P J Aspinall
Biographic Data
| ID | 35076 |
|---|---|
| NAME | P J Aspinall |
| GIVEN NAMES | P J |
| FAMILY NAME | Aspinall |
| SIGNATURE | ASPINALL P J |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Kent |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-8209-579X |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 66 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 409 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 66 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1982 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2022 |
| H-INDEX | 12 |
Capturing Superdiversity in Official Data
This chapter discusses the capture of superdiversity in one particular set of official data, that is, the recent decennial censuses. First, it provides a review of how superdiversity variables are defined in the wider literature, including attempts to operationalize such variables in measurement studies. It then explores how the census captures these variables, including any advantages and drawbacks. Following a brief consideration of the evidenc…
Do Conceptualisations of ‘Mixed Race’, ‘Interracial Unions’, and Race’s ‘Centrality to Understandings of Racism’ Challenge the UK’s Official Categorisation by Ethnic Group
A focus on ‘mixed race’ and mixedness in Britain has revived a debate around the central question of whether the decennial census and other official data collections should be capturing ‘race’ rather than ethnic group and producing ‘racial’ outputs. The British practice may seem out of step by some commentators, given that ‘mixed race’ is the term of choice amongst those it describes, and given scholarly interest in interracial unions. Moreover, …
Social Representations of Art in Public Places
This article focuses on the social/cultural representations of the statue of A Real Birmingham Family cast in bronze and unveiled in Britain’s second city in October 2014. It reveals a family comprising two local mixed-race sisters, both single mothers, and their sons, unanimously chosen from 372 families. Three of the four families shortlisted for the statue were ‘mixed-race’ families. The artwork came about through a partnership between the scu…
Bame (black, Asian and minority ethnic)
Anyone who has been tracking the public health literature on the greater risks experienced by minority ethnic groups in the coronavirus pandemic will have been struck by the almost ubiquitous use of the acronym ‘BAME’. Government public health agencies use BAME as a modifying adjective for ‘... communities’, ‘... groups’, ‘... households’, ‘... people’, ‘... populations’, ‘... staff’ and as a noun. A 2020 report by Public Health England1 on the i…
Black African' identification and the Covid-19 pandemic in Britain
This paper is a narrative review of the use of collective terminology in relation to race and health in Britain, with particular reference to the 'Black African' community. 'Black Africans' have been categorised in the 1991-2011 censuses with added free-text in 2021 in response to user demand. However, the UK government is increasingly reporting data for the 'Black' pan-ethnicity, especially in the even more generalised 'BAME' ('Black, Asian and …
Ethnic/Racial Terminology as a Form of Representation
All ethnic/racial terminology may be seen as a form of representation, whereby meanings are generated by a range of social categorizers in settings of popular culture, political discourse, and statistical governmentality. This paper investigates these representations through a critical review of the lexicon of collective and specific ethnic/racial terms in use in Britain. Relevant studies and documents were identified through structured searches …
The Sri Lankan community of descent in the UK
The Sri Lankan diaspora population is substantially neglected in UK demographic and health research and not captured in census and survey ethnic group questions, though 127,242 Sri Lankan-born migrants were enumerated in England and Wales in 2011. Important intersections are reported between the period of arrival of these migrants, the purpose behind their movement, and related population characteristics, with 47% having arrived during 2001–2011.…
The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Health, Illness, Behavior, and Society
editorial reviewed
Mixed Race Britain in The Twentieth Century
Mixed Race Britain in The Twentieth Century is a fine example of incisive scholarship underpinned by detailed critical analysis of transformations in discourses of mixed race. Its examination of hidden or forgotten histories of mixed race avoids simplistic generalisations about either mixed race people or white British society. It brings the voices of ordinary people to public attention and, in doing so, situates them in history and illuminates t…
How the Use by Eugenicists of Family Trees and Other Genealogical Technologies Informed and Reflected Discourses on Race and Race Crossing during the Era of Moral Condemnation
In the 1920s and 30s, significant empirical studies were undertaken on mixed-race (‘hybrid’) populations in Britain’s seaport communities. The physical anthropologists Rachel Fleming and Kenneth Little drew on the methods of anthropometry, while social scientist Muriel Fletcher’s morally condemnatory tract belongs to the genre of racial hygiene. Whether through professional relationships, the conduct of their work, or means of disseminating their…
Multiracialism and its discontents
Strmic-Pawl's book makes a novel and substantive contribution to the literature on multiracialism. Firstly, it explores particular types of mix and thereby reveals the heterogeneity of this populat
Romaphobia
This scholarly book is based on McGarry's field research on the Roma in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, and Macedonia in 2014 and 2015, including interviews with community members, and draws
What kind of mixed race/ethnicity data is needed for the 2020/21 global population census round
In western countries the mixed race/ethnicity population is experiencing a rapid increase in numbers and growing diversity, raising challenges for its capture in censuses and surveys. Methods include exact combinations of interest, multi-ticking, and open response, as exemplified by the censuses of England and Wales, the USA and Canada, and Scotland and Northern Ireland, respectively. However, investigations of question face validity, reproducibi…
Measuring the health patterns of the ‘mixed/multiple’ ethnic group in Britain
The ‘mixed’ group, officially recognised in the 2001 Census, is one of the most rapidly growing ethnic groups in Britain. Although ‘mixed’ categorisation was added to ethnic coding in NHS datasets, our knowledge of health patterns for this population is meagre. Data quality problems remain a key obstacle, including poor reproducibility of the data and constraints on reporting due to sparse data bias. The consequent minimal and indicative evidence…
African Communities in Britain
This chapter traces the long historical presence of ‘Black Africans’ in Britain going back to the Roman times. A new type of evidence, based on the study of Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA, is beginning to provide the first genetic trace of a long-lived African presence in Britain. The seventeenth, eighteenth, and early nineteenth centuries—from around the late 1620s to the early 1830s—are dominated not solely by the Black African presence in …
The African Diaspora Population in Britain
This insightful book examines the Black African diaspora in Britain through an examination of its demography, recent patterns of migration, changing patterns of residence, and socio-economic position
Understanding Relationships between Health, Ethnicity, Place and the Role of Urban Green Space in Deprived Urban Communities
Very little is known about how differences in use and perceptions of urban green space impact on the general health of black and minority ethnic (BME) groups. BME groups in the UK suffer from poorer health and a wide range of environmental inequalities that include poorer access to urban green space and poorer quality of green space provision. This study used a household questionnaire (n = 523) to explore the relationship between general health a…
Mitigating Stress and Supporting Health in Deprived Urban Communities
Environment-health research has shown significant relationships between the quantity of green space in deprived urban neighbourhoods and people's stress levels. The focus of this paper is the nature of access to green space (i.e., its quantity or use) necessary before any health benefit is found. It draws on a cross-sectional survey of 406 adults in four communities of high urban deprivation in Scotland, United Kingdom. Self-reported measures of …
Social representations of 'mixed-race' in early twenty-first-century Britain
Over the last two decades, lay and professional interest in Britain's 'mixed-race' population has markedly increased, following dramatic growth in mixing and mixedness. As is often the case with new phenomena, agencies in the sphere of popular culture have stepped in to offer the wider public interpretative representations of this 'new' group. Drawing on challenging concepts, like demographic growth rates and projections, the family 'norm', the o…
Migrants and HIV stigma
This paper is based on data collected in 2009 for the international Stigma Index Study which measured the experiences of stigma among participants living with HIV in the UK. Data were collected using a self-completed survey questionnaire and focus group discussions. Quantitative data were analysed using SPSS, while qualitative data were subjected to thematic analysis. The Stigma Index attempts to establish a baseline for documenting the experienc…
Names, ethnicity and populations
This book has been nine years in the making and contributes a major innovative and thoroughly impressive body of scholarship on name-origin analysis. When Pablo Mateos started this study in the ear
Britain’s ‘brown babies
Britain’s ‘brown babies’: the stories of children born to black GIs and white women in the Second World War." Ethnic and Racial Studies, 45(3), pp. 503–504
The colors of love
The colors of love: multiracial people in interracial relationships." Ethnic and Racial Studies, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print), pp. 1–2
Mixed-Race Superheroes
Taking children
The Trump presidency's chilling 2018 and 2019 policies of child separation and use of immigration child detention centres (distilled in his declaration that "you have to take the children away") at
Is racial mismatch a problem for young ‘mixed race’ people in Britain? The findings of qualitative research
Recent evidence concerning the racial identifications of ‘mixed race’ people suggests growing latitude in how they may identify. In this article, we examine whether mixed race young people believe that their chosen identifications are validated by others, and how they respond to others’ racial perceptions of them. While existing studies tend to assume that a disjuncture between self-identification and others’ perceptions of them is problematic, t…
The conceptualisation and categorisation of mixed race/ethnicity in Britain and North America
Operationalising the collection of ethnicity data in studies of the sociology of health and illness
In response to the burgeoning interest in ethnic health issues and related published research, a number of recent contributors have attempted to clarify or systematise the usage of overarching terminology like 'ethnicity', 'race', 'culture', and 'racism', including the development of guidelines. However, the operational problems of how to collect ethnicity data in studies of the sociology of health and illness have not been satisfactorily address…
Taking children
The Trump presidency's chilling 2018 and 2019 policies of child separation and use of immigration child detention centres (distilled in his declaration that "you have to take the children away") at
Collective Terminology to Describe the Minority Ethnic Population
A wide range of terminology is used, often interchangeably, to describe the minority ethnic group population as a whole and major segments of it.While some terms have been extended to give clarity, as in 'Asian, Black and other minority ethnic', much in this lexicon remains cumbersome or ambiguous in usage. Further, white minority groups such as the Irish frequently get omitted in the category shuffle, creating 'injustices of recognition'. Imprec…
Approaches to Developing an Improved Cross-National Understanding of Concepts and Terms Relating to Ethnicity and Race
Investigators from the fields of comparative social and epidemiological research have identified the need for an improved cross-national understanding of the concepts and terms relating to ethnicity and race. Suggestions have included the harmonization in surveys of variables like ethnicity and religion in a comparative European context and an internationally applicable and agreed glossary of terms relating to ethnicity and race. Pleas have been …
Answer Formats in British Census and Survey Ethnicity Questions
During a period of unprecedented ethnicity data collection in Britain, an almost universal characteristic of this practice has been the mandated use of the decennial census ethnicity classifications. In Canada and the USA a greater plurality of methods has included open response, now recommended for the 2020 US Census. As the ethnic diversity of Britain has increased, driven by immigration dynamics and population mixing leading to ‘superdiversity…
The Future of Ethnicity Classifications
In the first decade of the twenty-first century, ‘diversity’ has emerged as a key value in its own right, celebrated through human rights and similar policies promoting identity and providing an additional focus to that of the more traditional equalities agenda and its concern with ‘statistical proportionality’. It has been conjectured that classifications rooted in diversity policy will either propel data collection practices into the use of fin…
Transcending blackness
The challenges of measuring the ethno-cultural diversity of Britain in the new millennium
English During the next 50 years the ethnic diversity of Britain will increase in response to growing intermarriage, differential rates of natural increase, and continuing migration flows, especially of refugees. While religion is assuming a greater importance in the social identities of some minority ethnic groups, in others it is being displaced by an ethnic focus. In the upcoming decades the increasing sovereignty that people attach to self-id…
The conceptual basis of ethnic group terminology and classifications
Social representations of 'mixed-race' in early twenty-first-century Britain
Over the last two decades, lay and professional interest in Britain's 'mixed-race' population has markedly increased, following dramatic growth in mixing and mixedness. As is often the case with new phenomena, agencies in the sphere of popular culture have stepped in to offer the wider public interpretative representations of this 'new' group. Drawing on challenging concepts, like demographic growth rates and projections, the family 'norm', the o…
What kind of mixed race/ethnicity data is needed for the 2020/21 global population census round
In western countries the mixed race/ethnicity population is experiencing a rapid increase in numbers and growing diversity, raising challenges for its capture in censuses and surveys. Methods include exact combinations of interest, multi-ticking, and open response, as exemplified by the censuses of England and Wales, the USA and Canada, and Scotland and Northern Ireland, respectively. However, investigations of question face validity, reproducibi…
Describing the "white" ethnic group and its composition in medical research
Who is Asian? A category that remains contested in population and health research
Continuing inconsistent use of the term 'Asian' and its appearance for the first time in the 2001 Census justifies an examination of its utility in population and health research. Given the potential for 'Asian' to describe either persons with origins in the Indian subcontinent or those originating from continental Asia, there is a strong argument in studies employing ethnicity as a measure of broad historical processes of colonialism, migration,…
Mixed race', 'mixed origins' or what? Generic terminology for the multiple racial/ethnic group population
A broad range of terms have been proposed and debated for the 'mixed race' population. Dissatisfaction with 'mixed race', the term most widely used but contested on the grounds that it references the now discredited concept of 'race', has led to the search for an alternative. In 1994 the Royal Anthropological Institute advocated 'mixed origins'; despite subsequent further efforts, this alternative has gained little momentum. 'Mixed race' now comp…
The New 2001 Census Question Set on Cultural Characteristics
The health of minority ethnic groups has been accorded a priority position in the British government's strategy to improve the population's health, including the provision of the necessary information to address inequalities. The independent Acheson Inquiry has also called for improvements in the capacity to monitor inequalities in health of ethnic groups which requires the use of appropriate ethnic group categories. The new 2001 Census question …
Black African' identification and the Covid-19 pandemic in Britain
This paper is a narrative review of the use of collective terminology in relation to race and health in Britain, with particular reference to the 'Black African' community. 'Black Africans' have been categorised in the 1991-2011 censuses with added free-text in 2021 in response to user demand. However, the UK government is increasingly reporting data for the 'Black' pan-ethnicity, especially in the even more generalised 'BAME' ('Black, Asian and …
The Roma Struggle for Compensation in Post-War Germany
The Roma Struggle for Compensation in Post-War Germany." Ethnic and Racial Studies, 35(7), pp. 1344–1345
Multiracialism and its discontents
Strmic-Pawl's book makes a novel and substantive contribution to the literature on multiracialism. Firstly, it explores particular types of mix and thereby reveals the heterogeneity of this populat
The feasibility of using ethnicity as a primary tool for antenatal selective screening for sickle cell disorders
Should a Question on ‘Religion’ be Asked in the 2001 British Census? A Public Policy Case in Favour
For the first time since the voluntary census in 1851, a question on religion will be asked in the 2001 Census for England and Wales and for Scotland. The justification given in the White Paper is that the information will enhance output from the ethnicity question, especially for groups originating from the Indian subcontinent. The decision has attracted criticism on the grounds that religion is a private and sensitive matter not suitable for a …
Bame (black, Asian and minority ethnic)
Anyone who has been tracking the public health literature on the greater risks experienced by minority ethnic groups in the coronavirus pandemic will have been struck by the almost ubiquitous use of the acronym ‘BAME’. Government public health agencies use BAME as a modifying adjective for ‘... communities’, ‘... groups’, ‘... households’, ‘... people’, ‘... populations’, ‘... staff’ and as a noun. A 2020 report by Public Health England1 on the i…
Romaphobia
This scholarly book is based on McGarry's field research on the Roma in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, and Macedonia in 2014 and 2015, including interviews with community members, and draws
The Social Evolution of the Term "Half-Caste" in Britain
The term "half-caste" had its origins in nineteenth century British colonial administrations, emerging in the twentieth century as the quotidian label for those whose ancestry comprised multiple ethnic/racial groups, usually encompassing "White". From the 1920s-1960s the term was used in Britain as a derogatory racial category associated with the moral condemnation of "miscegenation". Yet today the label continues to be used as a self-descriptor …
Ellesmere Port
The conceptual basis of ethnic group terminology and classifications
Describing the "white" ethnic group and its composition in medical research
The New 2001 Census Question Set on Cultural Characteristics
The health of minority ethnic groups has been accorded a priority position in the British government's strategy to improve the population's health, including the provision of the necessary information to address inequalities. The independent Acheson Inquiry has also called for improvements in the capacity to monitor inequalities in health of ethnic groups which requires the use of appropriate ethnic group categories. The new 2001 Census question …
Should a Question on ‘Religion’ be Asked in the 2001 British Census? A Public Policy Case in Favour
For the first time since the voluntary census in 1851, a question on religion will be asked in the 2001 Census for England and Wales and for Scotland. The justification given in the White Paper is that the information will enhance output from the ethnicity question, especially for groups originating from the Indian subcontinent. The decision has attracted criticism on the grounds that religion is a private and sensitive matter not suitable for a …
Children of mixed parentage
In a review of Tizard and Phoenix's (1993) study, Sinclair drew attention to the paucity of official statistical information on children of mixed parentage, including the omission of a ‘mixed’ category in the 1991 Census classification. This article documents the limitations of that classification (which unsatisfactorily accommodated the needs of some 230 000 persons who identified their mixed origins in write‐in descriptions), examines the only …
Human Biology and Social Inequality
The challenges of measuring the ethno-cultural diversity of Britain in the new millennium
English During the next 50 years the ethnic diversity of Britain will increase in response to growing intermarriage, differential rates of natural increase, and continuing migration flows, especially of refugees. While religion is assuming a greater importance in the social identities of some minority ethnic groups, in others it is being displaced by an ethnic focus. In the upcoming decades the increasing sovereignty that people attach to self-id…
Operationalising the collection of ethnicity data in studies of the sociology of health and illness
In response to the burgeoning interest in ethnic health issues and related published research, a number of recent contributors have attempted to clarify or systematise the usage of overarching terminology like 'ethnicity', 'race', 'culture', and 'racism', including the development of guidelines. However, the operational problems of how to collect ethnicity data in studies of the sociology of health and illness have not been satisfactorily address…
Suicide amongst Irish Migrants in Britain
Background: Studies have consistently reported higher rates of suicide amongst Irish migrants in Britain than in the population as a whole. Leavey offers a hypothetical model to explain such rates that incorporates lack of social cohesion and integration meshed with the inability to establish an authentic identity and other contributory factors. Material: Systematic review methodologies are used to examine the central tenets of this explanatory f…
The role of ethnic monitoring in mainstreaming race equality and the modernization of the NHS
The Department of Health has adopted mainstreaming as a fundamental principle of its race and equal opportunities work in service delivery, workforce policies and the tackling of institutional racism. A logical and necessary extension of this approach is to mainstream ethnic monitoring, a need supported by an increasing number of government departments, agencies and independent research bodies and implicitly recognized in the equalities framework…
Collective Terminology to Describe the Minority Ethnic Population
A wide range of terminology is used, often interchangeably, to describe the minority ethnic group population as a whole and major segments of it.While some terms have been extended to give clarity, as in 'Asian, Black and other minority ethnic', much in this lexicon remains cumbersome or ambiguous in usage. Further, white minority groups such as the Irish frequently get omitted in the category shuffle, creating 'injustices of recognition'. Imprec…
The conceptualisation and categorisation of mixed race/ethnicity in Britain and North America
Who is Asian? A category that remains contested in population and health research
Continuing inconsistent use of the term 'Asian' and its appearance for the first time in the 2001 Census justifies an examination of its utility in population and health research. Given the potential for 'Asian' to describe either persons with origins in the Indian subcontinent or those originating from continental Asia, there is a strong argument in studies employing ethnicity as a measure of broad historical processes of colonialism, migration,…
The feasibility of using ethnicity as a primary tool for antenatal selective screening for sickle cell disorders
Are English local authorities' practices on housing and council tax benefit administration meeting race equality requirements
This paper investigates the extent to which the national and local state are meeting the requirements of race relations legislation in the area of means-tested housing and council tax benefits. Compliance with the prioritized duties is assessed in the context of both the wider issues driving the race equality agenda and more detailed arguments about managerial regimes and the central role of data. Two specific examples are pursued: the capacity t…
Approaches to Developing an Improved Cross-National Understanding of Concepts and Terms Relating to Ethnicity and Race
Investigators from the fields of comparative social and epidemiological research have identified the need for an improved cross-national understanding of the concepts and terms relating to ethnicity and race. Suggestions have included the harmonization in surveys of variables like ethnicity and religion in a comparative European context and an internationally applicable and agreed glossary of terms relating to ethnicity and race. Pleas have been …
Operationalising ‘sexual orientation’ in routine data collection and equality monitoring in the UK
New legal provisions and regulatory practices in the UK have afforded protection against discrimination for sexual orientation minorities and conferred rights similar to those of heterosexually partnered couples. In addition, sexual orientation has been recognised as one of the main equality strands in new equality legislation and equality governance. Government departments and statutory and other organisations now face the need to collect equal …
Is the standardised term ‘Black African’ useful in demographic and health research in the United Kingdom
OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this paper is to review the literature on the term 'Black African' with respect to a number of themes: its use in the census and official data collections; the acceptability of a colour-based term; the heterogeneity concealed within the 'Black African' collectivity; the invisibility of distinct populations; the concealment of disparities in health, health care, and determinants; the capture of 'Black Africans' in …
Non-white”
Background A positive family history (PFH) of spondyloarthritis (SpA) is considered a risk indicator for the presence of axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) in patients with chronic back pain (CBP). In the ASAS classification criteria, a PFH of SpA is defined as the presence of any of the following diseases in first- or second-degree relatives: ankylosing spondylitis (AS), acute anterior uveitis (AAU), reactive arthritis (ReA), inflammatory bowel dis…
Kinds of people’ and equality monitoring in the UK
Over the last few decades social identities have grown in importance, ‘sexual orientation’ and ‘national identity’ being the latest to join the fold. While all jostle for official recognition, which of these identity groups is monitored – and in what settings – is of practical importance. Respondent burden, concerns about confidentiality and disclosure, and the lack in some cases of benchmark data raise issues around the feasibility of monitoring…
Does the British State's Categorisation of ‘Mixed Race’ Meet Public Policy Needs
The England and Wales 2001 Census was the first to include ‘Mixed’ categories which have now been adopted across government. The four ‘cultural background’ options were highly prescriptive, specifying combinations of groups. This paper assesses how satisfactorily these analytical categories captured self-ascribed cultural affiliation based on the criteria of validity, reliability and utility of the data for public services. Finally, the paper ask…
The Future of Ethnicity Classifications
In the first decade of the twenty-first century, ‘diversity’ has emerged as a key value in its own right, celebrated through human rights and similar policies promoting identity and providing an additional focus to that of the more traditional equalities agenda and its concern with ‘statistical proportionality’. It has been conjectured that classifications rooted in diversity policy will either propel data collection practices into the use of fin…
Mixed race', 'mixed origins' or what? Generic terminology for the multiple racial/ethnic group population
A broad range of terms have been proposed and debated for the 'mixed race' population. Dissatisfaction with 'mixed race', the term most widely used but contested on the grounds that it references the now discredited concept of 'race', has led to the search for an alternative. In 1994 the Royal Anthropological Institute advocated 'mixed origins'; despite subsequent further efforts, this alternative has gained little momentum. 'Mixed race' now comp…
Are our data on teenage pregnancy across ethnic groups in England fit for the purpose of policy formulation, implementation, and monitoring
The Teenage Pregnancy Strategy for England has a Public Service Agreement target to substantially reduce the level of teenage pregnancies by 2010. It argues that all the main risk factors need to be incorporated into risk assessments undertaken by agencies and professionals. These include deprivation, poor educational attainment and disengagement from school, and ethnicity, the last's association with high teenage pregnancy rates being independen…
Sociology (59 works) · Ethnic group (42 works) · Political science (36 works) · Population (34 works) · Gender Studies (33 works) · Demography (29 works) · Geography (29 works) · Law (28 works) · Census (23 works) · Demography (21 works)