Robert M Groves
Biographic Data
| ID | 3659686 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Robert M Groves |
| GIVEN NAMES | Robert M |
| FAMILY NAME | Groves |
| SIGNATURE | GROVES R M |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Michigan |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 46 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 2240 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 45 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1978 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2018 |
| H-INDEX | 19 |
Use of Administrative Records in Evidence-Based Policymaking
Record systems used to administer programs often contain information useful for evaluating the effectiveness of a program. Administrative records are most often designed to facilitate processes key to the mission of the program. Data structures, quality assurance, quality control, and updating processes are generally defined by the needs of the program. Statistical uses of administrative data, common to evaluation studies, face a predictable set …
A Propensity-Adjusted Interviewer Performance Indicator
Journal Article A Propensity-Adjusted Interviewer Performance Indicator Get access Brady T. West, Brady T. West * Brady T. West is a Research Assistant Professor in the Survey Methodology Program (SMP), Survey Research Center (SRC), Institute for Social Research (ISR), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Robert M. Groves is the Provost at Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA. Work on this paper by Robert Groves was completed while h…
Support for the Survey Sponsor and Nonresponse Bias
In an experiment designed to examine nonresponse bias, either the March of Dimes or the University of Michigan was identified as the sponsor of a survey mailed to individuals whose level of support for the March of Dimes was known. The response rate was higher to the university survey, but support for the March of Dimes increased survey participation to the same extent in both conditions. As a result of the overrepresentation of supporters of the…
Responsive Survey Design, Demographic Data Collection, and Models of Demographic Behavior
To address declining response rates and rising data-collection costs, survey methodologists have devised new techniques for using process data (“paradata”) to address nonresponse by altering the survey design dynamically during data collection. We investigate the substantive consequences of responsive survey design—tools that use paradata to improve the representative qualities of surveys and control costs. By improving representation of reluctan…
Three Eras of Survey Research
Although survey research is a young field relative to many scientific domains, it has already experienced three distinct stages of development. In the first era (1930–1960), the founders of the field invented the basic components of the design of data collection and the tools to produce the statistical information from surveys. As they were inventing the method, they were also building the institutions that conduct surveys in the private, academi…
The Structure and Activities of the U.S. Federal Statistical System
This article examines the statistical system of the United States—featuring fourteen principal statistical agencies and sixty to seventy units in other federal agencies— focusing on the system’s highly decentralized nature and the ways in which the agencies attempt to evaluate the status of issues relevant to the mission of their departments and to provide information helpful in the creation of new policy. The history and challenges of the variou…
Measurement Error, Unit Nonresponse, and Self-Reports of Abortion Experiences
Journal Article Measurement Error, Unit Nonresponse, and Self-Reports of Abortion Experiences Get access Andy Peytchev, Andy Peytchev Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Emilia Peytcheva, Emilia Peytcheva Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Robert M. Groves Robert M. Groves Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Vo…
Sensitive Topics and Reluctant Respondents
Journal Article Sensitive Topics and Reluctant Respondents: Demonstrating a Link between Nonresponse Bias and Measurement Error Get access Roger Tourangeau, Roger Tourangeau Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Robert M. Groves, Robert M. Groves Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Cleo D. Redline Cleo D. Redline Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Googl…
Research Synthesis
Effects of Interviewer Attitudes and Behaviors on Refusal in Household Surveys
Interviewers play a crucial role in gaining cooperation from a sample unit. This paper aims to identify the interviewer characteristics that influence survey cooperation. Of principal interest to survey practitioners are interviewer attributes associated with higher cooperation rates, particularly among sample members whose characteristics are traditionally associated with a lower probability of response. Our data source is unusually rich, in tha…
Total Survey Error
Total survey error” is a conceptual framework describing statistical error properties of sample survey statistics. Early in the history of sample surveys, it arose as a tool to focus on implications of various gaps between the conditions under which probability samples yielded unbiased estimates of finite population parameters and practical situations in implementing survey design. While the framework permits design-based estimates of various err…
Surveying Victims
The Impact of Nonresponse Rates on Nonresponse Bias
Journal Article The Impact of Nonresponse Rates on Nonresponse Bias: A Meta-Analysis Get access Robert M. Groves, Robert M. Groves Address correspondence to Robert M. Groves; e-mail: [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Emilia Peytcheva Emilia Peytcheva Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 72, Issue 2, Summer 2008, Pages …
Responsive Design for Household Surveys
Over the past few years surveys have expanded to new populations, have incorporated measurement of new and more complex substantive issues and have adopted new data collection tools. At the same time there has been a growing reluctance among many household populations to participate in surveys. These factors have combined to present survey designers and survey researchers with increased uncertainty about the performance of any given survey design…
Experiments in Producing Nonresponse Bias
While nonresponse rates in household surveys are increasing in most industrialized nations, the increasing rates do not always produce nonresponse bias in survey estimates. The linkage between nonresponse rates and nonresponse bias arises from the presence of a covariance between response propensity and the survey variables of interest. To understand the covariance term, researchers must think about the common influences on response propensity an…
Nonresponse Rates and Nonresponse Bias in Household Surveys
Journal Article Nonresponse Rates and Nonresponse Bias in Household Surveys Get access Robert M. Groves Robert M. Groves robert m. groves is professor and director, University of Michigan Survey Research Center, and research professor at the Joint Program in Survey Methodology. Support from the National Science Foundation (SES-0207435) is gratefully acknowledged. Ashley Bowers, Sungwoo Lim, and Emilia Peytcheva assisted in the compilation of the …
Measurement Error Across Disciplines
This chapter contains sections titled: Measurement Error in the Context of Other Survey Errors Notions of Fixed and Variable Errors Measurement Error Models in Survey Methodology Research Conditioning Inference on Assumptions about Errors Versus Conditioning Inference on Error Estimates The True Value Morass Conclusions Organization of this Volume
Measurement Errors in Surveys
The Role of Topic Interest in Survey Participation Decisions
While a low survey response rate may indicate that the risk of nonresponse error is high, we know little about when nonresponse causes such error and when nonresponse is ignorable. Leverage-salience theory of survey participation suggests that when the survey topic is a factor in the decision to participate, noncooperation will cause nonresponse error. We test three hypotheses derived from the theory: (1) those faced with a survey request on a to…
How Americans Responded
On the afternoon of Tuesday, September 11, 2001, a group of social scientists at the Institute for Social Research (ISR) gathered to consider how they might employ their talents to help the country after the shocking events of that morning. The group included economists, political scientists, psychologists, sociologists, demographers, and survey methodologists. Based upon their previous research experience, each of them proposed hypotheses on asp…
Leslie Kish, 1910–2000
Consequences of Reducing Nonresponse in a National Telephone Survey
Critics of public opinion polls often claim that methodological shortcuts taken to collect timely data produce biased results. This study compares two random digit dial national telephone surveys that used identical questionnaires but very different levels of effort: a "Standard" survey conducted over a 5-day period that used a sample of adults who were home when the interviewer called, and a "Rigorous" survey conducted over an 8-week period that…
Nonresponse in Household Interview Survey
Leverage-Saliency Theory of Survey Participation
Journal Article Leverage-Saliency Theory of Survey Participation: Description and an Illustration Get access ROBERT M. GROVES, ROBERT M. GROVES Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar ELEANOR SINGER, ELEANOR SINGER Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar AMY CORNING AMY CORNING Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume…
Differential Incentives
Journal Article Differential Incentives: Beliefs about Practices, Perceptions of Equity, and Effects on Survey Participation Get access ELEANOR SINGER, ELEANOR SINGER Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar ROBERT M. GROVES, ROBERT M. GROVES Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar AMY CORNING AMY CORNING Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Publi…
Nonresponse Rates and Nonresponse Bias in Household Surveys
Journal Article Nonresponse Rates and Nonresponse Bias in Household Surveys Get access Robert M. Groves Robert M. Groves robert m. groves is professor and director, University of Michigan Survey Research Center, and research professor at the Joint Program in Survey Methodology. Support from the National Science Foundation (SES-0207435) is gratefully acknowledged. Ashley Bowers, Sungwoo Lim, and Emilia Peytcheva assisted in the compilation of the …
Consequences of Reducing Nonresponse in a National Telephone Survey
Critics of public opinion polls often claim that methodological shortcuts taken to collect timely data produce biased results. This study compares two random digit dial national telephone surveys that used identical questionnaires but very different levels of effort: a "Standard" survey conducted over a 5-day period that used a sample of adults who were home when the interviewer called, and a "Rigorous" survey conducted over an 8-week period that…
The Impact of Nonresponse Rates on Nonresponse Bias
Journal Article The Impact of Nonresponse Rates on Nonresponse Bias: A Meta-Analysis Get access Robert M. Groves, Robert M. Groves Address correspondence to Robert M. Groves; e-mail: [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Emilia Peytcheva Emilia Peytcheva Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 72, Issue 2, Summer 2008, Pages …
Leverage-Saliency Theory of Survey Participation
Journal Article Leverage-Saliency Theory of Survey Participation: Description and an Illustration Get access ROBERT M. GROVES, ROBERT M. GROVES Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar ELEANOR SINGER, ELEANOR SINGER Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar AMY CORNING AMY CORNING Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume…
Understanding The Decision to Participate in a Survey
The lack of full participation in sample surveys threatens the inferential value of the survey method. We review a set of conceptual developments and experimental findings that appear to be informative about causes of survey participation; offer an integration of that work with findings from the more traditional statistical and survey methodological literature on nonresponse; and, given the theoretical structure, deduce potentially promising path…
Research Synthesis
The Role of Topic Interest in Survey Participation Decisions
While a low survey response rate may indicate that the risk of nonresponse error is high, we know little about when nonresponse causes such error and when nonresponse is ignorable. Leverage-salience theory of survey participation suggests that when the survey topic is a factor in the decision to participate, noncooperation will cause nonresponse error. We test three hypotheses derived from the theory: (1) those faced with a survey request on a to…
Total Survey Error
Total survey error” is a conceptual framework describing statistical error properties of sample survey statistics. Early in the history of sample surveys, it arose as a tool to focus on implications of various gaps between the conditions under which probability samples yielded unbiased estimates of finite population parameters and practical situations in implementing survey design. While the framework permits design-based estimates of various err…
Three Eras of Survey Research
Although survey research is a young field relative to many scientific domains, it has already experienced three distinct stages of development. In the first era (1930–1960), the founders of the field invented the basic components of the design of data collection and the tools to produce the statistical information from surveys. As they were inventing the method, they were also building the institutions that conduct surveys in the private, academi…
Measurement Errors in Surveys
Experiments in Producing Nonresponse Bias
While nonresponse rates in household surveys are increasing in most industrialized nations, the increasing rates do not always produce nonresponse bias in survey estimates. The linkage between nonresponse rates and nonresponse bias arises from the presence of a covariance between response propensity and the survey variables of interest. To understand the covariance term, researchers must think about the common influences on response propensity an…
Effects of Interviewer Attitudes and Behaviors on Refusal in Household Surveys
Interviewers play a crucial role in gaining cooperation from a sample unit. This paper aims to identify the interviewer characteristics that influence survey cooperation. Of principal interest to survey practitioners are interviewer attributes associated with higher cooperation rates, particularly among sample members whose characteristics are traditionally associated with a lower probability of response. Our data source is unusually rich, in tha…
Research on Survey Data Quality
Sensitive Topics and Reluctant Respondents
Journal Article Sensitive Topics and Reluctant Respondents: Demonstrating a Link between Nonresponse Bias and Measurement Error Get access Roger Tourangeau, Roger Tourangeau Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Robert M. Groves, Robert M. Groves Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Cleo D. Redline Cleo D. Redline Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Googl…
Measuring and Explaining Interviewer Effects in Centralized Telephone Surveys
Journal Article Measuring and Explaining Interviewer Effects in Centralized Telephone Surveys Get access Robert M. Groves, Robert M. Groves Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Lou J. Magilavy Lou J. Magilavy Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 50, Issue 2, Summer 1986, Pages 251–266, https://doi.org/10.1086/268979 Published: 01 January 1986
Theories and Methods of Telephone Surveys
This discussion of the theories and methods of telephone surveys begins by considering the theories relevant to understanding mode effects. It analyzes theories related to coverage error, psychological theories of compliance and persuasion relevant to nonresponse error, sociological theories relevant to nonresponse error, and cognitive and social psychological theories relevant to measurement error. The second part of the chapter discusses result…
Using Dual Frame Designs to Reduce Nonresponse in Telephone Surveys
Journal Article USING DUAL FRAME DESIGNS TO REDUCE NONRESPONSE IN TELEPHONE SURVEYS Get access MICHAEL W. TRAUGOTT, MICHAEL W. TRAUGOTT Research Scientist in the Center for Political Studies, University of Michigan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar ROBERT M. GROVES, ROBERT M. GROVES Associate Research Scientist in the Survey Research Center, University of Michigan Search for other works by this author on: Ox…
Actors and Questions in Telephone and Personal Interview Surveys
Journal Article Actors and Questions in Telephone and Personal Interview Surveys Get access ROBERT M. GROVES ROBERT M. GROVES Assistant Professor Study Director at the Survey Research Center and in the Department of Sociology, University ofMichigan. Research for this study was supported by NSF (SOC 76-07519). An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 1977 annual meeting of AAPOR. A full report of the study, entitled Comparing Telephon…
Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing
Differential Incentives
Journal Article Differential Incentives: Beliefs about Practices, Perceptions of Equity, and Effects on Survey Participation Get access ELEANOR SINGER, ELEANOR SINGER Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar ROBERT M. GROVES, ROBERT M. GROVES Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar AMY CORNING AMY CORNING Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Publi…
How Americans Responded
On the afternoon of Tuesday, September 11, 2001, a group of social scientists at the Institute for Social Research (ISR) gathered to consider how they might employ their talents to help the country after the shocking events of that morning. The group included economists, political scientists, psychologists, sociologists, demographers, and survey methodologists. Based upon their previous research experience, each of them proposed hypotheses on asp…
Gender Effects among Telephone Interviewers in a Survey of Economic Attitudes
Male and female telephone interviewers are compared on both administrative efficiency and data quality, using data from 24 replications of an attitudinal survey on personal and national economic prospects. The 40 male interviewers used over the two-year period are found to exhibit higher turnover rates and, because of that, lower response rates and higher training costs than the 80 female interviewers. However, there are no real differences on th…
Measurement Error, Unit Nonresponse, and Self-Reports of Abortion Experiences
Journal Article Measurement Error, Unit Nonresponse, and Self-Reports of Abortion Experiences Get access Andy Peytchev, Andy Peytchev Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Emilia Peytcheva, Emilia Peytcheva Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Robert M. Groves Robert M. Groves Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Vo…
Support for the Survey Sponsor and Nonresponse Bias
In an experiment designed to examine nonresponse bias, either the March of Dimes or the University of Michigan was identified as the sponsor of a survey mailed to individuals whose level of support for the March of Dimes was known. The response rate was higher to the university survey, but support for the March of Dimes increased survey participation to the same extent in both conditions. As a result of the overrepresentation of supporters of the…
Matching Survey Responses to Official Records
Record check studies—involving the comparison of survey responses with external record evidence—are a familiar tool in survey methodology. The findings of a recently conducted reverse record check study are reported here. The analyses examine match rates between survey reports and police records, employing more or less restrictive match criteria—e.g., using various computer algorithms versus human judgments. The analyses reveal marked differences…
On the mode of administering a questionnaire and responses to open-ended items
Actors and Questions in Telephone and Personal Interview Surveys
Journal Article Actors and Questions in Telephone and Personal Interview Surveys Get access ROBERT M. GROVES ROBERT M. GROVES Assistant Professor Study Director at the Survey Research Center and in the Department of Sociology, University ofMichigan. Research for this study was supported by NSF (SOC 76-07519). An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 1977 annual meeting of AAPOR. A full report of the study, entitled Comparing Telephon…
Increasing Response Rates to Telephone Surveys
Journal Article Increasing Response Rates to Telephone Surveys: A Door in the Face for Foot-in-the-Door? Get access ROBERT M. GROVES, ROBERT M. GROVES Robert M. Groves is an Associate Research Scientist in the Survey Research Center at the University of Michigan and an Assistant Professor in the Department of Sociology Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar LOU J. MAGILAVY LOU J. MAGILAVY Lou J. Magilavy is a Ph.…
Implications of Cati
Peer Reviewed
Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing
The effects of respondent rules on health survey reports
Survey researchers believe that self reports, in general, are more accurate than reports obtained by proxy. This paper focuses on the reassessment of previous self/proxy comparisons and presents findings from a telephone adaptation of the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) designed to investigate response error associated with self and proxy reports. Unlike previous studies in which the type of report is confounded with characteristics of th…
Matching Survey Responses to Official Records
Record check studies—involving the comparison of survey responses with external record evidence—are a familiar tool in survey methodology. The findings of a recently conducted reverse record check study are reported here. The analyses examine match rates between survey reports and police records, employing more or less restrictive match criteria—e.g., using various computer algorithms versus human judgments. The analyses reveal marked differences…
Gender Effects among Telephone Interviewers in a Survey of Economic Attitudes
Male and female telephone interviewers are compared on both administrative efficiency and data quality, using data from 24 replications of an attitudinal survey on personal and national economic prospects. The 40 male interviewers used over the two-year period are found to exhibit higher turnover rates and, because of that, lower response rates and higher training costs than the 80 female interviewers. However, there are no real differences on th…
Measuring and Explaining Interviewer Effects in Centralized Telephone Surveys
Journal Article Measuring and Explaining Interviewer Effects in Centralized Telephone Surveys Get access Robert M. Groves, Robert M. Groves Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Lou J. Magilavy Lou J. Magilavy Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 50, Issue 2, Summer 1986, Pages 251–266, https://doi.org/10.1086/268979 Published: 01 January 1986
Using Dual Frame Designs to Reduce Nonresponse in Telephone Surveys
Journal Article USING DUAL FRAME DESIGNS TO REDUCE NONRESPONSE IN TELEPHONE SURVEYS Get access MICHAEL W. TRAUGOTT, MICHAEL W. TRAUGOTT Research Scientist in the Center for Political Studies, University of Michigan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar ROBERT M. GROVES, ROBERT M. GROVES Associate Research Scientist in the Survey Research Center, University of Michigan Search for other works by this author on: Ox…
Research on Survey Data Quality
Survey Errors and Survey Costs
Telephone Survey Methodology
SECTION A: COVERAGE OF THE HOUSEHOLD POPULATION BY TELEPHONES.An Overview of Telephone Coverage (J. Massey). International Comparisons of Telephone Coverage (D. Trewin & G. Lee). Trends in the United States Telephone Coverage Across Time and Subgroups (O. Thornberry & J. Massey). Within--Household Coverage in RDD Surveys (D. Maklan & J. Waksberg). SECTION B: SAMPLING FOR TELEPHONE SURVEYS. Telephone Sampling Methods in the United States (J. Lepko…
Theories and Methods of Telephone Surveys
This discussion of the theories and methods of telephone surveys begins by considering the theories relevant to understanding mode effects. It analyzes theories related to coverage error, psychological theories of compliance and persuasion relevant to nonresponse error, sociological theories relevant to nonresponse error, and cognitive and social psychological theories relevant to measurement error. The second part of the chapter discusses result…
Prevalence of Aids-Related Risk Factors and Condom Use in the United States
A national probability survey of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related risk factors among the general heterosexual population, the National AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) Behavioral Surveys, has obtained data from 10,630 respondents. Data are presented on the prevalence of HIV-related risks in the general heterosexual population, on the distribution of the three largest risk groups across social strata, and on the prevalence and d…
Commercial Residential Telephone Lists
The use of a commercial file of listed residential telephone numbers can improve the efficiency of samples drawn for telephone surveys. The extent of this improvement depends, however, upon characteristics of the file that are usually not available to the user. This paper addresses the problem by examining the characteristics of commercial files both at the national level and for particular localities that vary by size and geography
Understanding The Decision to Participate in a Survey
The lack of full participation in sample surveys threatens the inferential value of the survey method. We review a set of conceptual developments and experimental findings that appear to be informative about causes of survey participation; offer an integration of that work with findings from the more traditional statistical and survey methodological literature on nonresponse; and, given the theoretical structure, deduce potentially promising path…
Measurement Errors in Surveys
Partial table of contents: THE QUESTIONNAIRE. The Current Status of Questionnaire Design (N. Bradburn & S. Sudman). Context Effects in the General Social Survey (T. Smith). RESPONDENTS AND RESPONSES. Recall Error: Sources and Bias Reduction Techniques (D. Eisenhower, et al.). Toward a Response Model in Establishment Surveys (W. Edwards & D. Cantor). INTERVIEWERS AND OTHER MEANS OF DATA COLLECTION. The Design and Analysis of Reinterview: An Overvi…
Measurement Errors in Surveys
Presidential Address
Nonresponse in Household Interview Surveys
Differential Incentives
Journal Article Differential Incentives: Beliefs about Practices, Perceptions of Equity, and Effects on Survey Participation Get access ELEANOR SINGER, ELEANOR SINGER Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar ROBERT M. GROVES, ROBERT M. GROVES Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar AMY CORNING AMY CORNING Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Publi…
Consequences of Reducing Nonresponse in a National Telephone Survey
Critics of public opinion polls often claim that methodological shortcuts taken to collect timely data produce biased results. This study compares two random digit dial national telephone surveys that used identical questionnaires but very different levels of effort: a "Standard" survey conducted over a 5-day period that used a sample of adults who were home when the interviewer called, and a "Rigorous" survey conducted over an 8-week period that…
Nonresponse in Household Interview Survey
Leverage-Saliency Theory of Survey Participation
Journal Article Leverage-Saliency Theory of Survey Participation: Description and an Illustration Get access ROBERT M. GROVES, ROBERT M. GROVES Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar ELEANOR SINGER, ELEANOR SINGER Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar AMY CORNING AMY CORNING Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume…
Survey Methodology and Nonresponse (37 works) · Psychology (30 works) · Statistics (28 works) · Computer Science (25 works) · Mathematics (23 works) · Sociology (23 works) · Political science (16 works) · Applied Psychology (13 works) · Business (13 works) · Survey research (13 works)