Phillip B Levine
Biographic Data
| ID | 275433 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Phillip B Levine |
| GIVEN NAMES | Phillip B |
| FAMILY NAME | Levine |
| SIGNATURE | LEVINE P B |
| AFFILIATIONS | Wellesley College |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-7374-3823 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 25 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 113 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 25 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1987 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2024 |
| H-INDEX | 5 |
The consequences of high‐fatality school shootings for surviving students
This paper examines the impact of high‐fatality school shootings on the subsequent outcomes of the survivors of those events. We focus specifically on the shootings at Columbine High School (Littleton, CO), Sandy Hook Elementary (Newtown, CT), and Marjorie Stoneman Douglas High School (Parkland, FL). We assess the subsequent educational record, including attendance and test scores, and the long‐term health consequences of surviving students. In a…
The US Covid-19 baby bust and rebound
The racial wealth gap, financial aid, and college access
We examine how the racial wealth gap interacts with financial aid in American higher education to generate a disparate impact on college access and outcomes. Retirement savings and home equity are excluded from the formula used to estimate the amount a family can afford to pay. All else equal, omitting those assets mechanically increases the financial aid available to families that hold them. White families are more likely to own those assets and…
The Puzzle of Falling US Birth Rates since the Great Recession
This paper documents a set of facts about the dramatic decline in birth rates in the United States between 2007 and 2020 and explores possible explanations. The overall reduction in the birth rate reflects declines across many groups of women, including teens, Hispanic women, and college-educated white women. The Great Recession contributed to the decline in the early part of this period, but we are unable to identify any other economic, policy, …
How economic inequality shapes mobility expectations and behaviour in disadvantaged youth
Media Influences on Social Outcomes
This paper explores the impact of the introduction of the widely viewed MTV reality show 16 and Pregnant on teen childbearing. Our main analysis relates geographic variation in changes in teen childbearing rates to viewership of the show. We implement an instrumental variables (IV ) strategy using local area MTV ratings data from a pre-period to predict local area 16 and Pregnant ratings. The results imply that this show led to a 4.3 percent redu…
Why is the Teen Birth Rate in the United States So High and Why Does It Matter
Why is the rate of teen childbearing is so unusually high in the United States as a whole, and in some U.S. states in particular? U.S. teens are two and a half times as likely to give birth as compared to teens in Canada, around four times as likely as teens in Germany or Norway, and almost ten times as likely as teens in Switzerland. A teenage girl in Mississippi is four times more likely to give birth than a teenage girl in New Hampshire-and 15…
The Job Market for New Economists
This paper, written by the members of the American Economic Association (AEA) Ad Hoc Committee on the Job Market, provides an overview of the market for new Ph.D. economists. It describes the role of the AEA in the market and focuses in particular on two mechanisms adopted in recent years at the suggestion of our Committee. First, job market applicants now have a signaling service to send an expression of special interest to up to two employers p…
Subsidized Contraception, Fertility, and Sexual Behavior
We examine the impact of recent state-level Medicaid policy changes that expanded eligibility for family planning services to higher-income women and to Medicaid clients whose benefits would expire otherwise. We show that the income-based policy change reduced overall births to non-teens by about 2% and to teens by over 4%; estimates suggest a decline of 9% among newly eligible women. The reduction in fertility appears to have been accomplished v…
Abortion and Selection
Abortion legalization in the early 1970s led to dramatic changes in fertility. Some research has suggested that it altered cohort outcomes, but this literature has been limited and controversial. In this paper, we provide a framework for understanding selection mechanisms and use that framework to both address inconsistent past methodological approaches and provide evidence on the long-run impact on cohort characteristics. Our results indicate th…
Bulls, Bears, and Retirement Behavior
The authors examine the relationship between stock market performance and retirement behavior. They first present a descriptive analysis of the wealth holdings of older households and simulate the labor supply response among stockholders necessary to generate observed retirement patterns. Few households, they find, have substantial stock holdings, and these holdings would have to be extremely responsive to market fluctuations to explain observed …
"Is there any substance to the "Roe effect
Abortion policy and the economics of fertility
Maternal employment and overweight children
Discrimination in the Small-Business Credit Market
We use data from the 1993 and 1998 National Surveys of Small Business Finances to examine the existence of racial discrimination in the small-business credit market. We conduct an econometric analysis of loan outcomes by race and find that black-owned small businesses are about twice as likely to be denied credit even after controlling for differences in creditworthiness and other factors. A series of specification checks indicates that this gap …
Reemployment Bonuses in the Unemployment Insurance System
Bonus Experiments 4.3 Continuous Variables Models of Bonus Impacts 4.4 The Predicted Impact of Four Hypothetical Bonus Offers on UI Receipt, Based on a Continuous Variables Model Estimated on the Pooled Pennsylvania, Washington, and Illinois Data 4.5 Cumulative Hazard Rates for Leaving Unemployment Insurance 4.6 Impacts of the Treatments on UI Receipt by Subgroup A4.1 Regression-Adjusted Treatment Impact Equations 5.1 Mean Employment and Earnings…
An empirical analysis of the welfare magnet debate using the NLSY
Roe v Wade and American fertility
OBJECTIVES: This article examines the effect of abortion legalization on fertility rates in the United States. METHODS: Fertility rates were compared over time between states that varied in the timing of abortion legalization. RESULTS: States legalizing abortion experienced a 4% decline in fertility relative to states where the legal status of abortion was unchanged. The relative reductions in births to teens, women more than 35 years of age, non…
More Bad News for Smokers? The Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Wages
Using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data, the authors examine the effect of smoking on wages. Their analysis controls for differences in individual charaeteristics that may be correlated with both smoking and wages, including unobservable person-specific characteristics that are constant over time, and unobservable characteristics that are constant within a family. Estimates from alternative specifications indicate that smoking reduced wa…
The Benefit of Additional High-School Math and Science Classes for Young Men and Women
This article examines the effects of taking more high-school math and science classes on wages, the likelihood of entering a technical job or a job traditional for one's sex, and the likelihood of choosing a technical college major or a major traditional for one's sex. Results from two data sets show that taking more high-school math increases wages and increases the likelihood of entering technical and nontraditional fields for female college gr…
A Comparison of the Sex-Type of Occupational Aspirations and Subsequent Achievement
This article further explores the connection between the sex-type of a girl's occupational aspirations and the sex-type of her subsequent occupation achieved in the labor market. The authors replicate previous work by Jerry Jacobs and build on it by using more recent data and an alternative methodology to address this issue. Two cohorts of data from the National Longitudinal Surveys are employed to estimate transition probability matrices between…
Spillover Effects between the Insured and Uninsured Unemployed
This paper examines the effect of changing the level of unemployment insurance (UI) benefits on workers who do not receive UI. The author hypothesizes a spillover effect between insured and uninsured workers whereby an increase in UI benefits, which leads to longer durations of unemployment for insured workers, results in a reduction in the duration of unemployment for the uninsured. This prediction is supported in tests of data from several Marc…
National Service
Pay Equity
Women's Work, Men's Work
Why is the Teen Birth Rate in the United States So High and Why Does It Matter
Why is the rate of teen childbearing is so unusually high in the United States as a whole, and in some U.S. states in particular? U.S. teens are two and a half times as likely to give birth as compared to teens in Canada, around four times as likely as teens in Germany or Norway, and almost ten times as likely as teens in Switzerland. A teenage girl in Mississippi is four times more likely to give birth than a teenage girl in New Hampshire-and 15…
Roe v Wade and American fertility
OBJECTIVES: This article examines the effect of abortion legalization on fertility rates in the United States. METHODS: Fertility rates were compared over time between states that varied in the timing of abortion legalization. RESULTS: States legalizing abortion experienced a 4% decline in fertility relative to states where the legal status of abortion was unchanged. The relative reductions in births to teens, women more than 35 years of age, non…
The Puzzle of Falling US Birth Rates since the Great Recession
This paper documents a set of facts about the dramatic decline in birth rates in the United States between 2007 and 2020 and explores possible explanations. The overall reduction in the birth rate reflects declines across many groups of women, including teens, Hispanic women, and college-educated white women. The Great Recession contributed to the decline in the early part of this period, but we are unable to identify any other economic, policy, …
An empirical analysis of the welfare magnet debate using the NLSY
How economic inequality shapes mobility expectations and behaviour in disadvantaged youth
More Bad News for Smokers? The Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Wages
Using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data, the authors examine the effect of smoking on wages. Their analysis controls for differences in individual charaeteristics that may be correlated with both smoking and wages, including unobservable person-specific characteristics that are constant over time, and unobservable characteristics that are constant within a family. Estimates from alternative specifications indicate that smoking reduced wa…
The Job Market for New Economists
This paper, written by the members of the American Economic Association (AEA) Ad Hoc Committee on the Job Market, provides an overview of the market for new Ph.D. economists. It describes the role of the AEA in the market and focuses in particular on two mechanisms adopted in recent years at the suggestion of our Committee. First, job market applicants now have a signaling service to send an expression of special interest to up to two employers p…
The US Covid-19 baby bust and rebound
The racial wealth gap, financial aid, and college access
We examine how the racial wealth gap interacts with financial aid in American higher education to generate a disparate impact on college access and outcomes. Retirement savings and home equity are excluded from the formula used to estimate the amount a family can afford to pay. All else equal, omitting those assets mechanically increases the financial aid available to families that hold them. White families are more likely to own those assets and…
Abortion policy and the economics of fertility
A Comparison of the Sex-Type of Occupational Aspirations and Subsequent Achievement
This article further explores the connection between the sex-type of a girl's occupational aspirations and the sex-type of her subsequent occupation achieved in the labor market. The authors replicate previous work by Jerry Jacobs and build on it by using more recent data and an alternative methodology to address this issue. Two cohorts of data from the National Longitudinal Surveys are employed to estimate transition probability matrices between…
Bulls, Bears, and Retirement Behavior
The authors examine the relationship between stock market performance and retirement behavior. They first present a descriptive analysis of the wealth holdings of older households and simulate the labor supply response among stockholders necessary to generate observed retirement patterns. Few households, they find, have substantial stock holdings, and these holdings would have to be extremely responsive to market fluctuations to explain observed …
"Is there any substance to the "Roe effect
Spillover Effects between the Insured and Uninsured Unemployed
This paper examines the effect of changing the level of unemployment insurance (UI) benefits on workers who do not receive UI. The author hypothesizes a spillover effect between insured and uninsured workers whereby an increase in UI benefits, which leads to longer durations of unemployment for insured workers, results in a reduction in the duration of unemployment for the uninsured. This prediction is supported in tests of data from several Marc…
Women's Work, Men's Work
Pay Equity
National Service
Spillover Effects between the Insured and Uninsured Unemployed
This paper examines the effect of changing the level of unemployment insurance (UI) benefits on workers who do not receive UI. The author hypothesizes a spillover effect between insured and uninsured workers whereby an increase in UI benefits, which leads to longer durations of unemployment for insured workers, results in a reduction in the duration of unemployment for the uninsured. This prediction is supported in tests of data from several Marc…
The Benefit of Additional High-School Math and Science Classes for Young Men and Women
This article examines the effects of taking more high-school math and science classes on wages, the likelihood of entering a technical job or a job traditional for one's sex, and the likelihood of choosing a technical college major or a major traditional for one's sex. Results from two data sets show that taking more high-school math increases wages and increases the likelihood of entering technical and nontraditional fields for female college gr…
A Comparison of the Sex-Type of Occupational Aspirations and Subsequent Achievement
This article further explores the connection between the sex-type of a girl's occupational aspirations and the sex-type of her subsequent occupation achieved in the labor market. The authors replicate previous work by Jerry Jacobs and build on it by using more recent data and an alternative methodology to address this issue. Two cohorts of data from the National Longitudinal Surveys are employed to estimate transition probability matrices between…
More Bad News for Smokers? The Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Wages
Using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data, the authors examine the effect of smoking on wages. Their analysis controls for differences in individual charaeteristics that may be correlated with both smoking and wages, including unobservable person-specific characteristics that are constant over time, and unobservable characteristics that are constant within a family. Estimates from alternative specifications indicate that smoking reduced wa…
An empirical analysis of the welfare magnet debate using the NLSY
Roe v Wade and American fertility
OBJECTIVES: This article examines the effect of abortion legalization on fertility rates in the United States. METHODS: Fertility rates were compared over time between states that varied in the timing of abortion legalization. RESULTS: States legalizing abortion experienced a 4% decline in fertility relative to states where the legal status of abortion was unchanged. The relative reductions in births to teens, women more than 35 years of age, non…
Maternal employment and overweight children
Discrimination in the Small-Business Credit Market
We use data from the 1993 and 1998 National Surveys of Small Business Finances to examine the existence of racial discrimination in the small-business credit market. We conduct an econometric analysis of loan outcomes by race and find that black-owned small businesses are about twice as likely to be denied credit even after controlling for differences in creditworthiness and other factors. A series of specification checks indicates that this gap …
Reemployment Bonuses in the Unemployment Insurance System
Bonus Experiments 4.3 Continuous Variables Models of Bonus Impacts 4.4 The Predicted Impact of Four Hypothetical Bonus Offers on UI Receipt, Based on a Continuous Variables Model Estimated on the Pooled Pennsylvania, Washington, and Illinois Data 4.5 Cumulative Hazard Rates for Leaving Unemployment Insurance 4.6 Impacts of the Treatments on UI Receipt by Subgroup A4.1 Regression-Adjusted Treatment Impact Equations 5.1 Mean Employment and Earnings…
Abortion policy and the economics of fertility
"Is there any substance to the "Roe effect
Bulls, Bears, and Retirement Behavior
The authors examine the relationship between stock market performance and retirement behavior. They first present a descriptive analysis of the wealth holdings of older households and simulate the labor supply response among stockholders necessary to generate observed retirement patterns. Few households, they find, have substantial stock holdings, and these holdings would have to be extremely responsive to market fluctuations to explain observed …
Subsidized Contraception, Fertility, and Sexual Behavior
We examine the impact of recent state-level Medicaid policy changes that expanded eligibility for family planning services to higher-income women and to Medicaid clients whose benefits would expire otherwise. We show that the income-based policy change reduced overall births to non-teens by about 2% and to teens by over 4%; estimates suggest a decline of 9% among newly eligible women. The reduction in fertility appears to have been accomplished v…
Abortion and Selection
Abortion legalization in the early 1970s led to dramatic changes in fertility. Some research has suggested that it altered cohort outcomes, but this literature has been limited and controversial. In this paper, we provide a framework for understanding selection mechanisms and use that framework to both address inconsistent past methodological approaches and provide evidence on the long-run impact on cohort characteristics. Our results indicate th…
The Job Market for New Economists
This paper, written by the members of the American Economic Association (AEA) Ad Hoc Committee on the Job Market, provides an overview of the market for new Ph.D. economists. It describes the role of the AEA in the market and focuses in particular on two mechanisms adopted in recent years at the suggestion of our Committee. First, job market applicants now have a signaling service to send an expression of special interest to up to two employers p…
Why is the Teen Birth Rate in the United States So High and Why Does It Matter
Why is the rate of teen childbearing is so unusually high in the United States as a whole, and in some U.S. states in particular? U.S. teens are two and a half times as likely to give birth as compared to teens in Canada, around four times as likely as teens in Germany or Norway, and almost ten times as likely as teens in Switzerland. A teenage girl in Mississippi is four times more likely to give birth than a teenage girl in New Hampshire-and 15…
Media Influences on Social Outcomes
This paper explores the impact of the introduction of the widely viewed MTV reality show 16 and Pregnant on teen childbearing. Our main analysis relates geographic variation in changes in teen childbearing rates to viewership of the show. We implement an instrumental variables (IV ) strategy using local area MTV ratings data from a pre-period to predict local area 16 and Pregnant ratings. The results imply that this show led to a 4.3 percent redu…
How economic inequality shapes mobility expectations and behaviour in disadvantaged youth
The Puzzle of Falling US Birth Rates since the Great Recession
This paper documents a set of facts about the dramatic decline in birth rates in the United States between 2007 and 2020 and explores possible explanations. The overall reduction in the birth rate reflects declines across many groups of women, including teens, Hispanic women, and college-educated white women. The Great Recession contributed to the decline in the early part of this period, but we are unable to identify any other economic, policy, …
The US Covid-19 baby bust and rebound
The racial wealth gap, financial aid, and college access
We examine how the racial wealth gap interacts with financial aid in American higher education to generate a disparate impact on college access and outcomes. Retirement savings and home equity are excluded from the formula used to estimate the amount a family can afford to pay. All else equal, omitting those assets mechanically increases the financial aid available to families that hold them. White families are more likely to own those assets and…
The consequences of high‐fatality school shootings for surviving students
This paper examines the impact of high‐fatality school shootings on the subsequent outcomes of the survivors of those events. We focus specifically on the shootings at Columbine High School (Littleton, CO), Sandy Hook Elementary (Newtown, CT), and Marjorie Stoneman Douglas High School (Parkland, FL). We assess the subsequent educational record, including attendance and test scores, and the long‐term health consequences of surviving students. In a…
Economics (22 works) · Demographic economics (15 works) · Population (12 works) · Sociology (12 works) · Demography (11 works) · Medicine (9 works) · Psychology (9 works) · Business (7 works) · Fertility (7 works) · Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics (7 works)