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Leticia Bode

Biographic Data

ID3620173
NAMELeticia Bode
GIVEN NAMESLeticia
FAMILY NAMEBode
SIGNATUREBODE L
AFFILIATIONSGeorgetown University
ORCID0000-0002-9859-2918
VERIFIEDYes
TOTAL WORKS44
TOTAL CITATIONS535
AUTHOR COUNT44
EDITOR COUNT0
FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR2010
LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR2025
H-INDEX12
  • Automating Accuracy

    Open Access•Rita Tang, Yuming Fang et al.•ARTICLE•Journalism & Mass Communication…•2025

    This study investigates whether source expertise (expert vs. non-expert), use of artificial intelligence (AI; AI vs. non-AI), and the placement (debunking vs. prebunking) of a correction influence its effectiveness in reducing misperceptions and intentions to consume raw milk. Results of a pre-registered two-wave online experiment ( N 1 = 1,785, N 2 = 1,568) suggest that debunking consistently reduces misperceptions and behavioral intentions for …

  • Effects of a News Literacy Video on News Literacy Perceptions and Misinformation Evaluation

    Open Access•Rita Tang, Melissa Tully et al.•ARTICLE•Media and Communication•2025

    The mixing of misinformation with high-quality news and information on social media has reinvigorated interest in the value of news literacy (NL) to build audience resiliency to misinformation. Optimizing NL messages for social media environments—where they may be seen alongside misinformation—allows these messages to reach audiences when they are most likely to benefit from them. Using a 2 (NL video vs. control video) x 2 (sunscreen promotion vi…

  • Boosters and boosters

    Michael Mirer, Leticia Bode•ARTICLE•Information Communication & Society•2025

    The highly polarized North American experience with COVID-19 often intertwined with sports, meaning that messages were filtered through differing social identities, political partisan and sports fan. This experimental study finds political identities more salient than sports fandom when hearing athlete’s views on vaccination; only self-identified political independents saw any attitudinal change athletes’ perspectives. An athlete’s statements on …

  • Correcting What's True

    Open Access•Emily K Vraga, Leticia Bode•ARTICLE•American Behavioral Scientist•2025•Cited by: 2•References: 37

    This study expands on existing research about correcting misinformation on social media. Using an experimental design, we explore the effects of three truth signals related to stories shared on social media: whether the person posting the story says it is true, whether the replies to the story say it is true, or whether the story itself is actually true. Our results suggest that individuals should not share misinformation in order to debunk it, a…

  • Corrective Democracy? The Relationship Between Correction of Misinformation on Social Media and Connective Democratic Norms

    Open Access•Rita Tang, Benjamin Burnley et al.•ARTICLE•Social Media + Society•2025•References: 67

    Of the many solutions to address political misinformation spreading on social media, user correction holds special promise for connective democracy given its emphasis on prioritizing user autonomy and fostering communication and connections across lines of disagreement. But for the connective democratic benefits to be realized, these user corrections should ideally come from those who express strong support for democratic norms. Using a nationall…

  • Debunking Mental Health Misperceptions in Short-Form Social Media Videos

    Open Access•Robert Hei, Leticia Bode et al.•ARTICLE•Health Communication•2024

    In recent years, short-form social media videos have emerged as an important source of health-related advice. In this study, we investigate whether experts or ordinary users in such videos are more effective in debunking the common misperception that talking about suicide should be avoided. We also explore a new trend on TikTok and other platforms, in which users attempt to back up their arguments by displaying scientific articles in the backgrou…

  • Political Rumors

    Open Access•Leticia Bode•ARTICLE•Political Science Quarterly•2024

  • Political Events in a Partisan Media Ecology

    J Suk, Dhavan V Shah et al.•ARTICLE•Mass Communication & Society•2022•References: 30

    Political campaigns often feature jarring revelations against candidates. This study examines how audiences come to understand major campaign events, the extent to which they shape evaluations of candidates, and how their impact is filtered through an increasingly partisan news media environment. Using national rolling cross-sectional survey data collected over the 2016 U.S. presidential election period, we show partisan asymmetries in the way ma…

  • The Swiss cheese model for mitigating online misinformation

    Leticia Bode, Emily K Vraga•ARTICLE•Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists•2021

    The World Health Organization declared the deluge of publicly available information about COVID-19 to be an “infodemic,” comprising both facts and misinformation. Researchers don’t know exactly the degree to which people believe the misinformation they see online, but, in the case of COVID-19, belief in conspiracy theories related to the virus is associated with people being less willing to get vaccinated, potentially putting public health at ris…

  • Do squeaky wheels get the grease? Understanding when and how municipalities respond to online requests

    Open Access•Ben Epstein, Leticia Bode et al.•ARTICLE•New Media & Society•2021•Cited by: 3•References: 41

    Citizens often attempt to interact with government through online modes of communication such as email and social media. Using an audit study, we examine when and how American municipalities with populations of over 50,000 respond to online requests for information. We develop baselines for municipal responsiveness, including the average rate, time, and quality of responses, and examine whether these response attributes vary based on the mode of …

  • Correcting Misperceptions About Genetically Modified Food on Social Media

    Open Access•Leticia Bode, Emily K Vraga et al.•ARTICLE•Science Communication•2021•Cited by: 8•References: 66

    We experimentally test whether expert organizations on social media can correct misperceptions of the scientific consensus on the safety of genetically modified (GM) food for human consumption, as well as what role social media cues, in the form of “likes,” play in that process. We find expert organizations highlighting scientific consensus on GM food safety reduces consensus misperceptions among the public, leading to lower GM misperceptions and…

  • Empowering Users to Respond to Misinformation about Covid-19

    Open Access•Emily K Vraga, Melissa Tully et al.•ARTICLE•Media and Communication•2020

    The World Health Organization has declared that misinformation shared on social media about Covid-19 is an “infodemic” that must be fought alongside the pandemic itself. We reflect on how news literacy and science literacy can provide a foundation to combat misinformation about Covid-19 by giving social media users the tools to identify, consume, and share high-quality information. These skills can be put into practice to combat the infodemic by …

  • Defining Misinformation and Understanding its Bounded Nature

    Emily K Vraga, Leticia Bode•ARTICLE•Political Communication•2020•Cited by: 106•References: 26

    Research on misinformation is growing in volume and scope, but defining “misinformation” in a consistent and coherent way has been a challenge for the field. To address this challenge, we outline c

  • Responsibilization and Sexual Stigma Under Austerity

    Open Access•Timothy Hildebrandt, Leticia Bode et al.•ARTICLE•Sexuality Research and Social…•2019•References: 11

    Introduction Under austerity, governments shift responsibilities for social welfare to individuals. Such responsibilization can be intertwined with pre-existing social stigmas, with sexually stigmatized individuals blamed more for health problems due to “irresponsible” sexual behavior. To understand how sexual stigma affects attitudes on government healthcare expenditures, we examine public support for government-provisioned PrEP in England at a …

  • Designing and Testing News Literacy Messages for Social Media

    Melissa Tully, Emily K Vraga et al.•ARTICLE•Mass Communication & Society•2019•Cited by: 17•References: 8

    As concerns grow about the spread of misinformation through social media, scholars have called for improving the public’s media literacy as a potential solution. This study examines the effectiveness of deploying news literacy (NL) messages on social media by testing whether NL tweets are able to affect perceptions of information credibility and NL beliefs. Using two experiments, this study tests NL tweets designed to (a) mitigate the impact of e…

  • Fake News

    Leticia Bode, Pippa Norris et al.•BOOK•Electoral Integrity in America•2018

    Chapter 7 tackles the challenges posed by misinformation campaigns and fake news, an issue of growing concern in America and around the world. Following the 2016 U.S. presidential elections, academics and pundits alike struggled to make sense of what happened, and many pointed to the role of fake news and misinformation more broadly in leading voters astray in their assessments of the two major candidates for president. This chapter draws on surv…

  • New Media, New Relationship to Participation? A Closer Look at Youth News Repertoires and Political Participation

    Open Access•Stephanie Edgerly, Emily K Vraga et al.•ARTICLE•Journalism & Mass Communication…•2018

    This study extends past research on the relationship between news use and participation by examining how youth combine news exposure across an array of media devices, sources, and services. Results from a national survey of U.S. youth ages 12 to 17 reveal four distinct news repertoires. We find that half of youth respondents are news avoiders who exhibit the lowest levels of participation. The other half of youth respondents are characterized by …

  • I do not believe you

    Emily K Vraga, Leticia Bode•ARTICLE•Information Communication & Society•2018

    Social media are often criticized as serving as a source of misinformation, but in this study we examine how they may also function to correct misperceptions on an emerging health issue. We use an experimental design to consider social correction that occurs via peers, testing both the type of correction (i.e., whether a source is provided or not) and the platform on which the correction ocratcurs (i.e., Facebook versus Twitter). Our results sugg…

  • Satire as a source for learning? The differential impact of news versus satire exposure on net neutrality knowledge gain

    Amy B Becker, Leticia Bode•ARTICLE•Information Communication & Society•2018

    This study considers the effects of exposure to political satire versus traditional news on issue-specific learning and engagement. Using data from an experiment conducted in January 2016 (N = 296), we employ ANOVA analysis to test the differential effects of exposure to net neutrality coverage from John Oliver’s Last Week Tonight versus ABC News on knowledge gain, issue importance, and perceived issue difficulty. Pairwise comparisons suggest tha…

  • Participation in Contentious Politics

    Leticia Bode, Stephanie Edgerly et al.•ARTICLE•Journal of Information Technology…•2018•Cited by: 4•References: 30

    When political disputes devolve into heated partisan conflicts, do the factors known to trigger electoral political engagement continue to operate, or do they change? We consider this question during a divisive electoral context—a gubernatorial recall—focusing on how media consumption, conversations, and interactions with social media feed into the decision to participate in politics. To do so, we employ high-quality survey data collected in the …

  • Go Fix It

    Open Access•Leticia Bode, Amy B Becker•ARTICLE•Social Science Quarterly•2018•Cited by: 4•References: 53

    Objective One of the recent late‐night political comedy successes is John Oliver's Last Week Tonight , which includes frequent calls to action at the end of a segment, encouraging viewers to do something about the problem they have just learned about. Methods Using an experimental design, this study investigates the effects of these calls to action on the likelihood of engaging with the issue of net neutrality. Results Findings suggest that expos…

  • Studying Politics Across Media

    Leticia Bode, Emily K Vraga•ARTICLE•Political Communication•2018•Cited by: 32•References: 28

    High quality cross-platform research is difficult and expensive to perform in political communication. Yet studying media platforms in isolation ignores the realities of the contemporary media experience. As platforms multiply, the media environment itself has become more complicated, as classic understandings of media ecology give way to a growing recognition of the hybrid media system. In studying political communication across platforms, we ca…

  • Closing the gap

    Leticia Bode•ARTICLE•Information Communication & Society•2017

    Historically, major gender differences exist in both political engagement and online content creation. Expanding on these literatures, this study considers the extent to which men and women engage in politics specifically in social media. Novel survey data are employed to test for any gendered differences in encountering and responding to political content via social media. Despite measuring a robust set of political behaviors within social media…

  • When We Stop Talking Politics

    Open Access•Caroline Wells, Chris Wells et al.•ARTICLE•Journal of Communication•2017

    Despite the democratic significance of citizen talk about politics, the field of communication has not considered how that talk is weathering stresses facing our civic culture. We examine political talk during an archetypal case of political contentiousness: the recall of Governor Scott Walker of Wisconsin in 2012. Pairing qualitative and quantitative methods, we show that a fracturing of civic culture took place in which many citizens found it i…

  • Skipping politics

    Open Access•Leticia Bode, Emily K Vraga et al.•ARTICLE•Research & Politics•2017•Cited by: 8•References: 14

    Selective exposure is a growing concern as people become more reliant on social media for political information. While self-reports often ask about exposure to political content on social media, existing research does not account for the fact that even those exposed to political content may still choose to ignore it. To effectively account for this, we employ corneal eye tracking software, such that we can observe users’ gaze and the amount of ti…

Next
  • Defining Misinformation and Understanding its Bounded Nature

    Emily K Vraga, Leticia Bode•ARTICLE•Political Communication•2020•Cited by: 106•References: 26

    Research on misinformation is growing in volume and scope, but defining “misinformation” in a consistent and coherent way has been a challenge for the field. To address this challenge, we outline c

  • Political News in the News Feed

    Leticia Bode•ARTICLE•Mass Communication & Society•2015•Cited by: 90•References: 20

    Although literature about the relationship between social media and political behaviors has expanded in recent years, little is known about the roles of social media as a source of political information. To fill this gap, this article considers the question of whether and to what extent learning political information occurs via Facebook and Twitter. Theory suggests that social media may play a significant role in the learning of political informa…

  • A New Space for Political Behavior

    Open Access•Leticia Bode, Emily K Vraga et al.•ARTICLE•Journal of Computer-Mediated…•2013•Cited by: 65•References: 18

    Social networking sites (SNS) currently boast more than half a billion active users worldwide, the majority of which are young people. With notable exceptions, few studies have ventured into the growing political realm that exists on these sites. This study expands research on SNS by examining both what encourages people to express themselves politically in this realm, and what effects such expression may have on classic questions of political pa…

  • Studying Politics Across Media

    Leticia Bode, Emily K Vraga•ARTICLE•Political Communication•2018•Cited by: 32•References: 28

    High quality cross-platform research is difficult and expensive to perform in political communication. Yet studying media platforms in isolation ignores the realities of the contemporary media experience. As platforms multiply, the media environment itself has become more complicated, as classic understandings of media ecology give way to a growing recognition of the hybrid media system. In studying political communication across platforms, we ca…

  • Facebooking It to the Polls

    Leticia Bode•ARTICLE•Journal of Information Technology…•2012•Cited by: 32•References: 35

    As Internet use continues to become integrated into the daily lives of average Americans, it becomes necessary to understand the implications of each aspect of that use. As the majority of adults now take advantage of social network sites, understanding how they make use of those sites and what that means for American politics is increasingly important. This study considers one such social network site, Facebook, and how engaging in specific beha…

  • Using Expert Sources to Correct Health Misinformation in Social Media

    Open Access•Emily K Vraga, Leticia Bode•ARTICLE•Science Communication•2017•Cited by: 31•References: 60

    This study tests whether the number (1 vs. 2) and the source (another user vs. the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]) of corrective responses affect successful reduction of misperceptions. Using an experimental design, our results suggest that while a single correction from another user did not reduce misperceptions, the CDC on its own could correct misinformation. Corrections were more effective among those higher in initial mispe…

  • Politics in 140 Characters or Less

    Leticia Bode, Kajsa E Dalrymple•ARTICLE•Journal of Political Marketing•2014•Cited by: 26•References: 21

    The methods by which politicians and policy makers communicate with the public are constantly adapting to the ever-changing media environment. As part of this changing landscape, this study considers the case of Twitter. Specifically, the authors conduct a survey of political Twitter users, in order to understand their use of the medium and their political behaviors within it. Results indicate that political Twitter users are more interested in a…

  • Beyond Self-Reports

    Emily K Vraga, Leticia Bode et al.•ARTICLE•Communication Methods and Measures•2016•Cited by: 23•References: 23

    Research on social media content overwhelmingly relies on self-reports, which we suggest are meaningfully limited and likely biased. Instead, we apply an under-utilized method—corneal eye tracking—for gauging attention to content in social media. We expose subjects to different types of Facebook content and track their gaze as they browse through posts. Substantively, we find that news and social content garner equal attention, with politics trai…

  • Pruning the news feed

    Open Access•Leticia Bode•ARTICLE•Research & Politics•2016•Cited by: 18•References: 20

    Social media allow users some degree of control over the content to which they are exposed, through blocking, unfriending, or hiding feeds from other users. This article considers the extent to which they do so for political reasons. Survey data from Pew Research suggests that political unfriending is relatively rare, with fewer than 10% of respondents engaging in the practice. Analysis finds support for the idea that political unfriending is mos…

  • Designing and Testing News Literacy Messages for Social Media

    Melissa Tully, Emily K Vraga et al.•ARTICLE•Mass Communication & Society•2019•Cited by: 17•References: 8

    As concerns grow about the spread of misinformation through social media, scholars have called for improving the public’s media literacy as a potential solution. This study examines the effectiveness of deploying news literacy (NL) messages on social media by testing whether NL tweets are able to affect perceptions of information credibility and NL beliefs. Using two experiments, this study tests NL tweets designed to (a) mitigate the impact of e…

  • Do parents still model news consumption? Socializing news use among adolescents in a multi-device world

    Open Access•Stephanie Edgerly, Kjerstin Thorson et al.•ARTICLE•New Media & Society•2017•Cited by: 17•References: 10

    This study seeks to understand how American youth (aged 12–17 years) learn to consume the news, with specific concern for which devices (television, computer, tablet, and mobile phone) they employ in consuming news. Using a national survey of parent–child dyads, we explore (1) the role of demographics in creating a home environment supportive of news use, (2) the importance of parental modeling of news use via different media devices and whether …

  • Gateway Political Behaviors

    Open Access•Leticia Bode•ARTICLE•Social Media + Society•2017•Cited by: 12•References: 49

    The purpose of this article is to determine to what extent engagement in easy political behaviors on social media occurs across the range of political interest, what predicts such engagement, and what effect such engagement may have on other political behaviors. It pits the idea that social media may activate the politically uninterested against the idea that social media is just another outlet for the politically interested to demonstrate their …

  • Candidate Networks, Citizen Clusters, and Political Expression

    Open Access•Leticia Bode, Alexander Hanna et al.•ARTICLE•The Annals of the American…•2015•Cited by: 11•References: 25

    Twitter provides a direct method for political actors to connect with citizens, and for those citizens to organize into online clusters through their use of hashtags (i.e., a word or phrase marked with # to identify an idea or topic and facilitate a search for it). We examine the political alignments and networking of Twitter users, analyzing 9 million tweets produced by more than 23,000 randomly selected followers of candidates for the U.S. Hous…

  • Mixed Signals? Gender and the Media's Coverage of the 2008 Vice Presidential Candidates

    Open Access•Leticia Bode, Valerie M Hennings•ARTICLE•Politics & Policy•2012•Cited by: 10•References: 33

    The 2008 presidential election was one of the most watched campaigns in American history, and prominently featured the vice presidential candidates, Governor Sarah Palin and Senator Joseph Biden. This election contest presents an exciting opportunity to expand and test our current understandings of the relationship between gender and media coverage. We examine this relationship using computer‐assisted content analysis of major newspapers, televis…

  • Correcting Misperceptions About Genetically Modified Food on Social Media

    Open Access•Leticia Bode, Emily K Vraga et al.•ARTICLE•Science Communication•2021•Cited by: 8•References: 66

    We experimentally test whether expert organizations on social media can correct misperceptions of the scientific consensus on the safety of genetically modified (GM) food for human consumption, as well as what role social media cues, in the form of “likes,” play in that process. We find expert organizations highlighting scientific consensus on GM food safety reduces consensus misperceptions among the public, leading to lower GM misperceptions and…

  • Skipping politics

    Open Access•Leticia Bode, Emily K Vraga et al.•ARTICLE•Research & Politics•2017•Cited by: 8•References: 14

    Selective exposure is a growing concern as people become more reliant on social media for political information. While self-reports often ask about exposure to political content on social media, existing research does not account for the fact that even those exposed to political content may still choose to ignore it. To effectively account for this, we employ corneal eye tracking software, such that we can observe users’ gaze and the amount of ti…

  • Tweeting in defeat

    Open Access•Michael Mirer, Michael L Mirer et al.•ARTICLE•New Media & Society•2013•Cited by: 6•References: 5

    The concession and victory speech is a ritual in American politics, described by Corcoran as a “rite of capitulation,” in which both candidates at the end of an election sanction the legitimacy of the process, agree on the outcome, and start the political transition. Concession and victory speeches emerged as a distinct convention in the television era, but as web services like Twitter take on a larger role in electoral politics, traditions like …

  • Blurred lines

    Emily K Vraga, Leticia Bode et al.•ARTICLE•Journal of Information Technology…•2016•Cited by: 5•References: 12

    Although a growing body of literature examines exposure to social, news, and political information via social media, we have little understanding of how users delineate these categories. In this study, we develop over 100 discrete Facebook stimuli varying these topics, and then test to what extent and which users match our definition of those posts. Our results suggest that users and researchers often agree on defining social and political conten…

  • Participation in Contentious Politics

    Leticia Bode, Stephanie Edgerly et al.•ARTICLE•Journal of Information Technology…•2018•Cited by: 4•References: 30

    When political disputes devolve into heated partisan conflicts, do the factors known to trigger electoral political engagement continue to operate, or do they change? We consider this question during a divisive electoral context—a gubernatorial recall—focusing on how media consumption, conversations, and interactions with social media feed into the decision to participate in politics. To do so, we employ high-quality survey data collected in the …

  • Go Fix It

    Open Access•Leticia Bode, Amy B Becker•ARTICLE•Social Science Quarterly•2018•Cited by: 4•References: 53

    Objective One of the recent late‐night political comedy successes is John Oliver's Last Week Tonight , which includes frequent calls to action at the end of a segment, encouraging viewers to do something about the problem they have just learned about. Methods Using an experimental design, this study investigates the effects of these calls to action on the likelihood of engaging with the issue of net neutrality. Results Findings suggest that expos…

  • Campaign Klout

    Leticia Bode, Ben Epstein•ARTICLE•Journal of Information Technology…•2014•Cited by: 4•References: 12

    This study seeks to understand the efficacy of online political campaign communication. We do this by measuring the changes in online influence of political candidates by utilizing Klout, a new, publicly available measure incorporating a variety of behaviors online. We collected daily Klout data of nearly all major congressional and presidential campaigns during the 2012 election cycle and compare them to other traditional measures of online infl…

  • Do squeaky wheels get the grease? Understanding when and how municipalities respond to online requests

    Open Access•Ben Epstein, Leticia Bode et al.•ARTICLE•New Media & Society•2021•Cited by: 3•References: 41

    Citizens often attempt to interact with government through online modes of communication such as email and social media. Using an audit study, we examine when and how American municipalities with populations of over 50,000 respond to online requests for information. We develop baselines for municipal responsiveness, including the average rate, time, and quality of responses, and examine whether these response attributes vary based on the mode of …

  • Correcting What's True

    Open Access•Emily K Vraga, Leticia Bode•ARTICLE•American Behavioral Scientist•2025•Cited by: 2•References: 37

    This study expands on existing research about correcting misinformation on social media. Using an experimental design, we explore the effects of three truth signals related to stories shared on social media: whether the person posting the story says it is true, whether the replies to the story say it is true, or whether the story itself is actually true. Our results suggest that individuals should not share misinformation in order to debunk it, a…

  • Consuming Ourselves to Dearth

    Open Access•Lewis A Friedland, Hernando Rojas et al.•ARTICLE•The Annals of the American…•2012•Cited by: 1•References: 19

    This article proposes an agenda for research on the relation of structural inequality to the study of politics and consumption in the field of communication. The authors review evidence for increasing inequality in the United States and argue that (1) consumption choices and desires are strongly constrained by structural location; (2) political beliefs and attitudes are shaped by location in the income or class structure; and (3) consumption as a…

  • Agenda Setting in a Digital Age

    Open Access•Ben Sayre, Leticia Bode et al.•ARTICLE•Policy & Internet•2010

    This study compares the agenda‐setting cues of traditional media alongside those of online media in general and social media in particular. The main line of inquiry concerns (a) whether people posting content to openly accessible social media outlets may be acting in response to mainstream news coverage, possibly as a “corrective” to perceived imbalances in that coverage, or (b) whether such posts seem to have influenced professional media covera…

  • Digital Democracy

    Open Access•Leticia Bode, Stephanie Edgerly et al.•CHAPTER•2012

    Over the past two decades, the Internet has increasingly become part of the everyday life of US citizens. This chapter considers the impact of the growing use of the Internet on media use and political behaviors. Specifically it addresses the theoretical, practical, and empirical consequences of various uses of the Internet for sociability, social capital, online formats of news and politics, political blogs, online public spheres, and political …

  • Facebooking It to the Polls

    Leticia Bode•ARTICLE•Journal of Information Technology…•2012•Cited by: 32•References: 35

    As Internet use continues to become integrated into the daily lives of average Americans, it becomes necessary to understand the implications of each aspect of that use. As the majority of adults now take advantage of social network sites, understanding how they make use of those sites and what that means for American politics is increasingly important. This study considers one such social network site, Facebook, and how engaging in specific beha…

  • Mixed Signals? Gender and the Media's Coverage of the 2008 Vice Presidential Candidates

    Open Access•Leticia Bode, Valerie M Hennings•ARTICLE•Politics & Policy•2012•Cited by: 10•References: 33

    The 2008 presidential election was one of the most watched campaigns in American history, and prominently featured the vice presidential candidates, Governor Sarah Palin and Senator Joseph Biden. This election contest presents an exciting opportunity to expand and test our current understandings of the relationship between gender and media coverage. We examine this relationship using computer‐assisted content analysis of major newspapers, televis…

  • Consuming Ourselves to Dearth

    Open Access•Lewis A Friedland, Hernando Rojas et al.•ARTICLE•The Annals of the American…•2012•Cited by: 1•References: 19

    This article proposes an agenda for research on the relation of structural inequality to the study of politics and consumption in the field of communication. The authors review evidence for increasing inequality in the United States and argue that (1) consumption choices and desires are strongly constrained by structural location; (2) political beliefs and attitudes are shaped by location in the income or class structure; and (3) consumption as a…

  • Tweeting in defeat

    Open Access•Michael Mirer, Michael L Mirer et al.•ARTICLE•New Media & Society•2013•Cited by: 6•References: 5

    The concession and victory speech is a ritual in American politics, described by Corcoran as a “rite of capitulation,” in which both candidates at the end of an election sanction the legitimacy of the process, agree on the outcome, and start the political transition. Concession and victory speeches emerged as a distinct convention in the television era, but as web services like Twitter take on a larger role in electoral politics, traditions like …

  • A New Space for Political Behavior

    Open Access•Leticia Bode, Emily K Vraga et al.•ARTICLE•Journal of Computer-Mediated…•2013•Cited by: 65•References: 18

    Social networking sites (SNS) currently boast more than half a billion active users worldwide, the majority of which are young people. With notable exceptions, few studies have ventured into the growing political realm that exists on these sites. This study expands research on SNS by examining both what encourages people to express themselves politically in this realm, and what effects such expression may have on classic questions of political pa…

  • Political influence across generations

    Emily K Vraga, Leticia Bode et al.•ARTICLE•Information Communication & Society•2014

    Recent scholarship in political socialization has moved beyond traditional transmission models of parent-driven socialization to consider alternative pathways, like trickle-up socialization and its predictors. However, these studies have paid less attention to the diverse ways in which parents and children develop discrete political orientations, especially during a competitive presidential campaign. In this study, we examine various pathways thr…

  • Campaign Klout

    Leticia Bode, Ben Epstein•ARTICLE•Journal of Information Technology…•2014•Cited by: 4•References: 12

    This study seeks to understand the efficacy of online political campaign communication. We do this by measuring the changes in online influence of political candidates by utilizing Klout, a new, publicly available measure incorporating a variety of behaviors online. We collected daily Klout data of nearly all major congressional and presidential campaigns during the 2012 election cycle and compare them to other traditional measures of online infl…

  • Politics in 140 Characters or Less

    Leticia Bode, Kajsa E Dalrymple•ARTICLE•Journal of Political Marketing•2014•Cited by: 26•References: 21

    The methods by which politicians and policy makers communicate with the public are constantly adapting to the ever-changing media environment. As part of this changing landscape, this study considers the case of Twitter. Specifically, the authors conduct a survey of political Twitter users, in order to understand their use of the medium and their political behaviors within it. Results indicate that political Twitter users are more interested in a…

  • Political News in the News Feed

    Leticia Bode•ARTICLE•Mass Communication & Society•2015•Cited by: 90•References: 20

    Although literature about the relationship between social media and political behaviors has expanded in recent years, little is known about the roles of social media as a source of political information. To fill this gap, this article considers the question of whether and to what extent learning political information occurs via Facebook and Twitter. Theory suggests that social media may play a significant role in the learning of political informa…

  • Candidate Networks, Citizen Clusters, and Political Expression

    Open Access•Leticia Bode, Alexander Hanna et al.•ARTICLE•The Annals of the American…•2015•Cited by: 11•References: 25

    Twitter provides a direct method for political actors to connect with citizens, and for those citizens to organize into online clusters through their use of hashtags (i.e., a word or phrase marked with # to identify an idea or topic and facilitate a search for it). We examine the political alignments and networking of Twitter users, analyzing 9 million tweets produced by more than 23,000 randomly selected followers of candidates for the U.S. Hous…

  • Pruning the news feed

    Open Access•Leticia Bode•ARTICLE•Research & Politics•2016•Cited by: 18•References: 20

    Social media allow users some degree of control over the content to which they are exposed, through blocking, unfriending, or hiding feeds from other users. This article considers the extent to which they do so for political reasons. Survey data from Pew Research suggests that political unfriending is relatively rare, with fewer than 10% of respondents engaging in the practice. Analysis finds support for the idea that political unfriending is mos…

  • Blurred lines

    Emily K Vraga, Leticia Bode et al.•ARTICLE•Journal of Information Technology…•2016•Cited by: 5•References: 12

    Although a growing body of literature examines exposure to social, news, and political information via social media, we have little understanding of how users delineate these categories. In this study, we develop over 100 discrete Facebook stimuli varying these topics, and then test to what extent and which users match our definition of those posts. Our results suggest that users and researchers often agree on defining social and political conten…

  • Beyond Self-Reports

    Emily K Vraga, Leticia Bode et al.•ARTICLE•Communication Methods and Measures•2016•Cited by: 23•References: 23

    Research on social media content overwhelmingly relies on self-reports, which we suggest are meaningfully limited and likely biased. Instead, we apply an under-utilized method—corneal eye tracking—for gauging attention to content in social media. We expose subjects to different types of Facebook content and track their gaze as they browse through posts. Substantively, we find that news and social content garner equal attention, with politics trai…

  • Closing the gap

    Leticia Bode•ARTICLE•Information Communication & Society•2017

    Historically, major gender differences exist in both political engagement and online content creation. Expanding on these literatures, this study considers the extent to which men and women engage in politics specifically in social media. Novel survey data are employed to test for any gendered differences in encountering and responding to political content via social media. Despite measuring a robust set of political behaviors within social media…

  • When We Stop Talking Politics

    Open Access•Caroline Wells, Chris Wells et al.•ARTICLE•Journal of Communication•2017

    Despite the democratic significance of citizen talk about politics, the field of communication has not considered how that talk is weathering stresses facing our civic culture. We examine political talk during an archetypal case of political contentiousness: the recall of Governor Scott Walker of Wisconsin in 2012. Pairing qualitative and quantitative methods, we show that a fracturing of civic culture took place in which many citizens found it i…

  • Skipping politics

    Open Access•Leticia Bode, Emily K Vraga et al.•ARTICLE•Research & Politics•2017•Cited by: 8•References: 14

    Selective exposure is a growing concern as people become more reliant on social media for political information. While self-reports often ask about exposure to political content on social media, existing research does not account for the fact that even those exposed to political content may still choose to ignore it. To effectively account for this, we employ corneal eye tracking software, such that we can observe users’ gaze and the amount of ti…

  • Do parents still model news consumption? Socializing news use among adolescents in a multi-device world

    Open Access•Stephanie Edgerly, Kjerstin Thorson et al.•ARTICLE•New Media & Society•2017•Cited by: 17•References: 10

    This study seeks to understand how American youth (aged 12–17 years) learn to consume the news, with specific concern for which devices (television, computer, tablet, and mobile phone) they employ in consuming news. Using a national survey of parent–child dyads, we explore (1) the role of demographics in creating a home environment supportive of news use, (2) the importance of parental modeling of news use via different media devices and whether …

  • Ready to forget

    Leticia Bode, Meg Leta Jones•ARTICLE•The Information Society•2017•References: 17

    This study uses an experimental design to examine whether and under what circumstances Americans support the so-called “right to be forgotten”—a legal right that allows citizens to petition to have information about them taken down from the Internet. Findings indicate people are most concerned about who will be in charge of executing such a right. Framing effects are also found for opinions regarding age of information and whether the law should …

  • Using Expert Sources to Correct Health Misinformation in Social Media

    Open Access•Emily K Vraga, Leticia Bode•ARTICLE•Science Communication•2017•Cited by: 31•References: 60

    This study tests whether the number (1 vs. 2) and the source (another user vs. the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]) of corrective responses affect successful reduction of misperceptions. Using an experimental design, our results suggest that while a single correction from another user did not reduce misperceptions, the CDC on its own could correct misinformation. Corrections were more effective among those higher in initial mispe…

  • Gateway Political Behaviors

    Open Access•Leticia Bode•ARTICLE•Social Media + Society•2017•Cited by: 12•References: 49

    The purpose of this article is to determine to what extent engagement in easy political behaviors on social media occurs across the range of political interest, what predicts such engagement, and what effect such engagement may have on other political behaviors. It pits the idea that social media may activate the politically uninterested against the idea that social media is just another outlet for the politically interested to demonstrate their …

  • Fake News

    Leticia Bode, Pippa Norris et al.•BOOK•Electoral Integrity in America•2018

    Chapter 7 tackles the challenges posed by misinformation campaigns and fake news, an issue of growing concern in America and around the world. Following the 2016 U.S. presidential elections, academics and pundits alike struggled to make sense of what happened, and many pointed to the role of fake news and misinformation more broadly in leading voters astray in their assessments of the two major candidates for president. This chapter draws on surv…

  • New Media, New Relationship to Participation? A Closer Look at Youth News Repertoires and Political Participation

    Open Access•Stephanie Edgerly, Emily K Vraga et al.•ARTICLE•Journalism & Mass Communication…•2018

    This study extends past research on the relationship between news use and participation by examining how youth combine news exposure across an array of media devices, sources, and services. Results from a national survey of U.S. youth ages 12 to 17 reveal four distinct news repertoires. We find that half of youth respondents are news avoiders who exhibit the lowest levels of participation. The other half of youth respondents are characterized by …

  • I do not believe you

    Emily K Vraga, Leticia Bode•ARTICLE•Information Communication & Society•2018

    Social media are often criticized as serving as a source of misinformation, but in this study we examine how they may also function to correct misperceptions on an emerging health issue. We use an experimental design to consider social correction that occurs via peers, testing both the type of correction (i.e., whether a source is provided or not) and the platform on which the correction ocratcurs (i.e., Facebook versus Twitter). Our results sugg…

Political science (34 works) · Social Media and Politics (33 works) · Politics (28 works) · Sociology (28 works) · Psychology (27 works) · Computer Science (23 works) · Social media (23 works) · Public relations (22 works) · Law (21 works) · Social Psychology (18 works)

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