P A Garber
Biographic Data
| ID | 3227 |
|---|---|
| NAME | P A Garber |
| GIVEN NAMES | P A |
| FAMILY NAME | Garber |
| SIGNATURE | GARBER P A |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-0053-8356 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 126 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 324 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 126 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1980 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 10 |
Heterospecific social behavior in primates
Primate interspecific interactions with both other primates and non-primate species range from predator–prey dynamics to affiliative behaviors such as grooming, play, and carrying. While many primates participate in interspecific associations or commensal relationships, to our knowledge interspecific social interactions have never been systematically synthesized. Here, we present the first comprehensive review of such interactions, compiling 427 …
The Crop Feeding Behavior of Rhesus Macaques in a Forest‐Farm Mosaic in Central Nepal
Human‐driven habitat change is forcing nonhuman primates to exploit anthropogenic landscapes, resulting in primate crop feeding, reduced farmer food security, and human–primate conflict. Here, we investigate the crop feeding behavior of a wild group of rhesus macaques in a farm‐forest mosaic in central Nepal. Macaque behavioral data were collected over 12 months using scan‐ and all‐occurrence sampling methods, along with monitoring crop availabil…
Nest raiding by bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata) and the response of nest guarding birds in a suburban habitat
Into the Fire
Pyrocognition has been part of the hominin behavioral repertoire for at least one million years. Here, we report evidence of naturally occurring pyrocognitive behavior in wild bonnet macaques ( Macaca radiata ) inhabiting a temple site in India. We recorded 2704 instances of macaques attempting to extinguish the fire in offering lamps that contained a food reward (sesame seeds, rice flour, or coconut). Overall, we found significant variation asso…
Factors Affecting the Diet and Activity Budget of Wild Tibetan Macaques ( Macaca thibetana )
Behavioral and dietary flexibility allow primates to effectively exploit resources that fluctuate in time and space. Here we examined monthly variation in the diet and activity budget of a wild nonprovisioned group of Tibetan macaques inhabiting Mt. Huangshan, China. From October 2022 to September 2023, we recorded the behavior of a group of wild macaques and collected data on food availability, temperature, rainfall, and day length. We found tha…
Wild Tibetan Macaques Use a Route‐Based Mental Map to Navigate in Large‐Scale Space
Many animals face significant challenges in locating and acquiring resources that are unevenly distributed in space and time. In the case of nonhuman primates, it remains unclear how individuals remember goal locations and whether they navigate using a route‐based or a coordinate‐based mental representation when moving between out‐of‐sight feeding and resting sites (i.e., large‐scale space). Here, we examine spatial memory and mental map formatio…
Self‐Directed Behaviors Prior to Approaching Conspecifics in Wild Tibetan Macaques ( Macaca thibetana )
Self‐directed behaviors (SDBs) are commonly used as reliable indicators of anxiety, frustration, and stress in nonhuman primates. These behaviors are typically observed in stressful situations, such as being in close proximity to dominants or during post‐conflict. However, there is limited evidence on whether individuals increased their SDBs before engaging in potentially risky behaviors. In this study, we used a focal sampling method to record a…
Scientific activism to protect the world's primates and their environments from extinction
Nonhuman primates and their habitats are facing an impending extinction crisis. Approximately 69% of primate species are listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as threatened and 93% have declining populations. Human population growth (expected to reach 10.9 billion by the year 2100), the unsustainable demands of a small number of consumer nations for forest‐risk commodities, deforestation and habitat conversion, the expansio…
A simple assay for measuring tannin‐protein precipitation capacity offers insights into the diet and food choice of black howler monkeys ( Alouatta pigra )
Phenolics, like tannins, are plant‐specialized metabolites that play a protective role against herbivory. Tannins can reduce palatability and bind with proteins to reduce digestibility, acting as deterrents to feeding and impacting nutrient extraction by herbivores. Some assays measure tannin and total phenolics content in plants but lack determination of their biological effects, hindering the interpretation of tannin function in herbivory and i…
An urgent call‐to‐action to protect the nonhuman primates and Indigenous Peoples of the Brazilian Amazon
Primates are facing an impending extinction crisis. Here, we examine the set of conservation challenges faced by the 100 primate species that inhabit the Brazilian Amazon, the largest remaining area of primary tropical rainforest in the world. The vast majority (86%) of Brazil's Amazonian primate species have declining populations. Primate population decline in Amazonia has been driven principally by deforestation related to the production of for…
Perspectives on Conservation Impacts of the Global Primate Trade
The global trade in nonhuman primates represents a substantial threat to ecosystem health, human health, and primate conservation worldwide. Most of the primate trade involves trade for pet-keeping, consumption, or biomedical experimentation. We present an overview of international primate trade through five case studies; each describes a different facet of this trade. We draw on published scientific literature, media outlets, and open access dat…
Population Viability and Genetic Structure of the Last Remaining Population of the Critically Endangered Gray Snub-Nosed Monkey (Rhinopithecus brelichi)
Effects of food availability and climate on the activity budget of Shortridge's langur ( Trachypithecus shortridgei ) in the Drung Valley, Gaoligong Mountains, China
Food availability and climate represent environmental factors that affect species' social behavior, ranging patterns, diet, and activity budget. From August 2012 to September 2013, we examined the effects of seasonal changes in food availability, temperature, and rainfall on the diet and behavioral ecology of Shortridge's langur ( Trachypithecus shortridgei ) an Endangered primate species inhabiting moist evergreen broadleaf forests in the Easter…
Effects of provisioning on the activity budget and foraging strategies of black‐and‐white snub‐nosed monkeys ( Rhinopithecus bieti ) in the Baima Snow Mountain Nature Reserve, Yunnan, China
Provisioning can significantly affect the ranging patterns, foraging strategies, and time budget of wild primates. In this study, we document for the first time, the effects of provisioning on the activity budget and foraging effort in an Asian colobine. Over 3‐years, we used an instantaneous scanning method at 10‐min intervals to collect data on the activity budget of a semiprovisioned breeding band (SPB) of black‐and‐white snub‐nosed monkeys ( …
Diverse grouping and mating strategies in the Critically Endangered Hainan gibbon (Nomascus hainanus)
Understanding flexibility in the social structure and mating strategies of the world’s last remaining population (35 individuals) of wild Hainan gibbons ( Nomascus hainanus ) is critical for developing effective management plans to aid in their population recovery. Three of the five remaining Hainan gibbon groups (A, B, and C) currently live in a social unit characterized by two or three adult males, two reproducing adult females, and offspring. …
Disassociation of social and sexual partner relationships in a gibbon population with stable one‐male two‐female groups
Adult males living in a one‐male multi‐female social group are expected to try to monopolize copulations with resident females to increase reproductive fitness. Gibbons have traditionally been described as living in monogamous groups, with the sole resident adult male assumed to sire all of the group's offspring. Here, we used microsatellite analyses and behavioral observations to examine rates of extra‐group paternity (EGP) over 16 years in a po…
The 10th anniversary of the scientific description of the black snub‐nosed monkey ( Rhinopithecus strykeri )
Traditionally, the genus Rhinopithecus (Milne‐Edwards, 1872, Primates, Colobinae) included four allopatric species, restricted in their distributions to China and Vietnam. In 2010, a fifth species, the black snub‐nosed monkey ( Rhinopithecus strykeri ) was discovered in the Gaoligong Mountains located on the border between China and Myanmar. Despite the remoteness, complex mountainous terrain, dense fog, and armed conflict that characterizes this…
Principal Drivers and Conservation Solutions to the Impending Primate Extinction Crisis
Advocacy and Activism as Essential Tools in Primate Conservation
Social strategies used by dispersing males to integrate into a new group in Tibetan macaques ( Macaca thibetana )
In group‐living mammals, an individual's fitness depends, in part, on the quality of social relationships it has with others. Among species of nonhuman primates in which one sex is philopatric, individuals of that sex often develop strong social bonds and alliances with closely related kin. Less is known regarding the social processes used by dispersing adults to form stable bonds with nonkin in their new group. From May to December 2009, April t…
Investment in science can mitigate the negative impacts of land use on declining primate populations
Changes in land use and the conversion of natural forests to agricultural fields and cattle pastures are threatening the survival of many species of wild animals, including nonhuman primates. Given its almost 1.4 billion people, China faces a difficult challenge in balancing economic development, human well‐being, environmental protection, and animal conservation. We examined the effects of poverty, anthropogenic land use (cropland and pasture/gr…
The effective use of camera traps to document the northernmost distribution of the western black crested gibbon in China
Neonatal nipple preference and maternal cradling laterality in wild Taihangshan macaques ( Macaca mulatta tcheliensis )
Lateralized behavior is considered an observable phenotype of cerebral functional asymmetry and has been documented in many mammalian species. In the present study, we examined evidence of lateralization in neonatal nipple contact, maternal cradling, and the relationship between these two behaviors during the first 12 weeks of life in wild Taihangshan macaques ( Macaca mulatta tcheliensis ). The results showed that across our sample of nine mothe…
Cafeteria‐style feeding trials provide new insights into the diet and nutritional strategies of the black snub‐nosed monkey ( Rhinopithecus strykeri )
Anthropogenic changes and fragmentation of natural habitats often exert a negative effect on resource availability and distribution, and the nutritional ecology and feeding behavior of nonhuman primates. The goals of this study are to examine food choice and to identify the nutritional profile of foods consumed by the Critically Endangered black snub‐nosed monkey ( Rhinopithecus strykeri ). To accomplish our study goals, we presented cafeteria‐st…
The ecological role of the prehensile tail in white‐faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus)
Prehensile tails appear to have evolved at least twice in platyrrhine evolution. In the atelines, the tail is relatively long and possesses a bare area on the distal part of its ventral surface that is covered with der-matoglyphs and richly innervated with Meissner's corpuscles. In contrast, the prehensile tail of Cebus is relatively short, fully haired, and lacks specialized tactile receptors. Little is currently known regarding tail function in…
Vertical clinging, small body size, and the evolution of feeding adaptations in the Callitrichinae
Primates of the subfamily Callitrichinae ( Callimico , Callithrix , Leontopithecus , and Saguinus ) are small‐bodied New World monkeys (105–700 g) possessing clawlike nails on all manual and pedal digits excluding the hallux. Specialized nails in these genera serve a critical function in feeding by enabling tamarins and marmosets to cling to trunks and other large vertical supports while exploiting food resources. Within the subfamily, there is e…
Locomotor behavior and feeding ecology of the panamanian tamarin (Saguinus oedipus geoffroyi, callitrichidae, primates)
A new interpretation of the social organization and mating system of the Callitrichidae
Foraging Strategies Among Living Primates
Infrastructures are material forms that allow for the possibility of exchange over space. They are the physical networks through which goods, ideas, waste, power, people, and finance are trafficked. In this article I trace the range of anthropological ...Read More
Positional behavior in moustached tamarin monkeys
Proposed nutritional importance of plant exudates in the diet of the Panamanian Tamarin,Saguinus oedipus geoffroyi
Seasonal patterns of diet and ranging in two species of tamarin monkeys
Ecological distinctions between sympatric species of Saguinus and Sciurus
Tamarins are small New World monkeys that have been described as “squirrellike.” Squirrels, along with bats and birds, are the taxa most likely to utilize resources similar to those used by primates in the tropical forest canopy. In this paper we compare differences in ecology, diet, locomotion, and habitat utilization between sympatric populations of tamarins ( Saguinus oedipus ) and tree squirrels ( Sciurus granatensis ) in Panama. Data present…
Importance of cooperation and affiliation in the evolution of primate sociality
The idea that competition and aggression are central to an understanding of the origins of group‐living and sociality among human and nonhuman primates is the dominant theory in primatology today. Using this paradigm, researchers have focused their attention on competitive and aggressive behaviors, and have tended to overlook the importance of cooperative and affiliative behaviors. However, cooperative and affiliative behaviors are considerably m…
Habitat Use and Ranging Behavior of Callimico goeldii
The role of gut microbes in satisfying the nutritional demands of adult and juvenile wild, black howler monkeys ( A louatta pigra )
In all mammals, growth, development, pregnancy, and lactation increase nutritional demands. Although primate field studies tend to focus on shifts in activity and diet as mechanisms to compensate for these demands, differences in digestive efficiency also are likely to be important. Because the gut microbiota can impact host digestive efficiency, we examined differences in activity budget, diet, and the gut microbial community among adult male ( …
Body weights in mixed species troops of Saguinus mystax mystax and Saguinus fuscicollis nigrifrons in Amazonian Peru
An investigation of body weights of members of mixed species troops of Saguinus mystax mystax and Saguinus fuscicollis nigrifrons was conducted at the Rio Blanco Research Station in northeastern Peru. A total of 107 adult and subadult tamarin monkeys were trapped, measured, and released. Data collected indicate that mean body weights for adult male and female moustached tamarins are 564 gm and 626 gm, respectively, whereas for adult saddle‐back t…
Modeling monkeys
Spatial and Diurnal Distribution of Loud Calling in Black Howlers (Alouatta pigra)
Fission–Fusion Behavior in Yunnan Snub-Nosed Monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) in Yunnan, China
Seed Swallowing in Tamarins
Influence of fruit and invertebrate consumption on the gut microbiota of wild white‐faced capuchins ( Cebus capucinus )
OBJECTIVES: Invertebrate consumption is thought to be an integral part of early hominin diets, and many modern human populations regularly consume insects and other arthropods. This study examines the response of gut microbial community structure and function to changes in diet in wild white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus), a primate that incorporates a large proportion of invertebrates in its diet. The goal of the study is to better understand…
High‐throughput sequencing of fecal DNA to identify insects consumed by wild W eddell's saddleback tamarins ( S aguinus weddelli , C ebidae, P rimates) in B olivia
The genus Saguinus represents a successful radiation of over 20 species of small‐bodied New World monkeys. Studies of the tamarin diet indicate that insects and small vertebrates account for ∼16–45% of total feeding and foraging time, and represent an important source of lipids, protein, and metabolizable energy. Although tamarins are reported to commonly consume large‐bodied insects such as grasshoppers and walking sticks (Orthoptera), little is…
Kinematic Analysis of Trunk-to-trunk Leaping in Callimico goeldii
Advocacy and Activism as Essential Tools in Primate Conservation
Integrating feeding behavior, ecological data, and DNA barcoding to identify developmental differences in invertebrate foraging strategies in wild white‐faced capuchins ( Cebus capucinus )
OBJECTIVES: Invertebrate foraging strategies in nonhuman primates often require complex extractive foraging or prey detection techniques. As these skills take time to master, juveniles may have reduced foraging efficiency or concentrate their foraging efforts on easier to acquire prey than adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We use DNA barcoding, behavioral observations, and ecological data to assess age-based differences in invertebrate prey foraging…
The role of kinship in the formation of a primate multilevel society
A small number of mammalian species live in a modular or multilevel society in which several individual social/reproductive units called one‐male units (OMUs) are embedded within a large cohesive band. Factors that affect band composition and stability are poorly understood. In this study we examined the role of kinship in the formation and maintenance of a multilevel society in an endangered population of golden snub‐nosed monkeys ( Rhinopithecu…
Infant Mortality in Black-and-Gold Howlers (Alouatta caraya) Living in a Flooded Forest in Northeastern Argentina
Use of Social and Ecological Information in Tamarin Foraging Decisions
Foraging and Spatial Memory in Wild Weddell’s Saddleback Tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis weddelli) When Moving Between Distant and Out-of-Sight Goals
Locomotor behavior and feeding ecology of the panamanian tamarin (Saguinus oedipus geoffroyi, callitrichidae, primates)
Proposed nutritional importance of plant exudates in the diet of the Panamanian Tamarin,Saguinus oedipus geoffroyi
Ecological distinctions between sympatric species of Saguinus and Sciurus
Tamarins are small New World monkeys that have been described as “squirrellike.” Squirrels, along with bats and birds, are the taxa most likely to utilize resources similar to those used by primates in the tropical forest canopy. In this paper we compare differences in ecology, diet, locomotion, and habitat utilization between sympatric populations of tamarins ( Saguinus oedipus ) and tree squirrels ( Sciurus granatensis ) in Panama. Data present…
The ecology of seed dispersal in two species of callitrichid primates ( Saguinus mystax and Saguinus fuscicollis )
Data collected during a 12‐month field investigation of mixed species troops of Saguinus mystax and Saguinus fuscicollis in the Amazon Basin of north‐eastern Peru indicate that callitrichid primates play an important role in tropical forest seed dispersal. Moustached and saddle‐back tamarins were observed to ingest seeds from a variety of tree and liana species and pass them unharmed. These seeds tended to be large and heavy, and passed through t…
Body weights in mixed species troops of Saguinus mystax mystax and Saguinus fuscicollis nigrifrons in Amazonian Peru
An investigation of body weights of members of mixed species troops of Saguinus mystax mystax and Saguinus fuscicollis nigrifrons was conducted at the Rio Blanco Research Station in northeastern Peru. A total of 107 adult and subadult tamarin monkeys were trapped, measured, and released. Data collected indicate that mean body weights for adult male and female moustached tamarins are 564 gm and 626 gm, respectively, whereas for adult saddle‐back t…
A new interpretation of the social organization and mating system of the Callitrichidae
A new interpretation of the social organization and mating system of the Callitrichidae
Foraging Strategies Among Living Primates
Infrastructures are material forms that allow for the possibility of exchange over space. They are the physical networks through which goods, ideas, waste, power, people, and finance are trafficked. In this article I trace the range of anthropological ...Read More
Role of spatial memory in primate foraging patterns
From field data collected in the Amazon Basin of northeastern Peru, I present evidence that moustached ( Saguinus mystax ) and saddle‐back ( Saguinus fuscicollis ) tamarins maintain detailed knowledge of the distribution and location of many tree species in their home range. During the wet season months of October through December 1984, fruits and exudates from 20 tree species and over 150 individual trees accounted for 75% of plant feeding time.…
Biological Anthropology
Patterns of male caregiving behavior among primates
Smuts, Barbara Boardman. Sex and Friendship in Baboons. New York: Aldine Publishing Company, 1985. xvii + 303 pp. including appendices, bibliography, and subject index. $34.95 cloth. Taub, David M., ed. Primate Paternalism. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1984. xii + 441 pp. including individual chapter references and index. $44.00 cloth
A comparative study of positional behavior in three species of tamarin monkeys
Primate Origins and Evolution
Feeding adaptations in new world primates
Vertical clinging, small body size, and the evolution of feeding adaptations in the Callitrichinae
Primates of the subfamily Callitrichinae ( Callimico , Callithrix , Leontopithecus , and Saguinus ) are small‐bodied New World monkeys (105–700 g) possessing clawlike nails on all manual and pedal digits excluding the hallux. Specialized nails in these genera serve a critical function in feeding by enabling tamarins and marmosets to cling to trunks and other large vertical supports while exploiting food resources. Within the subfamily, there is e…
Patterns of range use, range defense, and intergroup spacing in moustached tamarin monkeys (Saguinus mystax)
Demographic and reproductive patterns in moustached tamarin monkeys ( Saguinus mystax )
In this paper we address a series of questions concerning reproductive opportunities, kinship, dispersal, and mating patterns in free‐ranging moustached tamarin monkeys ( Saguinus mystax ). Between 1980 and 1990 information on group size, composition, and migration patterns was collected on marked groups of moustached tamarins inhabiting Padre Isla, an island in the Amazon Basin of northeastern Peru. In 1990, 86% of 114 animals residing in 16 soc…
Seasonal patterns of diet and ranging in two species of tamarin monkeys
Modeling monkeys
Phylogenetic approach to the study of tamarin and marmoset social systems
Tamarins and marmosets (subfamily: Callitrichinae) are members of an ecologically and behaviorally diverse radiation of small‐bodied New World monkeys characterized by the production of twin offspring, intense female reproductive competition, reproductive suppression, cooperative infant care and evidence of what has been described as a highly flexible system of mating. In this review, I offer a phylogenetic approach to the study of callitrichine …
Social and reproductive patterns in neotropical primates
The papers in this issue stem from a symposium presented at the 1992 International Primatological Congress in Strasbourg, France. Due to the paucity of information on social organization, reproduction, and the relation of these to ecology in neotropical primates, we organized this symposium, which included researchers conducting comparative studies and those examining aspects of socioecology in single platyrrhine species. The papers in the sympos…
Positional behavior in moustached tamarin monkeys
Social and seasonal influences on reproductive biology in male moustached tamarins (Saguinus mystax)
In several primate taxa there is evidence that the social and physical environment can exert a significant effect on reproductive behavior and biology. In this paper we examine social and physiological factors influencing group composition and reproduction in free-ranging moustached tamarin monkeys (Saguinus mystax mystax). This species is characterized by cooperative care of the young and a breeding system that includes both polyandrous and poly…
Teaching and Learning in Human and Nonhuman Primates The Information Continuum
One for all and breeding for one
In this paper I examine behavioral strategies used by male and female tamarins to increase individual reproductive opportunities while continuing to maintain a high level of group cohesion and social cooperation. Tamarins of the genus Saguinus are characterized by social groups generally composed of more than one adult of each sex, but a breeding system in which only a single female in each group gives birth. The breeding sovereignty of a single …
Primate Behavior and Ecology (106 works) · Biology (105 works) · Ecology (84 works) · Zoology (63 works) · Animal Behavior and Reproduction (47 works) · Primate (46 works) · Animal Vocal Communication and Behavior (45 works) · Habitat (40 works) · Geography (35 works) · Wildlife Ecology and Conservation (33 works)