B Arriaza
Biographic Data
| ID | 36035 |
|---|---|
| NAME | B Arriaza |
| GIVEN NAMES | B |
| FAMILY NAME | Arriaza |
| SIGNATURE | ARRIAZA B |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Tarapacá |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-9921-9253 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 97 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 438 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 97 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1985 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 13 |
Climate Change and El Niño Events in the Ancient Andes
Assessing manganese mass in adult Chinchorro mummy preparation
A case of enlarged parietal foramina or foramina parietalia permagna in an individual from the Chinchorro Culture of northern Chile (4000 BP)
OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to analyze and differentially diagnose the presence of two large holes noted in the parietal bones of an individual and the presence of traumatic lesions. MATERIALS: A partially mummified young adult female associated with the Chinchorro culture, 4000 BP, from the coast of the Atacama Desert (northern Chile). METHODS: The bone lesions were evaluated macroscopically and radiologically. In addition, Sr isotopic…
A comparison between marine and terrestrial samples for the creation of a radiocarbon Chinchorro culture sequence at Morro de Arica, south-central Andean coast, Chile
Recent archaeological studies carried out at Morro de Arica, on the Pacific coast of the south-central Andean area, traditional burial core of the Chinchorro culture (∼7000−3000 cal BP), have enabled a comparative analysis of radiocarbon dates from burial and domestic spaces, considering the differences between dated marine and terrestrial samples. Consequently, we refined the chronological sequence of the Chinchorro culture and obtained a delta …
Yesterday's problems are here to stay
In this paper, we review the three natural contaminants (arsenic, boron, and lithium) that affected the ancient Andean populations of northern Chile. We debate the natural setting and the toxicity of these elements upon ancient populations exposed and their biocultural significance. This review demonstrates that recent advances in sensitive analytical atomic and mass spectrometry methods have immensely contributed to understanding the extent of e…
The Artistic Nature of the Chinchorro Mummies and the Archaeology of Grief
This study offers a review of the artistic dimension of the Chinchorro culture, a complex hunter-gatherer society along the coast of the Atacama Desert that, around 7000 years ago, created elaborate representations of the dead. It provides archaeological background and investigates the possible reasons for the development of artificial mummification. Drawing on the art therapy model and the concepts of art and grief, the analysis interprets Chinc…
An experimental approach to ancient libations in the south central andes
Microbotanical and chemical approach to grave goods content from Inca sacrifices ( capacocha ) at Llullaillaco Mountain, Salta, Argentina (ca. 1430–1520 ce )
Here, we report an archaeometrical study of seven grave goods from the Inca sacrifice at Lullallalico Mountain (ca. 1430–1520 ce ) in search of microbotanical and chemical evidence of the content. Two queros (vessels), one aribalo (jar), one aisana (pot), and three textile bags were analyzed by optical microscopy and scanning electronic microscopy with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX). The results show significant chemical data and …
Archaeometric Approach on Red Ocher of the Cabuza Phase (900–1200 Ad) From the Azapa Valley, Northern Chile
The potential hazards of smoking pots
Nuevos fechados absolutos para el proceso de formación de sitios Chinchorro en el Morro de Arica, costa centro-sur andina
Los últimos trabajos de sondeo llevados a cabo en la zona de reservas de la cultura Chinchorro en el Morro de Arica (Desierto de Atacama, costa centro-sur andina), han permitido fechar y analizar estratigráficamente los depósitos domésticos asociados espacialmente a las conocidas áreas de funebria Chinchorro de los sitios arqueológicos Morro 1, Morro 1/6, Morro 1/5 y Colón 10. El rango de fechas 14C precerámicas obtenidas en este sondeo (7090-371…
Evidencia arqueométrica del uso del manganeso en artefactos asociados a la cultura Chinchorro
Se presentan los resultados de fluorescencia de rayos-X realizados a 12 artefactos provenientes de contextos funerarios Chinchorro, Arica, norte de Chile, focalizándose la discusión en el manganeso (Mn). La muestra con mayor concentración de Mn fue analizada con espectrometría Raman, para avanzar en la identificación estructural del cromóforo negro correspondiente. Todos los artefactos dieron positivo para la presencia de Mn con un rango de 1,11%…
The role of dietary calcium in the etiology of childhood rickets in the past and the present
For more than two centuries, lack of sunlight has been understood to cause vitamin D deficiency and documented as a primary cause of rickets. As such, evidence of rickets in the archeological record has been used as a proxy for vitamin D status in past individuals and populations. In the last decade, a clinical global consensus has emerged wherein it is recognized that dietary calcium deficiency also plays a role in the manifestation of rickets a…
Environmental arsenic exposure by ancient Andeans
To move or not to move? Manganese oxide procurement during the Archaic period in the Atacama Desert
This paper investigates the possible sources of manganese (Mn) acquisition for the Chinchorro population of Arica, in northern Chile. To accomplish this, we analyse Mn distribution using digital geological map data and SEM/EDX and XRD analysis to chemically characterize twenty-five samples. Of these, eighteen were taken from geological sediments and seven from black pigments related to the Chinchorro mummification tradition (ca. 6950–2950 BP) fro…
An archaeometric approach to biocontamination with manganese pigments in ancient marine hunter-gatherers of the Atacama Desert
The use of poisonous pigments for mortuary preparation in ancient hunter-gatherers allows us to investigate the relationship between this practice with socio-economic organization, mortuary ideology, and potential impacts on human health from overexposure to these dangerous compounds. About 6000 years ago, the Chinchorro people, maritime hunter-gatherers in the Atacama Desert, northern Chile, began mining manganese to ornament the dead, represent…
Bioarchaeology of Arsenic, an Invisible Natural Pollutant, and Its Effect on the Mitimaes of Camarones Cove, Arica, during Inca Times
During the expansion of Tawantinsuyo, the Inca Empire sustained its hegemony by using multiple strategies, including moving specialized groups called mitimaes to their conquered territories. This study examines bioarchaeological evidence from the Camarones 9 (CAM-9) Inca period cemetery at the mouth of the Camarones Valley in northern Chile. The waters in this valley contain concentrations of arsenic that are 100 times above the norm (10 μg/L) fo…
Tributos, Piojos Y Dioses
En este trabajo se estudia la prevalencia de pediculosis en el sitio incaico Camarones 9 del extremo norte de Chile, con el propósito de contrastar lo descrito en las crónicas y lo observado en el registro bioarqueológico. La pediculosis es una ectoparasitosis frecuente, pero las respuestas culturales y su control varían de acuerdo a las poblaciones afectadas. Para profundizar en este tema se estudiaron 25 individuos que conservaron abundante cab…
Archaeometric analysis of textile fiber dyes from the Topater-1 Site, Calama, northern Chile, Middle Formative Period (ca. 400–200 BCE)
Manganese mining in Corral Quemado
This study reviews the working conditions of the miners of Corral Quemado, near Andacollo in the Coquimbo region of northern Chile, during the extraction and processing of manganese between 1941 and 1969. The extractivism’s extraction techniques, mineral processing methods, and mining policies are presented and discussed. The poor working conditions in the mines led to significant manganese overexposure, resulting in a condition known as ‘mangane…
Use of LA-ICP-MS to evaluate mercury exposure or diagenesis in Inca and non-Inca mummies from northern Chile
Aproximación arqueométrica a la presencia de ocres en cementerios del área de Calama durante el Período Formativo Medio (500 AC-100 DC), norte de Chile
The ancient funeral rites of the Calama area, northern Chile, involved the use of pigments deposited in Concholepas concholepas shell. We report the analysis by Raman and Infrared spectroscopy in four red pigments: two funeral contexts of the Topater-1 cemetery, a sample from the San Salvador sector and another control pigment. In all cases, the identified red chromophore is hematite, accompanied by different types of clay and varying amounts of …
Sobreingesta de boro durante la época precolombina en las poblaciones de Arica
In some valleys in northern Chile, the natural water reservoirs used for human consumption contain high levels of boron (> 25 mg/L). In local Pre-Colombian populations, this resulted in overexposure which is harmful to human health, causing gastrointestinal and other issues. Boron levels vary regionally, with the Lluta and Camarones Valleys presenting higher mean values (14 and 25 mg/L, respectively) than the Azapa Valley (1 mg/L). To estimate co…
Bulk and amino acid isotope analyses of hair detail adult diets and infant feeding practices among pre- and post-maize populations of the northern Chilean coast of the Atacama Desert
This study investigates diet heterogeneity among Chinchorro and Inca adults and subadults living on the northern Chilean coast of the Atacama Desert before and after the introduction of maize cultivation. This is achieved by amino acid carbon isotope analysis and bulk carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur isotope analysis of 1-cm sequential segments of scalp hair from human remains deposited at the funerary sites of Morro 1 and 1–6 (Archaic Period) and C…
Archaeometric analysis of ceramic production in Tiwanaku state ( c .500–1000 ce )
The chemical and mineralogical characterization of seven ceramic fragments produced within Tiwanaku state ( c .500–1000 ce ) is reported. The instrumental techniques used included X‐ray elemental and mineralogical chemical analysis, Raman spectroscopy, and scanning and light microscopy. The results indicate there are several clay types, although they show similarities, such as the use of a plant‐based temper. The red colour of the decoration is h…
Chinchorro Bioarchaeology
The Chinchorros were a preceramic fishing society that inhabited the Atacama coast of southern Peru and northern Chile from about 7020 to 1110 B. C., and their antiquity is much greater than originally thought. Previous Chinchorro chronologies have focused on seriation of fishing implements; this paper suggests analysis of mummies as another useful chronological tool. The Chinchorro system of artificial mummification, the oldest in the world, beg…
Differential Mortuary Treatment among the Andean Chinchorro Fishers
The Frequency and Antiquity of Prehistoric Coca-Leaf-Chewing Practices in Northern Chile
Coca-leaf chewing results in absorption of part of its cocaine content. Following absorption, cocaine and/or its stable metabolic product benzoylecgonine (BZE) may enter the chewer's hair follicles and subsequently be incorporated into the hair shafts. This article reports that a recently developed radioimmunoassay is capable of detecting BZE in hair samples from ancient, spontaneously mummified human remains. Results are provided from tests on h…
Macroscopic features of scurvy in human skeletal remains
The past two decades have seen a proliferation in bioarchaeological literature on the identification of scurvy, a disease caused by chronic vitamin C deficiency, in ancient human remains. This condition is one of the few nutritional deficiencies that can result in diagnostic osseous lesions. Scurvy is associated with low dietary diversity and its identification in human skeletal remains can provide important contextual information on subsistence …
Exploring chronic arsenic poisoning in pre-Columbian Chilean mummies
Paleodiet in northern Chile through the Holocene
Influence of cranial deformation on facial morphology among prehistoric South Central Andean populations
Calculating biodistances among South American populations using cranial measurements is often hindered, as many available skeletal collections exhibit deformation. Acknowledging vault modifications, researchers have sought measurements in other regions which are unaffected by deformation. In the 1970s, a set of 10 "relatively" unaffected facial measurements was identified in Argentinean crania that later became the basis of numerous South America…
Seven Chinchorro mummies and the prehistory of northern Chile
The mummification methods of an ancient maritime population on the northern coast of Chile are reviewed and the findings in an additional seven individuals are reported. Members of this cultural group, Chinchorro, practiced a selective, elaborate form of artificial mummification which persisted more than 4,000 years. Its complexity diminished with time, gradually disappearing after 2,000 B. C. One of the seven individuals herein reported is a rat…
Seronegative spondyloarthropathies and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis in ancient northern Chile
Bioarchaeological research of ancient Amerindians was undertaken to test the hypothesis that seronegative spondyloarthropathies (SNS) and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) existed in prehistoric South Americans. An osteological‐radiographic model was developed from clinical literature and systematically applied to 504 archaeological human remains housed at the Universidad de Tarapacá in Arica, Chile, to search for evidence of these …
Hunting, Gathering, and Fishing on the Coast of the Atacama Desert
We discuss how the Chinchorro population of hunter‐gatherers and fishermen organized their mobility patterns between the rich marine ecosystems of the Pacific coast and the extreme hyperarid core of the Atacama Desert through the application of strontium isotopes ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr). We analyzed tooth enamel samples of 35 individuals from the coast ( n = 28), inland oasis ( n = 6), and the Andean highlands ( n = 1). The Sr isotopic composition of mod…
Archaic Funerary Pattern or Postdepositional Alteration? The Patapatane Burial in the Highlands of South Central Andes
The burial found at Patapatane Cave in the highlands of Arica, northern Chile, yielded an incomplete skeleton of a 20-to-23-year-old female, dating to the end of the Middle Archaic period at 5910 ± 90 B.P. The site is located in a semiarid environment on the eastern side of Sierra de Huaylillas at 3800 m. in the hinterland of Arica, northern Chile. We argue that the missing bones, position of the cranium, and breakage of some elements resulted fr…
Pre‐Columbian tuberculosis in Northern Chile
Analysis of 483 skeletons from Arica (Chile) and review of mummy dissection records demonstrates an overall 1% prevalence rate for tuberculosis between 2000 B.C. and A.D. 1500. Tuberculosis cases cluster in the period A.D. 500–1000 which correlates with fully agropastoral societies. Considering only these agropastoral societies, about 2% of their members show tuberculosis lesions. A segment of DNA unique to Mycobacterium tuberculosis was identifi…
Maternal mortality in pre‐Columbian Indians of Arica, Chile
A study of female mummies representing seven pre‐Columbian Andean populations of Arica, Chile, dating from 1300 B.C. (Azapa phase) to A.D. 1400 (Gentilar phase), disclosed that 18 (14% of the total) had died from childbirth‐complicated death (CCD). The majority of these individuals appear to have died during puerperium, three of them without complete delivery. Higher rates of CCD were found in the earlier cultural phases (1300 B.C.–A.D. 600) afte…
Estudio De Almidones en Queros De Madera Del Norte De Chile Relacionados Con El Consumo De Chicha Durante El Horizonte Inca
Se presentan los resultados de los anlisis realizados a micro-restos botnicos (granos de almidn) extrados de las paredes internas y fondo de 17 queros de madera del extremo norte de Chile. Estos queros representan cinco tipos diferentes de vasijas y estn relacionados con el consumo de chicha durante el perodo Intermedio Tardo y Horizonte Inca. Los granos de almidn fueron separados por gravimetra y observados con montaje directo. Quince de estos q…
La Práctica Funeraria En El Sitio Maestranza Chinchorro Y El Poblamiento Costero Durante El Arcaico Medio En El Extremo Norte De Chile
We discuss Chinchorro mortuary practices during the Middle Archaic (7000-5000 B.P.) as demonstrated by 12 funerary contexts excavated at the site of Maestranza Chinchorro, northern Chile. First we describe each of the funerary contexts. Then we discuss the variability of mortuary practices, the configuration of multiple burials, the mortuary treatment of human fetuses, lifestyle, and paleopathology. We conclude that mortuary practices are heterog…
Formative Adaptations, Diet, and Oral Health in the Azapa Valley of Northwest Chile
Indicators of oral health were recorded in a sample of 200 Formative period (1500 B.C.-A.D. 500) skeletons from archaeological sites located in the Lower Azapa Valley of northwest Chile. This period represents a major shift in subsistence strategies in the Atacama Desert, as coastal groups adopted agriculture and moved deeper into the valley. Frequencies of caries and antemortem tooth loss were compared between site locations (coast vs. valley) a…
Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis in Meroitic Nubians from Semna South, Sudan
The paleopathological study of human osteological remains from the site of Semna South, of northern Sudan, revealed that about thirteen percent of this ancient Nubian population had diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH). As in modern cases, males were more affected than females. Two thousand years ago, ancient Nubian males had the same spinal problems elderly men have today. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc
Violence in hunters, fishermen, and gatherers of the Chinchorro culture
OBJECTIVES: This article addresses evidence of violence imbedded in both soft and hard tissues from early populations of hunters, fishermen, and gatherers, known as the Chinchorro culture, who lived between 10,000 and 4,000 cal yr BP, along the coast of the Atacama Desert, one of the driest environments on Earth. Our study is aimed to test two hypotheses (a) that interactions and violent behaviors increased through time as population density and …
Tooth Wear Related to Marine Foraging, Agro-Pastoralism and the Formative Transition on the Northern Chilean Coast
Occlusal surface wear scores were examined in a sample of 200 Formative period (1500 bc-ad 500) skeletons from the lower Azapa Valley in northwest Chile. Wear rate and plane (angle) were additionally evaluated using a subsample of paired first and second mandibular molars. The Formative period represents the transition from marine foraging to agro-pastoral dependence in the region, and differences in oral pathology indicate that diet varied by si…
Relational bodies
Funerary art has the body as its main material component, expresses responses to death and offers insight into relationships between the living and the dead. Chinchorro hunter-gatherer-fisher societies along the Atacama Desert coast provide a key example of such connections, having developed one of the world's oldest-known systems of post-mortem body transformation (c. 7000-3250 BP). A study of 162 modified Chinchorro bodies identifies diachronic…
Violence among the first horticulturists in the atacama desert (1000 BCE - 600 CE)
A multianalytical approach for identifying a manganese source for the black pigment of the Chinchorro mortuary palette
The primary goal of this study was to characterize and evaluate the potential origins of manganese‐based paint used to decorate the Chinchorro mummies of northern Chile. We sampled small painted fragments from the trunk of two black mummies and nine samples from the cranium/face of the red mummies. In addition, we sampled manganese‐bearing rocks from the Lauca and Huaylas Formations exposed in the Altiplano, approximately 80–90 km northeast of Ar…
Toxic Pigment in a Capacocha Burial
We report on the analysis of a red pigment found in a lavish Inca burial from Cerro Esmeralda, Chile, associated with the human sacrifice of two young girls. The outcome shows that the red pigment is mainly cinnabar, with 95% of HgS content. Cinnabar is rarely found in the archaeological record of Chile. Thus, we propose that our results are another line of evidence supporting Iquique's Cerro Esmeralda inhumation as a unique Inca ritual. It was a…
Identification of psychoactive alkaloids in ancient Andean human hair by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
Investigating cranial morphological variation of early human skeletal remains from Chile
OBJECTIVES: Archaeological and genetic research has demonstrated that the Pacific Coast was a key route in the early colonization of South America. Research examining South American skeletons >8000 cal BP has revealed differences in cranial morphology between early and late Holocene populations, which may reflect distinct migration events and/or populations. However, genetic, cultural, and some skeletal data contradict this model. Given these dis…
Chagas' disease in pre‐Columbian South America
The quest for the origin and dispersion of Chagas' disease, the second most important vector‐borne disease in Latin America, has epidemiological, immunological, and genetical implications. Conjectures based on accounts of chroniclers, reviews of the archaeological literature and the present distribution of triatomine bugs, the vectors of the disease, held that the origin of the adaptation of Triatoma infestans (aspecies of the subfamily Triatomin…
Maternal mortality in pre‐Columbian Indians of Arica, Chile
A study of female mummies representing seven pre‐Columbian Andean populations of Arica, Chile, dating from 1300 B.C. (Azapa phase) to A.D. 1400 (Gentilar phase), disclosed that 18 (14% of the total) had died from childbirth‐complicated death (CCD). The majority of these individuals appear to have died during puerperium, three of them without complete delivery. Higher rates of CCD were found in the earlier cultural phases (1300 B.C.–A.D. 600) afte…
The Frequency and Antiquity of Prehistoric Coca-Leaf-Chewing Practices in Northern Chile
Coca-leaf chewing results in absorption of part of its cocaine content. Following absorption, cocaine and/or its stable metabolic product benzoylecgonine (BZE) may enter the chewer's hair follicles and subsequently be incorporated into the hair shafts. This article reports that a recently developed radioimmunoassay is capable of detecting BZE in hair samples from ancient, spontaneously mummified human remains. Results are provided from tests on h…
Seven Chinchorro mummies and the prehistory of northern Chile
The mummification methods of an ancient maritime population on the northern coast of Chile are reviewed and the findings in an additional seven individuals are reported. Members of this cultural group, Chinchorro, practiced a selective, elaborate form of artificial mummification which persisted more than 4,000 years. Its complexity diminished with time, gradually disappearing after 2,000 B. C. One of the seven individuals herein reported is a rat…
Seronegative spondyloarthropathies and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis in ancient northern Chile
Bioarchaeological research of ancient Amerindians was undertaken to test the hypothesis that seronegative spondyloarthropathies (SNS) and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) existed in prehistoric South Americans. An osteological‐radiographic model was developed from clinical literature and systematically applied to 504 archaeological human remains housed at the Universidad de Tarapacá in Arica, Chile, to search for evidence of these …
Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis in Meroitic Nubians from Semna South, Sudan
The paleopathological study of human osteological remains from the site of Semna South, of northern Sudan, revealed that about thirteen percent of this ancient Nubian population had diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH). As in modern cases, males were more affected than females. Two thousand years ago, ancient Nubian males had the same spinal problems elderly men have today. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc
Pre‐Columbian tuberculosis in Northern Chile
Analysis of 483 skeletons from Arica (Chile) and review of mummy dissection records demonstrates an overall 1% prevalence rate for tuberculosis between 2000 B.C. and A.D. 1500. Tuberculosis cases cluster in the period A.D. 500–1000 which correlates with fully agropastoral societies. Considering only these agropastoral societies, about 2% of their members show tuberculosis lesions. A segment of DNA unique to Mycobacterium tuberculosis was identifi…
Chinchorro Bioarchaeology
The Chinchorros were a preceramic fishing society that inhabited the Atacama coast of southern Peru and northern Chile from about 7020 to 1110 B. C., and their antiquity is much greater than originally thought. Previous Chinchorro chronologies have focused on seriation of fishing implements; this paper suggests analysis of mummies as another useful chronological tool. The Chinchorro system of artificial mummification, the oldest in the world, beg…
Preparation of the dead in coastal Andean preceramic populations
Spondylolysis in prehistoric human remains from Guam and its possible etiology
This study reports the findings of complete bilateral separation of the neural arch (spondylolysis) in 176 inhumations from the Hyatt Site, Tumon Bay, which is located on the west side of the island of Guam. Skeletons were excavated and analyzed by the Paul H. Rosendahl Inc. (PHRI) team in 1989–1990. The inhumations were associated with the pre-European Latte Period (circa 1,200–1,521 A.D.). This period was characterized by the use of large stone…
Spondylolysis in prehistoric human remains from Guam and its possible etiology
This study reports the findings of complete bilateral separation of the neural arch (spondylolysis) in 176 inhumations from the Hyatt Site, Tumon Bay, which is located on the west side of the island of Guam. Skeletons were excavated and analyzed by the Paul H. Rosendahl Inc. (PHRI) team in 1989-1990. The inhumations were associated with the pre-European Latte Period (circa 1,200-1,521 A.D.). This period was characterized by the use of large stone…
External auditory exostosis in prehistoric Chilean populations
Over one thousand prehistoric crania (n = 1,149) from northern Chile were analyzed to determine if the presence of external auditory exostosis (EAE) was a type of subsistence-induced pathology, a consequence of habitual fishing in the cold water of the Pacific Ocean, rather than genetically determined. To test this occupational hypothesis, the sample was divided according to chronology, type of economy, site elevation, and sex. The crania came fr…
Beyond Death
Spondyloarthropathy identified as the etiology of Nubian erosive arthritis
Slight variation in manifestation of different diseases may allow a single individual with one disease to mimic the "classic" appearance of another, as evidenced by the frequent confusion of spondyloarthropathy with rheumatoid arthritis. Analysis of population occurrence of arthritis (rather than isolated skeletons) facilitates more precise diagnosis. Northeast Africans living around 2,000 years before present were clearly afflicted with a form o…
Isolation ofTrypanosoma cruzi DNA in 4,000-year-old mummified human tissue from northern Chile
A segment of DNA unique to the kinetoplast of Trypanosoma cruzi was isolated from spontaneously mummified human remains from the coastal area of northern Chile at sites dated from 2000 BC to about AD 1400. Following rehydration of the desiccated human tissue samples of heart, esophagus, or colon, the samples were extracted and primers employed to bind to a 330 bp kinetoplast minicircle DNA sequence present in T. cruzi. This segment was then ampli…
Isolation of Trypanosoma cruzi DNA in 4,000-year-old mummified human tissue from northern Chile
A segment of DNA unique to the kinetoplast of Trypanosoma cruzi was isolated from spontaneously mummified human remains from the coastal area of northern Chile at sites dated from 2000 bc to about ad 1400. Following rehydration of the desiccated human tissue samples of heart, esophagus, or colon, the samples were extracted and primers employed to bind to a 330 bp kinetoplast minicircle DNA sequence present in T. cruzi. This segment was then ampli…
The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Paleopathology
The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Paleopathology
Trauma in the preceramic coastal populations of northern Chile
One hundred and forty-four Chinchorro skeletons, stored at the Museo Arqueol¿ogico San Miguel de Azapa in Arica, Chile, were examined to test the following alternative hypotheses concerning skeletal trauma: either observed trauma was a consequence of interpersonal violence, or was the result of work-related accidents. Trauma found in subadults was rare, with 1.8% (1/55) contrasted with 30% (27/89) in the adult population. The location of most adu…
La Treponematosis (Yaws) en Las Poblaciones Prehispánicas Del Desierto De Atacama (Norte De Chile)
We presents the potential cases of Trepanomatosis found in a study of the prehispanic populations of the Atacama desert in northern Chile. Chronologically, t
Patrón Funerario Arcaico O Alteración Postdeposicional
Excavaciones practicadas en la cueva Patapatane en la Sierra de Arica, en el área Centro Sur Andina, expusieron un enterratorio datado en 5.910±90 años antes del presente, correspondiente al Período Arcaico Tardío (ca. 6.000-3,500 A.P.). El individuo, una mujer de aproximadamente 20-23 años, presenta evidencias de alteración perimortem antes de la inhumación; ¿Puede ser esto consecuencia de la acción cultural o los efectos de acciones postocupaci…
The Peopling of the Arica Coast During the Preceramic
In this paper Chinchorro mobility and ecology will be presented. The research was accomplished as a multidisciplinary effort using surveys of the upper and lower coasts of Arica, excavations of two shell middens, and radiocarbon dating of 21 samples from mummies and middens. The following observations can be drawn from our ongoing study: 1) the peopling of the coast moved along the smooth paths from the upper coastal cordillera rather than the lo…
Síntesis Y Propuestas Para El Período Arcaico en La Costa Del Extremo Norte De Chile
Se realiza una revisión de los estilos de vida, estrategias de subsistencia y patrones mortuorios de los grupos humanos que habitaron el actual territorio del extremo norte de Chile, entre los 9.000 a 3.500 años a.p. Se propone: (a) ampliar el concepto "chinchorro" para designar no sólo a una práctica mortuoria en particular, sino a un estilo de vida que incluyó rasgos económicos, tecnológicos, mortuorios e ideológicos, que evolucionaron a través…
People of the Coastal Atacama Desert
This chapter contains section titled: Introduction The Ecological Setting of the Atacama Desert The Peopling of the Region and Possible Migratory Routes The First Coastal Squatters (11,000-10,000 bp) Gifted Holocene Hunter-Gatherers (10,000-4,000 bp) Social and Ideological Complexity in the Atacama Desert Coast Conclusion References
Archaic Funerary Pattern or Postdepositional Alteration? The Patapatane Burial in the Highlands of South Central Andes
The burial found at Patapatane Cave in the highlands of Arica, northern Chile, yielded an incomplete skeleton of a 20-to-23-year-old female, dating to the end of the Middle Archaic period at 5910 ± 90 B.P. The site is located in a semiarid environment on the eastern side of Sierra de Huaylillas at 3800 m. in the hinterland of Arica, northern Chile. We argue that the missing bones, position of the cranium, and breakage of some elements resulted fr…
Geography (69 works) · Archaeology (54 works) · Archaeology and ancient environmental studies (41 works) · Biology (34 works) · Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies (32 works) · Art (25 works) · Medicine (23 works) · Paleopathology and ancient diseases (22 works) · Humanities (20 works) · Geology (18 works)