Tom Marshall
Biographic Data
| ID | 3583124 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Tom Marshall |
| GIVEN NAMES | Tom |
| FAMILY NAME | Marshall |
| SIGNATURE | MARSHALL T |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Birmingham |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-9277-5214 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 26 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 65 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 26 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1961 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 5 |
Mental health benefits of urban green space are shaped by green space attributes, visitor characteristics and the activities they undertake
Access to green spaces is limited in urban areas and has proven benefits for the mental health and well-being of residents. However, there remains a paucity of evidence as to how these benefits vary based on a) the attributes of visited sites, b) the characteristics of visitors, and c) the activities undertaken during each visit. To address these evidence gaps, we analysed 10,749 responses to the Adults’ People and Nature Survey (PaNS) for Englan…
Six actions to harness the potential of social surveys on people and nature relations
Robust data on the state of relationships between people and nature is a critical component of the evidence base for environmental governance at local, national and global scales. Social surveys are a valuable method already used by some governmental and non‐governmental organisations to gather this evidence. However, a lack of coordination hampers efforts to harness the potential of people‐and‐nature surveys to better inform policy and practice.…
Sickness absence in the working age population
Economic inactivity rate in the UK reached 22.2% in 2024, driven largely by increased long-term sickness, and exceeds those reported in comparable high-income countries. Sickness absence remains a major challenge, imposing substantial costs on individuals and society. This study aimed to assess sickness absence rates and associated economic output losses in primary care for working-age adults in England. This was a population-based retrospective …
Symptoms and risk factors for long Covid in non-hospitalized adults
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is associated with a range of persistent symptoms impacting everyday functioning, known as post-COVID-19 condition or long COVID. We undertook a retrospective matched cohort study using a UK-based primary care database, Clinical Practice Research Datalink Aurum, to determine symptoms that are associated with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection beyond 12 weeks in non-hospitalized ad…
A Crossover Randomized Controlled Trial of Priming Interventions to Increase Hand Hygiene at Ward Entrances
BACKGROUND: Research conducted in the United States suggests that two primes (citrus smells and pictures of a person's eyes) can increase hand gel dispenser use on the day they are introduced in hospital. The current study, conducted at a hospital in the United Kingdom, evaluated the effectiveness of these primes, both in isolation and in combination, at the entry way to four separate wards, over a longer duration than the previous work. METHODS:…
Multimorbidity and associations with clinical outcomes in a middle-aged population in Iran
BACKGROUND: As the populations of lower-income and middle-income countries age, multimorbidity is increasing, but there is little information on its long-term consequences. We aimed to show associations between multimorbidity and outcomes of mortality and hospitalisation in Iran, a middle-income country undergoing rapid economic transition. METHODS: We conducted a secondary analysis of longitudinal data collected in the Golestan Cohort Study. Dat…
Street-level diplomacy? Communicative and adaptive work at the front line of implementing public health policies in primary care
Long-term conditions, self-management and systems of support
The findings have implications for the design and delivery of primary care and community services which support the prevention and management of NCDs in an increasingly diverse population
Mixed methods evaluation of targeted case finding for cardiovascular disease prevention using a stepped wedged cluster RCT
It is possible to design a stepped wedge randomised controlled trial using routine data to determine the primary outcome to evaluate implementation of a cardiovascular prevention programme
Mediated climate change in Britain
Identification of patients for clinical risk assessment by prediction of cardiovascular risk using default risk factor values
Using routine data held on primary care databases it is possible to identify a population at high risk of cardiovascular disease. Information technology to help primary care prioritise patients for cardiovascular disease prevention may improve the efficiency of cardiovascular risk assessment
The Sandwell Project
A pilot cardiovascular disease prevention project was implemented in the inner-city West Midlands. It was evaluated by comparing its effectiveness to a control group where full implementation was delayed by a year. Cardiovascular risk factor data were extracted on all untreated patients 35 to 74 years old from electronic medical databases in six general practices. A best estimate of ten-year CVD risk cardiovascular risk was calculated on all pati…
The myth of agency and patient choice in health care? The case of drug treatments to prevent coronary disease
Informed consent for mammography screening
Introduction In order to facilitate informed decision making, women require information on the probabilities of different outcomes with mammography screening. This paper derives these probabilities for a US population and illustrates them visually in a readily understandable format. Methods Probabilities of the breast cancer mortality, all cause mortality and further investigation are derived from published data on mortality from breast cancer an…
Analysis of inadequate cervical smears using Shewhart control charts
The proportion of inadequate smears is influenced by two distinct sources of variation - general practices and cytology laboratories, which are classified by the control chart methodology as either being consistent with common or special cause variation. This guidance from the control chart methodology appears to be useful in delivering the aim of continual improvement
Desigualdade social e outros determinantes da altura em crianças
Estudo transversal de base populacional sobre altura de crianças de 12 a 59 meses (n = 2.632) foi realizado em Porto Alegre, Brasil. Usou-se regressão linear multinível para investigar o efeito de condições sócio-econômicas, demográficas, de saúde e dos ambientes físico e social sobre a altura, medida em escores-z do padrão de altura para idade do National Center for Health Statisrics. A área de localização do domicílio foi classificada como bem …
Use of health services by prison inmates
Vaccines targeting SARS-CoV-2 have gained emergency FDA approval, however the breadth against emerging variants and the longevity of protection remains unknown. Post-immunization boosting may be required, perhaps on an annual basis if the virus becomes an endemic pathogen. Seasonal influenza virus vaccines are already developed every year, an undertaking made possible by a robust global vaccine production and distribution infrastructure. To creat…
Modelling the associations of BMI, physical activity and diet with arterial blood pressure
In order to identify risk factors (e.g. physical inactivity, dietary composition) associated with blood pressure within a given population, it is necessary to adjust for differences in known associations (e.g. age, body weight) using a method such as the analysis of covariance. However, the blood pressure results from the Allied Dunbar National Fitness Survey (ADNFS) were found to be non-linear with age, positively skewed (with heteroscedastic er…
Contraceptive Choice and Reproductive Morbidity in Istanbul
A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Istanbul to investigate the relationship between contraceptive choice and reproductive morbidity. Altogether, 918 women who had ever used any means of avoiding pregnancy were interviewed at home, and, among these, 694 parous nonpregnant women were examined by three female physicians. The women were aware of bearing a considerable burden of ill health, with 81 percent reporting at least one episode of illn…
Determinants of Child Mortality in South-West Uganda
Anthropometric and sociodemographic variables were taken from 4320 children in a baseline survey carried out in March–April 1988 in the district of Mbarara, south-west Uganda. After 12 months a follow-up survey assessed the mortality of the children during the preceding year. Lack of ownership of cattle, recent arrival in the village, using candles for lighting, being of birth order higher than 5 and having a father with less than 8 years of scho…
A. M. Klein
Covert psychiatric disturbance in patients with globus pharyngis
There is currently little agreement concerning the aetiology of globus pharyngis (néc hystericus), and both physical and psychological factors have been suggested as primary causes of this common disorder. Using validated research questionnaires we tested the hypothesis that there is significant psychiatric morbidity in female globus patients but not in males. One hundred and twenty‐one globus patients (90F, 31M) were tested on the Crown‐Crisp Ex…
Leukaemia and childhood cancer in twins
Data from the United Kingdom on childhood leukaemia and childhood cancer in twins and from the United States on leukaemia in twins are analysed by a new method. The method distinguishes determinants occurring before the stage of pregnancy corresponding with the cleavage of MZ pairs, from determinants occurring after this point. It derives estimates of the frequencies of each class of determinant. Different aetiological models are characterised by…
Notes on Castles and Striptis
Disease concordance and sex similarity in twins
Disease patterns in twins may show the presence of genetic or of environmental causes. Two arguments of inference have been used. Discordances between monozygotic twins have been taken to indicate the presence of environmental determinants; and high levels of concordance in monozygotic (MZ) pairs compared with dizygotic (DZ) pairs have been taken to indicate the presence of genetic causes. Neither argument is rigorous and, at this level, neither …
Mediated climate change in Britain
Street-level diplomacy? Communicative and adaptive work at the front line of implementing public health policies in primary care
Contraceptive Choice and Reproductive Morbidity in Istanbul
A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Istanbul to investigate the relationship between contraceptive choice and reproductive morbidity. Altogether, 918 women who had ever used any means of avoiding pregnancy were interviewed at home, and, among these, 694 parous nonpregnant women were examined by three female physicians. The women were aware of bearing a considerable burden of ill health, with 81 percent reporting at least one episode of illn…
Desigualdade social e outros determinantes da altura em crianças
Estudo transversal de base populacional sobre altura de crianças de 12 a 59 meses (n = 2.632) foi realizado em Porto Alegre, Brasil. Usou-se regressão linear multinível para investigar o efeito de condições sócio-econômicas, demográficas, de saúde e dos ambientes físico e social sobre a altura, medida em escores-z do padrão de altura para idade do National Center for Health Statisrics. A área de localização do domicílio foi classificada como bem …
Use of health services by prison inmates
Vaccines targeting SARS-CoV-2 have gained emergency FDA approval, however the breadth against emerging variants and the longevity of protection remains unknown. Post-immunization boosting may be required, perhaps on an annual basis if the virus becomes an endemic pathogen. Seasonal influenza virus vaccines are already developed every year, an undertaking made possible by a robust global vaccine production and distribution infrastructure. To creat…
The myth of agency and patient choice in health care? The case of drug treatments to prevent coronary disease
Disease concordance and sex similarity in twins
Disease patterns in twins may show the presence of genetic or of environmental causes. Two arguments of inference have been used. Discordances between monozygotic twins have been taken to indicate the presence of environmental determinants; and high levels of concordance in monozygotic (MZ) pairs compared with dizygotic (DZ) pairs have been taken to indicate the presence of genetic causes. Neither argument is rigorous and, at this level, neither …
Long-term conditions, self-management and systems of support
The findings have implications for the design and delivery of primary care and community services which support the prevention and management of NCDs in an increasingly diverse population
Leukaemia and childhood cancer in twins
Data from the United Kingdom on childhood leukaemia and childhood cancer in twins and from the United States on leukaemia in twins are analysed by a new method. The method distinguishes determinants occurring before the stage of pregnancy corresponding with the cleavage of MZ pairs, from determinants occurring after this point. It derives estimates of the frequencies of each class of determinant. Different aetiological models are characterised by…
Max Weber
Max Weber
Disease concordance and sex similarity in twins
Disease patterns in twins may show the presence of genetic or of environmental causes. Two arguments of inference have been used. Discordances between monozygotic twins have been taken to indicate the presence of environmental determinants; and high levels of concordance in monozygotic (MZ) pairs compared with dizygotic (DZ) pairs have been taken to indicate the presence of genetic causes. Neither argument is rigorous and, at this level, neither …
Notes on Castles and Striptis
Leukaemia and childhood cancer in twins
Data from the United Kingdom on childhood leukaemia and childhood cancer in twins and from the United States on leukaemia in twins are analysed by a new method. The method distinguishes determinants occurring before the stage of pregnancy corresponding with the cleavage of MZ pairs, from determinants occurring after this point. It derives estimates of the frequencies of each class of determinant. Different aetiological models are characterised by…
Covert psychiatric disturbance in patients with globus pharyngis
There is currently little agreement concerning the aetiology of globus pharyngis (néc hystericus), and both physical and psychological factors have been suggested as primary causes of this common disorder. Using validated research questionnaires we tested the hypothesis that there is significant psychiatric morbidity in female globus patients but not in males. One hundred and twenty‐one globus patients (90F, 31M) were tested on the Crown‐Crisp Ex…
Determinants of Child Mortality in South-West Uganda
Anthropometric and sociodemographic variables were taken from 4320 children in a baseline survey carried out in March–April 1988 in the district of Mbarara, south-west Uganda. After 12 months a follow-up survey assessed the mortality of the children during the preceding year. Lack of ownership of cattle, recent arrival in the village, using candles for lighting, being of birth order higher than 5 and having a father with less than 8 years of scho…
A. M. Klein
Modelling the associations of BMI, physical activity and diet with arterial blood pressure
In order to identify risk factors (e.g. physical inactivity, dietary composition) associated with blood pressure within a given population, it is necessary to adjust for differences in known associations (e.g. age, body weight) using a method such as the analysis of covariance. However, the blood pressure results from the Allied Dunbar National Fitness Survey (ADNFS) were found to be non-linear with age, positively skewed (with heteroscedastic er…
Contraceptive Choice and Reproductive Morbidity in Istanbul
A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Istanbul to investigate the relationship between contraceptive choice and reproductive morbidity. Altogether, 918 women who had ever used any means of avoiding pregnancy were interviewed at home, and, among these, 694 parous nonpregnant women were examined by three female physicians. The women were aware of bearing a considerable burden of ill health, with 81 percent reporting at least one episode of illn…
Use of health services by prison inmates
Vaccines targeting SARS-CoV-2 have gained emergency FDA approval, however the breadth against emerging variants and the longevity of protection remains unknown. Post-immunization boosting may be required, perhaps on an annual basis if the virus becomes an endemic pathogen. Seasonal influenza virus vaccines are already developed every year, an undertaking made possible by a robust global vaccine production and distribution infrastructure. To creat…
Desigualdade social e outros determinantes da altura em crianças
Estudo transversal de base populacional sobre altura de crianças de 12 a 59 meses (n = 2.632) foi realizado em Porto Alegre, Brasil. Usou-se regressão linear multinível para investigar o efeito de condições sócio-econômicas, demográficas, de saúde e dos ambientes físico e social sobre a altura, medida em escores-z do padrão de altura para idade do National Center for Health Statisrics. A área de localização do domicílio foi classificada como bem …
Analysis of inadequate cervical smears using Shewhart control charts
The proportion of inadequate smears is influenced by two distinct sources of variation - general practices and cytology laboratories, which are classified by the control chart methodology as either being consistent with common or special cause variation. This guidance from the control chart methodology appears to be useful in delivering the aim of continual improvement
Informed consent for mammography screening
Introduction In order to facilitate informed decision making, women require information on the probabilities of different outcomes with mammography screening. This paper derives these probabilities for a US population and illustrates them visually in a readily understandable format. Methods Probabilities of the breast cancer mortality, all cause mortality and further investigation are derived from published data on mortality from breast cancer an…
The myth of agency and patient choice in health care? The case of drug treatments to prevent coronary disease
Identification of patients for clinical risk assessment by prediction of cardiovascular risk using default risk factor values
Using routine data held on primary care databases it is possible to identify a population at high risk of cardiovascular disease. Information technology to help primary care prioritise patients for cardiovascular disease prevention may improve the efficiency of cardiovascular risk assessment
The Sandwell Project
A pilot cardiovascular disease prevention project was implemented in the inner-city West Midlands. It was evaluated by comparing its effectiveness to a control group where full implementation was delayed by a year. Cardiovascular risk factor data were extracted on all untreated patients 35 to 74 years old from electronic medical databases in six general practices. A best estimate of ten-year CVD risk cardiovascular risk was calculated on all pati…
Mediated climate change in Britain
Mixed methods evaluation of targeted case finding for cardiovascular disease prevention using a stepped wedged cluster RCT
It is possible to design a stepped wedge randomised controlled trial using routine data to determine the primary outcome to evaluate implementation of a cardiovascular prevention programme
Long-term conditions, self-management and systems of support
The findings have implications for the design and delivery of primary care and community services which support the prevention and management of NCDs in an increasingly diverse population
Street-level diplomacy? Communicative and adaptive work at the front line of implementing public health policies in primary care
Symptoms and risk factors for long Covid in non-hospitalized adults
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is associated with a range of persistent symptoms impacting everyday functioning, known as post-COVID-19 condition or long COVID. We undertook a retrospective matched cohort study using a UK-based primary care database, Clinical Practice Research Datalink Aurum, to determine symptoms that are associated with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection beyond 12 weeks in non-hospitalized ad…
A Crossover Randomized Controlled Trial of Priming Interventions to Increase Hand Hygiene at Ward Entrances
BACKGROUND: Research conducted in the United States suggests that two primes (citrus smells and pictures of a person's eyes) can increase hand gel dispenser use on the day they are introduced in hospital. The current study, conducted at a hospital in the United Kingdom, evaluated the effectiveness of these primes, both in isolation and in combination, at the entry way to four separate wards, over a longer duration than the previous work. METHODS:…
Multimorbidity and associations with clinical outcomes in a middle-aged population in Iran
BACKGROUND: As the populations of lower-income and middle-income countries age, multimorbidity is increasing, but there is little information on its long-term consequences. We aimed to show associations between multimorbidity and outcomes of mortality and hospitalisation in Iran, a middle-income country undergoing rapid economic transition. METHODS: We conducted a secondary analysis of longitudinal data collected in the Golestan Cohort Study. Dat…
Mental health benefits of urban green space are shaped by green space attributes, visitor characteristics and the activities they undertake
Access to green spaces is limited in urban areas and has proven benefits for the mental health and well-being of residents. However, there remains a paucity of evidence as to how these benefits vary based on a) the attributes of visited sites, b) the characteristics of visitors, and c) the activities undertaken during each visit. To address these evidence gaps, we analysed 10,749 responses to the Adults’ People and Nature Survey (PaNS) for Englan…
Six actions to harness the potential of social surveys on people and nature relations
Robust data on the state of relationships between people and nature is a critical component of the evidence base for environmental governance at local, national and global scales. Social surveys are a valuable method already used by some governmental and non‐governmental organisations to gather this evidence. However, a lack of coordination hampers efforts to harness the potential of people‐and‐nature surveys to better inform policy and practice.…
Medicine (18 works) · Internal Medicine (8 works) · Population (8 works) · Demography (7 works) · Environmental health (7 works) · Biostatistics (5 works) · Family medicine (5 works) · Nursing (5 works) · Sociology (5 works) · Disease (4 works)