of school health interventions, the social processes underlying sustainment remain unclear. We explored the post-trial sustainment of "Learning Together," a whole-school intervention, found to…
Headteacher challenges and opportunities of implementing Covid-19 preventive measures in schools in England from 2022 onwards
Objective: Government guidance to reduce COVID-19 transmission was rapidly implemented by headteachers in primary and secondary schools in England. This study investigated the main challenges and opportunities faced by headteachers during the pandemic recovery period (starting in March 2021 when schools reopened indefinitely). Findings are intended to inform education policy to support schools and for future outbreaks. Design: Qualitative study i…
The implementation of compulsory relationships and sex education in English secondary schools
The quality of sex education varies. In England from 2020, the government attempted to improve provision by making lessons a statutory requirement. We assessed implementation in 25 secondary schools in 2022–23, framed by May’s general theory of implementation. This identifies processes of sense-making, cognitive participation, collective action and reflexive monitoring, influenced by an intervention’s capability, stakeholder potential (individual…
The Good School Toolkit–Secondary to prevent violence against students
Pan African Clinical Trials Registry, PACTR202009826515511, 16/09/20
How populist-aligned views are reflected in people's accounts of the receipt of public health interventions
Sexual Harassment in Early Adolescence
There is little research on sexual harassment among younger adolescents or on how rates vary by gender and other student/school characteristics. Drawing on data from 50 English schools, we explored the prevalence and patterning of victimization in the past year among students aged 12-13. Of 7,060 participants, almost a tenth had experienced sexual harassment. Girls, non-binary students, and sexual-minority students reported the highest rates. Stu…
Longitudinal Assessment of Sexual Behavior and Relationship Quality During the First Year of the Covid-19 Pandemic in Britain
While the impact of social restrictions on sexual and romantic life early in the COVID-19 pandemic has been widely studied, little is known about impacts beyond the initial months. We analyzed responses from 2,098 British adults (aged 18-59) taking part in the Natsal-COVID study (Waves 1 and 2). Participants were recruited via a web panel and surveyed twice: four months and one year after the start of the UK's first national lockdown (July 2020 a…
Pornography Use Among Adults in Britain
Pornography use is common but stigmatized. In this study, we present a qualitative analysis of the patterns of, and motivations for, using pornography and how the stigma of using pornography manifests in participants’ accounts. We draw on Meisenbach’s (2010) theory of stigma management communication (SMC) to deepen our understanding of how participants managed potential stigma. Data come from 40 semistructured interviews with a diverse sample of …
Exploring context, mechanisms and outcomes in group interpersonal therapy for adolescents with depression in Nepal
Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) is an evidence-based treatment for adolescent depression. However, since it does not work for all adolescents in all settings, more research on its heterogeneous effects is needed. Using a realist approach, we aimed to generate hypotheses about mechanisms and contextual contingencies in adolescent group IPT in Nepal. We analysed 26 transcripts from qualitative interviews with IPT participants aged 13–19, facilita…
The mechanisms by which a whole-school intervention might improve sexual health
Whole-school interventions go beyond classroom education, promoting health by modifying school environments. These can be effective in delaying sexual debut and increasing contraception use but mechanisms are poorly understood. Qualitative research within realist evaluation can explore mechanisms via building 'context-mechanism-outcome configurations', describing how interventions trigger mechanisms that interact with context to generate outcomes…
Social norms relating to gender and dating and relationship violence in English secondary schools
Dating and relationship violence (DRV) among young people is widespread. DRV is associated with subsequent mental ill health, substance use and sexual risk among girls and boys and is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among girls globally. Harmful social norms are widely recognised for their role in sustaining DRV, and interventions often seek to change these. However, little evidence is available to suggest which specific norms are most…
Ethical challenges confronted in non-clinical, public health research with young people in England
This opinion piece emerged from a collaboration of mental health researchers working on the National Institute of Health Research 3-schools mental health programme in underserved communities. The aim is to encourage debate and reflection on the challenges encountered with university research ethics committees when undertaking qualitative research with vulnerable young people. We explore the tension between principles of safeguarding and protectio…
Social Norms About Dating and Relationship Violence and Gender Among Adolescents
Adolescent dating and relationship violence (DRV) is widespread and associated with increased risk of subsequent poor mental health outcomes and partner violence. Shifting social norms (i.e., descriptive norms of perceived behavior and injunctive norms of acceptable behavior among a reference group of important others) may be important for reducing DRV. However, few DRV studies assess norms, measurement varies, and evidence on measure quality is …
Student-reported relationships and sex education coverage and knowledge among a diverse population of early adolescents
Student-reported quality and coverage of school-based relationships and sex education (RSE) vary, with gender/sexual-minority and disadvantaged students reporting poorer provision. Experience of RSE among younger adolescents is under-explored. We examined student-reported RSE coverage and priorities and how coverage, and sexual-health knowledge and awareness of services, varies between students and schools. The data came from a pre-intervention s…
Hard to reach? Methodological challenges researching vulnerable, gang‐involved, young people
The focus of this work was to collect experiences of YP who are recognised as gang-involved or at risk of being so, with a view to informing health and education policies. The scoping study for the project involved extensive public engagement work with YP exploring and trialling suitable methods of accessing, recruiting and ultimately interviewing this target group. This is central to the discussion within the body of the paper
Violence outcomes in later adolescence with the Good School Toolkit-Primary
Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01678846, registration date 24 August 2012. Protocol for this paper: https://www.researchprotocols.org/2020/12/e20940
Parental domestic violence and abuse, mental ill-health, and substance misuse and the impact on child mental health
Parental DVA, MH, and SU cluster during early childhood and this has a negative impact on children's MH at age three, leading to similar levels of poor MH across time. Intervening early to prevent the initial deterioration, using a syndemic-approach is essential
Experiences of current UK service provision for co-occurring parental domestic violence and abuse, mental ill-health, and substance misuse
Domestic violence and abuse (DVA), mental ill-health (MH), and substance misuse (SU) are inter-related public health problems negatively impacting families. Improved support requires an understanding of key stakeholders’ perspectives and experiences of current UK service provision. We conducted a qualitative research study to explore service users’, service providers’, and senior leadership/commissioners’ experiences of service provision for resp…
Realist randomised controlled trials
From complex social interventions to interventions in complex social systems
Complex systems approaches to social intervention research are increasingly advocated. However, there have been few attempts to consider how models of intervention science, such as the UK's Medical Research Council complex interventions framework, might be reframed through a complex systems lens. This article identifies some key areas in which this framework might be reconceptualized, and a number of priority areas where further development is ne…
Realist complex intervention science
The integration of realist evaluation principles within randomised controlled trials ('realist RCTs') enables evaluations of complex interventions to answer questions about what works, for whom and under what circumstances . This allows evaluators to better develop and refine mid-level programme theories. However, this is only one phase in the process of developing and evaluating complex interventions. We describe and exemplify how social scienti…
Dark logic’
Although it might be assumed that most public health programmes involving social or behavioural rather than clinical interventions are unlikely to be iatrogenic, it is well established that they can sometimes cause serious harms. However, the assessment of adverse effects remains a neglected topic in evaluations of public health interventions. In this paper, we first argue for the importance of evaluations of public health interventions not only …
The Quality of Young People’s Heterosexual Relationships
Most young people evaluated their early sexual experiences positively. The quality of relationships was enhanced by better communication and greater physical intimacy. For a vulnerable minority, however, early sexual experiences were negative. They could be protected by delaying first intercourse, restricting sexual activity to established relationships and learning skills to improve control in sexual encounters
Alternatives to randomisation in the evaluation of public health interventions
BACKGROUND: There has been a recent increase in interest in alternatives to randomisation in the evaluation of public health interventions. We aim to describe specific scenarios in which randomised trials may not be possible and describe, exemplify and assess alternative strategies. METHODS: Non-systematic exploratory review. RESULTS: In many scenarios barriers are surmountable so that randomised trials (including stepped-wedge and crossover tria…
Should structural interventions be evaluated using RCTs? The case of HIV prevention
Methodological reflections on using qualitative research to explore the causal mechanisms of complex health interventions
We reflect on how qualitative research can be used to develop or refine theories about how the mechanisms triggered by intervention enactment might generate outcomes, referring to examples from a ‘realist trial’ of a whole-school health intervention. Qualitative research can explore mechanisms directly, by asking participants how they think interventions work, or indirectly, by exploring participant experiences of intervention-related actions to …
The association between school attendance, HIV infection and sexual behaviour among young people in rural South Africa
OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether the prevalence of HIV infection among young people, and sexual behaviours associated with increased HIV risk, are differentially distributed between students and those not attending school or college. DESIGN: A random population sample of unmarried young people (916 males, 1003 females) aged 14-25 years from rural South Africa in 2001. METHODS: Data on school attendance and HIV risk characteristics came from str…
New counter‐school cultures
We draw on case‐study research at a high‐achieving secondary school in London to illustrate how school experiences may influence drug use and reproduce inequalities in reconstructed ways in late modernity. Qualitative data were collected through semi‐structured interviews with students and teachers, and observations. We focus in particular on the accounts of three female students expressing a shared counter‐school identity and style to explore ho…
We've Got Some Underground Business Selling Junk Food
Drawing on two qualitative studies, we report evidence of pervasive black markets in confectionery, 'junk' food and energy drinks in English secondary schools. Data were collected at six schools through focus groups and interviews with students ( n = 149) and staff ( n = 36), and direct observations. Supermarkets, new technologies and teachers' narrow focus on attainment have enabled these 'underground businesses' to emerge following increased st…
The effect of dislike of school on risk of teenage pregnancy
Study objective: To examine whether attitude to school is associated with subsequent risk of teenage pregnancy. To test two hypotheses that attitude to school is linked to pregnancy via pathways involving young people having “alternative” expectations or deficits in sexual health knowledge and confidence. Design: Analysis of longitudinal data arising from a trial of sex education. Examination of associations between attitude to school and protect…
The social ecology of girls' bullying practices
This exploratory study adopts a socio-ecological approach to examine the context of school bullying. It asks: (1) what are students' accounts of bullying practices?; (2) how are these enabled and constrained by the school-environment?; (3) how is gender implicated? Qualitative data were collected from girls in two schools in London via focus groups (one in each school; students aged 12-15) and seven semi-structured interviews (in one school; stud…
Harnessing behavioural science in public health campaigns to maintain ‘social distancing’ in response to the Covid-19 pandemic
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), like Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), is an infection arising from a coronavirus. The COVID-19 pandemic is unprecedented in recent times in terms of the global spread of infection and the resultant morbidity, mortality and burden on health systems. In the absence of a vaccine, reducing transmission of the COVID-19 virus requires rapid and extensive behaviour…
Initial Impacts of Covid-19 on Sex Life and Relationship Quality in Steady Relationships in Britain
Intimate relationships are ubiquitous and exert a strong influence on health. Widespread disruption to them may impact wellbeing at a population level. We investigated the extent to which the first COVID-19 lockdown (March 2020) affected steady relationships in Britain. In total, 6,654 participants aged 18-59 years completed a web-panel survey (July-August 2020). Quasi-representativeness was achieved via quota sampling and weighting. We explored …
Tackling the problem of teenage pregnancy in looked‐after children
Teenage pregnancy is associated with adverse health and social outcomes, even after adjusting for prior disadvantage, and is recognized as a major public health issue. Rates of teenage pregnancy in the UK are among the highest in E urope. Interventions introduced in the past decade to address the problem, such as improved sex and relationships education in schools, have been accompanied by a fall in teenage pregnancy rates in the UK . However, th…
Process evaluation in complex public health intervention studies
Objective Infections with multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) such as Gram-negative bacteria have high morbidity and mortality with limited treatment options. Colistin, an antibiotic active against MDRO, was rarely used due to frequent adverse effects, but its use has now been recommended among adults. In this study, we determined the efficacy of colistin for the treatment of sepsis in neonates. Design/setting/patients/outcomes We conducted a r…
Social network influences on smoking, drinking and drug use in secondary school
We explore how school experiences and social networks structure young people's substance use in different institutional contexts. The concepts of 'selection' and 'influence' are situated within the context of bounded agency, counter-school cultures and Bourdieusian notions of capital. We employed individual and group interviews, network-mapping, and observations at two contrasting English secondary schools. Both schools were characterised by exte…
Influence of family type and parenting behaviours on teenage sexual behaviour and conceptions
Background: Longitudinal data were used to explore relations between teenage pregnancy, sexual behaviour, and family type. The study examined whether students from lone parent and/or teenage mother initiated families more commonly report sex, lack of contraception at first sex, and/or conceptions by age 15/16, and whether such associations can be explained by low parental strictness, difficult parent-child communication, and/or low parental input…
Enacting whole‐school relationships and sexuality education in England
Evidence from intervention evaluations suggests that achieving meaningful and lasting social, behavioural and attitudinal change from relationships, sex and health education (RSHE) in schools requires more than just a curriculum. Whole‐school approaches appear particularly promising since they work at multiple levels. For instance, they may: engage with carers, communities and local services; address iniquitous cultures and norms; change school p…
How market-oriented education policies might influence young people's health
BACKGROUND: School systems are increasingly typified by diversity of provision, parental choice and publication of performance data. Schools shape their students' lifestyles and health, but the effects of 'marketisation' are under-researched. The authors use qualitative data to develop a logic model regarding such effects. METHODS: Case studies in seven English secondary schools, interviews with 103 students and 39 staff. RESULTS: 'Parental choic…
Alternatives to randomisation in the evaluation of public-health interventions
BACKGROUND: In non-randomised evaluations of public-health interventions, statistical methods to control confounding will usually be required. We review approaches to the control of confounding and discuss issues in drawing causal inference from these studies. METHODS: Non-systematic review of literature and mathematical data-simulation. RESULTS: Standard stratification and regression techniques will often be appropriate, but propensity scores ma…
Effect of social exclusion on the risk of teenage pregnancy
Study objective: The UK government argues that “social exclusion” increases risk of teenage pregnancy and that educational factors may be dimensions of such exclusion. The evidence cited by the government is limited to reporting that socioeconomic disadvantage and educational attainment influence risk. Evidence regarding young people’s attitude to school is not cited, and there is a lack of research concerning the UK. This paper develops hypothes…
Development and Validation of a Brief Measure of Sexual Wellbeing for Population Surveys
Sexual wellbeing is an important aspect of population health. Addressing and monitoring it as a distinct issue requires valid measures. Our previous conceptual work identified seven domains of sexual wellbeing: security; respect; self-esteem; resilience; forgiveness; self-determination; and comfort. Here, we describe the development and validation of a measure of sexual wellbeing reflecting these domains. Based on the analysis of 40 semi-structur…
Online Sexual Partner Seeking as a Social Practice
Once perceived as a means for those unsuccessful at traditional dating, online dating has become normalized as a way to seek sexual or romantic partners. In 2019, we interviewed 40 British adults on the role of digital technologies in their sexual lives; this paper draws on the accounts of 22 who had used such technologies for seeking partners. We analyzed qualitative accounts of online partner seeking as a social practice, drawing on a sample di…
The utility of randomized controlled trials of social interventions
This paper examines the utility and actual usage of evidence from trials of social interventions. It focuses on two case studies of trials of HIV prevention funded by the UK's NHS, one in a genitourinary medicine clinic, and another in a voluntary agency. The research concludes that a variety of contextual factors meant that the trials did not produce very useful findings. The interventions chosen were not always ideal candidates for evaluation. …
Consumerism in Health Care
This paper examines the potential for, and the contradictions inherent in, voluntary sector health service providers acting as consumer representatives. The paper examines a U.K. gay men’s HIV prevention organization to consider whether members are united by their experiences of using services, whether their work involves consumerist strategies, if so whether these are influential, and what tensions emerge from the dual provider/consumer role. Fi…
The politics of the research-policy interface
Randomised trials are often viewed as an important source of evidence for informing health services commissioning. This paper examines whether three trials of HIV prevention interventions were initiated to inform commissioning decisions, and whether this actually occurred. Referring to various theories that focus on the research/policy interface, the study concludes that: trials were generated via complex processes involving several agencies but …
Effect of social exclusion on the risk of teenage pregnancy
Study objective: The UK government argues that “social exclusion” increases risk of teenage pregnancy and that educational factors may be dimensions of such exclusion. The evidence cited by the government is limited to reporting that socioeconomic disadvantage and educational attainment influence risk. Evidence regarding young people’s attitude to school is not cited, and there is a lack of research concerning the UK. This paper develops hypothes…
Why is teenage pregnancy conceptualized as a social problem? A review of quantitative research from the USA and UK
To explore why teenage pregnancy is regarded by researchers from the USA and UK as a major social problem, a systematic review was conducted of published research on the social influences on teenage pregnancy. Papers published in the USA and UK between 1981 and 2000 were examined with respect to samples, social influences and outcomes. UK studies often justified investigating teenage pregnancy in terms of health. Research from the USA more often …
The effect of dislike of school on risk of teenage pregnancy
Study objective: To examine whether attitude to school is associated with subsequent risk of teenage pregnancy. To test two hypotheses that attitude to school is linked to pregnancy via pathways involving young people having “alternative” expectations or deficits in sexual health knowledge and confidence. Design: Analysis of longitudinal data arising from a trial of sex education. Examination of associations between attitude to school and protect…
Process evaluation in randomised controlled trials of complex interventions
Most randomised controlled trials focus on outcomes, not on the processes involved in implementing an intervention. Using an example from school based health promotion, this paper argues that including a process evaluation would improve the science of many randomised controlled trials
Normalized management of HIV prevention services in an advanced liberal NHS in the 1990s
This paper examines how responsibility for the planning of state-funded HIV prevention services shifted from UK central government to local commissioners during the ‘era of normalization’ in the 1990s. It explores whether according to literature from the period these changes experienced were those that would be predicted by theories of ‘advanced liberalism’, i.e. delegation of operational planning, centralization of strategic target setting, and …
Integrating Process with Outcome Data in a Randomized Controlled Trial of Sex Education
Integration of process with outcome evaluations has been recommended as a way of addressing some of the criticisms of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) for evaluating social interventions. This is the second of two articles (the first was published in issue 10(4) of this journal) discussing the design, implementation and analysis of a process evaluation as an integral part of the RIPPLE (Randomized Intervention of Pupil Peer-Led sex Education) …
Influence of family type and parenting behaviours on teenage sexual behaviour and conceptions
Background: Longitudinal data were used to explore relations between teenage pregnancy, sexual behaviour, and family type. The study examined whether students from lone parent and/or teenage mother initiated families more commonly report sex, lack of contraception at first sex, and/or conceptions by age 15/16, and whether such associations can be explained by low parental strictness, difficult parent-child communication, and/or low parental input…
Should structural interventions be evaluated using RCTs? The case of HIV prevention
Does the UK government’s teenage pregnancy strategy deal with the correct risk factors? Findings from a secondary analysis of data from a randomised trial of sex education and their implications for p…
Background: Much of the UK government’s 1999 report on teenage pregnancy was by necessity based on rather old or non-longitudinal research. Aim: To examine the associations between risk factors identified in the report and pregnancy at or before age 16 years among young women and partners of young men using the more recent data. Results: Socioeconomic disadvantage, being born to a teenage mother, expectation of being a teenage parent, low educati…
Addressing gay men's use of methamphetamine and other substances
Gay men's use of methamphetamine has aroused great anxiety. In some countries such as the USA and Australia as many as 40% of gay men use this drug, while use is lower in others such as the UK. However, across all these countries gay men's use of other substances such as alcohol, poppers and cannabis surpasses that of methamphetamine. Recent evidence from case-crossover studies suggests that use of not only methamphetamine but also of alcohol, ca…
Addressing the wider determinants of problematic drug use
The Quality of Young People’s Heterosexual Relationships
Most young people evaluated their early sexual experiences positively. The quality of relationships was enhanced by better communication and greater physical intimacy. For a vulnerable minority, however, early sexual experiences were negative. They could be protected by delaying first intercourse, restricting sexual activity to established relationships and learning skills to improve control in sexual encounters
The association between school attendance, HIV infection and sexual behaviour among young people in rural South Africa
OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether the prevalence of HIV infection among young people, and sexual behaviours associated with increased HIV risk, are differentially distributed between students and those not attending school or college. DESIGN: A random population sample of unmarried young people (916 males, 1003 females) aged 14-25 years from rural South Africa in 2001. METHODS: Data on school attendance and HIV risk characteristics came from str…
Cannabis use and ‘safe’ identities in an inner-city school risk environment
New counter‐school cultures
We draw on case‐study research at a high‐achieving secondary school in London to illustrate how school experiences may influence drug use and reproduce inequalities in reconstructed ways in late modernity. Qualitative data were collected through semi‐structured interviews with students and teachers, and observations. We focus in particular on the accounts of three female students expressing a shared counter‐school identity and style to explore ho…
Illicit drug use among men who have sex with men in England and Wales
This article aims to examine patterns of and concerns about drug use among a convenience sample of MSM in 2005, and compare the prevalence of illicit drug use among 1999 and 2005 samples of MSM in England and Wales. It draws on data from cross-sectional surveys of MSM in gay community venues and services across England and Wales, 2480 in 1999 and 3913 in 2005. We report that in 2005, cocaine, cannabis and alkyl nitrites were the drugs most common…
Methamphetamine use among gay men across the UK
We don’t have no drugs education”
You are what your friends eat
The secondary-school ‘market’ and young people's health
Background Secondary schools are increasingly subject to quasi-markets in the UK, Europe and North America, typified by: diversity of school types; parents choosing where to apply; and government publishing school performance data. There is a paucity of research examining these policies potential for harming young people's health. Aim To develop a logic-model of mechanisms by which market-oriented education policies might influence students' heal…
P1-30 Confounded clusters
Introduction Cluster randomised controlled trials (CRCTs), where the unit of allocation is a group, are particularly useful in Public Health, when interventions are targeted at populations. Randomisation is the ‘gold standard’ for dealing with both known and unknown confounders as these are balanced between comparison groups with sufficient numbers randomised. However, CRCTs may have few units randomised, increasing the likelihood of confounding.…
Alternatives to randomisation in the evaluation of public-health interventions
BACKGROUND: In non-randomised evaluations of public-health interventions, statistical methods to control confounding will usually be required. We review approaches to the control of confounding and discuss issues in drawing causal inference from these studies. METHODS: Non-systematic review of literature and mathematical data-simulation. RESULTS: Standard stratification and regression techniques will often be appropriate, but propensity scores ma…
Medicine (88 works) · Psychology (65 works) · Psychological intervention (43 works) · Sociology (42 works) · Political science (34 works) · Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health (30 works) · Nursing (30 works) · Population (30 works) · Psychiatry (30 works) · Social Psychology (28 works)