Grace Kao
Biographic Data
| ID | 3631985 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Grace Kao |
| GIVEN NAMES | Grace |
| FAMILY NAME | Kao |
| SIGNATURE | KAO G |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Pennsylvania |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-2076-1056 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 48 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 1167 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 48 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1995 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 17 |
Special times? How Covid-specific concerns disrupted fertility desires in the United States during the Covid-19 pandemic
BACKGROUNDDespite growing research on fertility during COVID-19, the precise mechanisms underlying fertility responses to the pandemic remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVEWe specifically focus on COVID-19 mitigation policies and the health implications of COVID-19.We examine whether disruptions in fertility desires during COVID-19 can be attributed to material and emotional hardships -comparable to those observed in other crises -or if they are un…
Is Everyone 'Looking for Love?' Trends in Romantic Relationship Interest Among Singles During Covid-19
Using data from the Dynamics of Social Life During COVID-19 Survey (DSL-COVID), we examine dating and romantic relationship interest among singles amid a global pandemic and loneliness epidemic. This study provides a gendered life course perspective to understanding the heterogeneity of singles' low romantic interest. We find larger gender differences among the previously married than never married singles. In addition, we document a stronger age…
“You Know You’re Missing Out on Something”
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all aspects of our social lives. Stay-at-home and social distancing orders have resulted in the absence of live musical performances. In this context, our paper examinesTim’s Twitter Listening Party, which constitutes a new form of musicking where musicians do not exist as active performers; rather, musicians and audience members participate together to create a musical experience. The elements of the listening …
Make It Right
K-pop (Korean Pop Music) fans and artists have become visible political actors in the Black Lives Matter (BLM) Movement in the US in 2020. We investigate why K-pop fans and musicians mobilized to support BLM and, more generally, minority rights in the US by focusing on BTS fans, known as ARMY. We argue that the relationship between K-pop fans and artists is not unilateral, but mutual. Diverse voices and power differentials among K-pop fans exist,…
Are All Immigrant Families Created Equal? The Acculturation and Social Integration of Mixed-Nativity Families
A large proportion of the children of immigrants are in mixed-nativity families, with one immigrant and one native-born parent. Despite their significant presence, the theoretical and empirical underpinnings for understanding mixed-nativity families' acculturation and social integration are lacking. Using nationally representative data from the Education Longitudinal Study of 2002, we compare the parent-child and family-school relationships of mi…
The Anxiety of Being Asian American
Arts and crafts as an educational strategy and coping mechanism for Republic of Korea and United States parents during the Covid-19 pandemic
Can greater reliance on test scores ameliorate the association between family background and access to post-collegiate education? Survey evidence from the Beijing College Students Panel survey
Unequal Returns to Children's Efforts
Research demonstrates the importance of noncognitive skills for educational achievement and attainment. Scholars argue that gender differences in noncognitive skills contribute to the gender gap in education. However, the intersection of student race/ethnicity and gender remains underexplored. Studies that examine how noncognitive skills affect gender or racial disparities in teachers' perceptions of academic skills often assume that children's n…
Cultural Preferences or Financial Constraints? Understanding Racial and Ethnic Differences in Family Attitudes and Parental Coresidence in Young Adulthood
Establishing an independent household is a key marker of adulthood. Yet, the proportion of young adults who remain in the natal home has increased, with large variations across racial and ethnic groups. We test the role of cultural preferences versus financial constraints in accounting for variation in coresidence by examining young adults' and parents' family attitudes in conjunction with measures of financial resources. Using longitudinal data,…
Hit, Robbed, and Put Down (but not Bullied)
Does generational status matter in college? Expectations and academic performance among second-generation college students in the US
Using the 2004–2009 wave of the Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study, a nationally representative sample of students who enroll in college in 2004, we examine generational differences in the relationship between educational expectations, academic achievement, and college persistence among native-born and immigrant youth in the United States. Using the theory of immigrant optimism, which has primarily focused on high school youth, w…
Multi-Family Pediatric Pain Group Therapy
Behavioral health interventions for pediatric chronic pain include cognitive-behavioral (CBT), acceptance and commitment (ACT), and family-based therapies, though literature regarding multi-family therapy (MFT) is sparse. This investigation examined the utility and outcomes of the Courage to Act with Pain: Teens Identifying Values, Acceptance, and Treatment Effects (CAPTIVATE) program, which included all three modalities (CBT, ACT, MFT) for youth…
Trading Youth for Citizenship? The Spousal Age Gap in Cross-Border Marriages
Prior studies concerning patterns of intermarriage among immigrants have primarily focused on how factors such as race/ethnicity, educational attainment, and country of origin shape the choice of a spouse. Moreover, they have focused on intermarriage patterns among immigrants who are already in the US. Using the 2010-2014 American Community Survey (ACS), we focus on immigrants who were not US citizens at the time of their marriage and highlight p…
Relationship Involvement Among Young Adults
The Rise of Women
It's Not Just About the Money
Statistics suggest that young men and women in China migrate at almost equal numbers, but we know less about gender differences in the decision to migrate. We examine the factors associated with the decision to migrate and the rationales given by young migrants. Our results are consistent with previous figures and show no overall gender differences in susceptibility to migration. However, we find that sibship structure operates differently on the…
Is there a (transracial) adoption achievement gap
Along for the Ride
Research on social capital in education rarely considers how the resources students can access through their friendships affect educational outcomes later in life. Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we explore how having resource-rich best friends impacts adolescents’ college completion. We compare the influence of friends’ material and cultural resources and their effects relative to adolescents’ family resources. We fin…
Do Immigrant Minority Parents Have More Consistent College Aspirations for Their Children
Objective. Educational aspirations are an important predictor of eventual attainment. We examine if immigrant parents have higher aspirations for their children compared to native-born parents and whether they are more likely to maintain high aspirations over time. Methods. Using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K), we document differences in the formation and maintenance of white, black, Hispanic, and As…
Achieving Anew
Barriers to School Involvement
Parental involvement at school offers unique opportunities for parents, and this school-based involvement has important implications for children's academic and behavioral outcomes. The authors used data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort (National Center for Education Statistics, 2001) to examine race and immigrant differences in barriers to parental involvement at school. Minority immigrant parents, compared with na…
Less bang for the buck? Cultural capital and immigrant status effects on kindergarten academic outcomes
Assessing the Private Safety Net
Traditional assimilation paradigms argue that immigrants are particularly disadvantaged in feelings of marginality and dislocation. Given these paradigms, we explore how minority and immigrant status are associated with perceptions of social support among parents of young children. We use the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K), a nationally representative sample of children in kindergarten in 1998 and 1999. Most group…
Where Are All the Boys
We explore the gender gap in college completion among Blacks and Whites. Using the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988, we examine how early school achievement and educational expectations affect attainment by following a nationally representative sample of youths from 1988 (approximately age fourteen) to 2000 (approximately age twenty-six). The odds of attaining an associate's or a bachelor's degree among Black women are greater than t…
Educational Aspirations of Minority Youth
you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at
Interracial Relationships and the Transition to Adulthood
This study tracks and explains changing patterns of involvement in interracial sexual relationships during the transition to adulthood. Using a life course perspective that highlights the role of historical changes as well as age-graded changes in contexts and relationships, the authors hypothesize that involvement in interracial sexual relationships declines with increasing age among young adults. The analyses are based on some of the first nati…
Are Racial Identities of Multiracials Stable? Changing Self-Identification Among Single and Multiple Race Individuals
Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), we estimate the determinants and direction of change in individual racial identification among multiracial and monoracial adolescents as they transition to young adulthood. We find that while many multiracials subsequently identify as monoracials, sizable numbers of monoracials also subsequently become multiracials. Native American-whites appear to have the least stable iden…
Asian Americans as Model Minorities? A Look at Their Academic Performance
The image of Asian-Americans as "model minorities" is driven, in part, by the high academic achievement of Asian-American children. To evaluate this characterization, I use the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS:88) to compare Asian and white eighth graders on reading and math test scores and grades. Results indicate that the difference between Asians overall and whites on reading and math test scores can be explained by differen…
The Impact of Temporary Labor Migration on Mexican Children's Educational Aspirations and Performance
This article examines how temporary U.S. labor migration by family members and by students affects the educational aspirations and performance of those same students growing up in Mexican migrant communities. Labor migration affects these children in two ways. First it brings remitted U.S. earnings into the household which allows parents to provide more education for their children and reduce the need for children's labor. Higher incomes are also…
Do you like me as much as I like you? Friendship reciprocity and its effects on school outcomes among adolescents
Do Race and Ethnicity Matter Among Friends? Activities among Interracial, Interethnic, and Intraethnic Adolescent Friends
Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (or Add Health), a nationally representative sample of adolescents in 1994–1995, we examine if and how friendship activities differ among interracial, interethnic, and interethnic friendships of white, black, Hispanic, and Asian youths. We find that best friends are more likely than higher-order friends to be from the same ethnic group and that best friends report more shared activities d…
Parental Influences on the Educational Outcomes of Immigrant Youth
Recent research suggests that children with immigrant parents tend to outperform their counterparts with native-born parents. This article examines whether the relative advantage of children of immigrants can be traced to differences in the character of parent-child relationships. Using the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS), I examine whether parent-child interaction varies among racial and generational groups. Descriptive tabu…
Stability of interracial and intraracial romantic relationships among adolescents
Social Capital and Its Relevance to Minority and Immigrant Populations
The concept of social capital is one of the few that has successfully migrated from sociological journals to the mainstream media. Since Coleman's (1988) formulation (which may not be the first, but is certainly the most influential), the concept has become increasingly murky and is used to include a wide array of resources that are available to individuals. It is also a highly favored concept of sociologists of education in their attempt to desc…
The Implications of Choosing "No Race" On the Salience of Hispanic Identity
Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), a nationally representative sample of youth from 7th to 12th grades, we examined how racial and ethnic identification overlap among Hispanic adolescents. We evaluated the relative proximity between race and ethnic identifiers among Hispanics. Empirical analyses suggest that the racial identification of other students at school has a significant impact on the odds o…
Do Immigrant Minority Parents Have More Consistent College Aspirations for Their Children
Objective. Educational aspirations are an important predictor of eventual attainment. We examine if immigrant parents have higher aspirations for their children compared to native-born parents and whether they are more likely to maintain high aspirations over time. Methods. Using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K), we document differences in the formation and maintenance of white, black, Hispanic, and As…
Friendship choices of multiracial adolescents
Do Hispanic and Asian Adolescents Practice Panethnicity in Friendship Choices
Objectives. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), we investigate whether Asian and Latino youth value racial boundaries more than ethnic boundaries. We evaluate the relative preferences of same‐ethnic, same‐race (but different‐ethnic), and different‐race friends. Methods. We use multilevel multinomial logistic regression models to examine the odds of choosing same‐ethnic, different‐ethnic (but same‐rac…
Does Social Capital Still Matter? Immigrant Minority Disadvantage in School-Specific Social Capital and its Effects on Academic Achievement
Using the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988, the authors examine the determinants of social capital and its effects on school achievement for minority and immigrant students. The authors use two measures of social capital-intergenerational closure and parent-school involvement-and distinguish minority groups by generational status. Results indicate that compared to third-generation White students, immigrant Asians and Hispanics and th…
Private and Public Displays of Affection Among Interracial and Intra‐Racial Adolescent Couples
Objective. This article examines variation in displays of affection between interracial and intra‐racial adolescent couples. Method. Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), a nationally representative sample of adolescents in the United States, we estimate hierarchical linear models to compare characteristics of interracial and intra‐racial relationships among white, African‐American, Hispanic, Asian American, and…
Along for the Ride
Research on social capital in education rarely considers how the resources students can access through their friendships affect educational outcomes later in life. Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we explore how having resource-rich best friends impacts adolescents’ college completion. We compare the influence of friends’ material and cultural resources and their effects relative to adolescents’ family resources. We fin…
Does Higher Socioeconomic Status Increase Contact Between Minorities and Whites? An Examination of Interracial Romantic Relationships Among Adolescents
Objectives. We examine how socioeconomic status of white, black, Hispanic, and Asian adolescents affects their likelihood of dating across racial lines and the racial characteristics of their romantic partners. Methods. We analyze data nationally representative sample of adolescents in 1994–1995 using logistic regression models. Results. Socioeconomic status has little effect on whether adolescents choose an interracial partner except in the case…
Make It Right
K-pop (Korean Pop Music) fans and artists have become visible political actors in the Black Lives Matter (BLM) Movement in the US in 2020. We investigate why K-pop fans and musicians mobilized to support BLM and, more generally, minority rights in the US by focusing on BTS fans, known as ARMY. We argue that the relationship between K-pop fans and artists is not unilateral, but mutual. Diverse voices and power differentials among K-pop fans exist,…
Trading Youth for Citizenship? The Spousal Age Gap in Cross-Border Marriages
Prior studies concerning patterns of intermarriage among immigrants have primarily focused on how factors such as race/ethnicity, educational attainment, and country of origin shape the choice of a spouse. Moreover, they have focused on intermarriage patterns among immigrants who are already in the US. Using the 2010-2014 American Community Survey (ACS), we focus on immigrants who were not US citizens at the time of their marriage and highlight p…
Does generational status matter in college? Expectations and academic performance among second-generation college students in the US
Using the 2004–2009 wave of the Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study, a nationally representative sample of students who enroll in college in 2004, we examine generational differences in the relationship between educational expectations, academic achievement, and college persistence among native-born and immigrant youth in the United States. Using the theory of immigrant optimism, which has primarily focused on high school youth, w…
Relationship Involvement Among Young Adults
Assessing the Private Safety Net
Traditional assimilation paradigms argue that immigrants are particularly disadvantaged in feelings of marginality and dislocation. Given these paradigms, we explore how minority and immigrant status are associated with perceptions of social support among parents of young children. We use the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K), a nationally representative sample of children in kindergarten in 1998 and 1999. Most group…
It's Not Just About the Money
Statistics suggest that young men and women in China migrate at almost equal numbers, but we know less about gender differences in the decision to migrate. We examine the factors associated with the decision to migrate and the rationales given by young migrants. Our results are consistent with previous figures and show no overall gender differences in susceptibility to migration. However, we find that sibship structure operates differently on the…
The Salience of Racial and Ethnic Identification in Friendship Choices Among Hispanic Adolescents
Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, a nationally representative sample of youth in 7th to 12th grades, this study examines how racial and ethnic identification overlap among Hispanic adolescents ( N = 6,399). The study examines the choices of friends to evaluate the proximity of race and ethnic identifiers among Hispanics. The result show evidence that ethnicity and race are distinct stratifiers as evidenced by t…
Asian Americans as Model Minorities? A Look at Their Academic Performance
The image of Asian-Americans as "model minorities" is driven, in part, by the high academic achievement of Asian-American children. To evaluate this characterization, I use the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS:88) to compare Asian and white eighth graders on reading and math test scores and grades. Results indicate that the difference between Asians overall and whites on reading and math test scores can be explained by differen…
An American Imperative
Ethnicity Counts
Educational Aspirations of Minority Youth
you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at
Forever Foreigners or Honorary Whites? The Asian Ethnic Experience Today. Mia Tuan
The Impact of Temporary Labor Migration on Mexican Children's Educational Aspirations and Performance
This article examines how temporary U.S. labor migration by family members and by students affects the educational aspirations and performance of those same students growing up in Mexican migrant communities. Labor migration affects these children in two ways. First it brings remitted U.S. earnings into the household which allows parents to provide more education for their children and reduce the need for children's labor. Higher incomes are also…
Parental Influences on the Educational Outcomes of Immigrant Youth
Recent research suggests that children with immigrant parents tend to outperform their counterparts with native-born parents. This article examines whether the relative advantage of children of immigrants can be traced to differences in the character of parent-child relationships. Using the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS), I examine whether parent-child interaction varies among racial and generational groups. Descriptive tabu…
Social Capital and Its Relevance to Minority and Immigrant Populations
The concept of social capital is one of the few that has successfully migrated from sociological journals to the mainstream media. Since Coleman's (1988) formulation (which may not be the first, but is certainly the most influential), the concept has become increasingly murky and is used to include a wide array of resources that are available to individuals. It is also a highly favored concept of sociologists of education in their attempt to desc…
Do Race and Ethnicity Matter Among Friends? Activities among Interracial, Interethnic, and Intraethnic Adolescent Friends
Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (or Add Health), a nationally representative sample of adolescents in 1994–1995, we examine if and how friendship activities differ among interracial, interethnic, and interethnic friendships of white, black, Hispanic, and Asian youths. We find that best friends are more likely than higher-order friends to be from the same ethnic group and that best friends report more shared activities d…
Private and Public Displays of Affection Among Interracial and Intra‐Racial Adolescent Couples
Objective. This article examines variation in displays of affection between interracial and intra‐racial adolescent couples. Method. Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), a nationally representative sample of adolescents in the United States, we estimate hierarchical linear models to compare characteristics of interracial and intra‐racial relationships among white, African‐American, Hispanic, Asian American, and…
Interracial Relationships and the Transition to Adulthood
This study tracks and explains changing patterns of involvement in interracial sexual relationships during the transition to adulthood. Using a life course perspective that highlights the role of historical changes as well as age-graded changes in contexts and relationships, the authors hypothesize that involvement in interracial sexual relationships declines with increasing age among young adults. The analyses are based on some of the first nati…
Do Hispanic and Asian Adolescents Practice Panethnicity in Friendship Choices
Objectives. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), we investigate whether Asian and Latino youth value racial boundaries more than ethnic boundaries. We evaluate the relative preferences of same‐ethnic, same‐race (but different‐ethnic), and different‐race friends. Methods. We use multilevel multinomial logistic regression models to examine the odds of choosing same‐ethnic, different‐ethnic (but same‐rac…
The Salience of Racial and Ethnic Identification in Friendship Choices Among Hispanic Adolescents
Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, a nationally representative sample of youth in 7th to 12th grades, this study examines how racial and ethnic identification overlap among Hispanic adolescents ( N = 6,399). The study examines the choices of friends to evaluate the proximity of race and ethnic identifiers among Hispanics. The result show evidence that ethnicity and race are distinct stratifiers as evidenced by t…
Unequal Origins
The Implications of Choosing "No Race" On the Salience of Hispanic Identity
Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), a nationally representative sample of youth from 7th to 12th grades, we examined how racial and ethnic identification overlap among Hispanic adolescents. We evaluated the relative proximity between race and ethnic identifiers among Hispanics. Empirical analyses suggest that the racial identification of other students at school has a significant impact on the odds o…
Where Are the Asian and Hispanic Victims of Katrina
Hurricane Katrina, which hit the Central Gulf Coast in August 2005, was undoubtedly one of the worst natural disasters to strike the United States in the age of round-the-clock media journalism. Television coverage of Hurricane Katrina brought to the forefront the costs of disadvantage along racial and class lines. Needless to say, the victims left behind were disproportionately African American, elderly, and impoverished residents of the area. W…
Stability of interracial and intraracial romantic relationships among adolescents
Do Mothers in Rural China Practice Gender Equality in Educational Aspirations for Their Children?
More than 2 decades of economic reforms have brought great improvements in the quality of life for women and girls in China. Despite these improvements, in some areas, cultural values and norms concerning gender roles and traditional family structures still influence the values attached to sons and daughters and create strong incentives for son preference (Croll 2000; Li and Lavely 2003). The most striking evidence of the priority parents place o…
Are Racial Identities of Multiracials Stable? Changing Self-Identification Among Single and Multiple Race Individuals
Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), we estimate the determinants and direction of change in individual racial identification among multiracial and monoracial adolescents as they transition to young adulthood. We find that while many multiracials subsequently identify as monoracials, sizable numbers of monoracials also subsequently become multiracials. Native American-whites appear to have the least stable iden…
Does Higher Socioeconomic Status Increase Contact Between Minorities and Whites? An Examination of Interracial Romantic Relationships Among Adolescents
Objectives. We examine how socioeconomic status of white, black, Hispanic, and Asian adolescents affects their likelihood of dating across racial lines and the racial characteristics of their romantic partners. Methods. We analyze data nationally representative sample of adolescents in 1994–1995 using logistic regression models. Results. Socioeconomic status has little effect on whether adolescents choose an interracial partner except in the case…
Does Social Capital Still Matter? Immigrant Minority Disadvantage in School-Specific Social Capital and its Effects on Academic Achievement
Using the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988, the authors examine the determinants of social capital and its effects on school achievement for minority and immigrant students. The authors use two measures of social capital-intergenerational closure and parent-school involvement-and distinguish minority groups by generational status. Results indicate that compared to third-generation White students, immigrant Asians and Hispanics and th…
Friendship choices of multiracial adolescents
Where Are All the Boys
We explore the gender gap in college completion among Blacks and Whites. Using the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988, we examine how early school achievement and educational expectations affect attainment by following a nationally representative sample of youths from 1988 (approximately age fourteen) to 2000 (approximately age twenty-six). The odds of attaining an associate's or a bachelor's degree among Black women are greater than t…
Do you like me as much as I like you? Friendship reciprocity and its effects on school outcomes among adolescents
Barriers to School Involvement
Parental involvement at school offers unique opportunities for parents, and this school-based involvement has important implications for children's academic and behavioral outcomes. The authors used data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort (National Center for Education Statistics, 2001) to examine race and immigrant differences in barriers to parental involvement at school. Minority immigrant parents, compared with na…
Sociology (42 works) · Psychology (38 works) · Political science (31 works) · Medicine (26 works) · Developmental psychology (24 works) · Demography (20 works) · Ethnic group (20 works) · Demography (18 works) · Immigration (15 works) · Racial and Ethnic Identity Research (15 works)