Mark Langan
Biographic Data
| ID | 3696584 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Mark Langan |
| GIVEN NAMES | Mark |
| FAMILY NAME | Langan |
| SIGNATURE | LANGAN M |
| AFFILIATIONS | King's College London |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 27 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 97 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 27 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2006 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 6 |
The Frustrations of Free Trade and the Africa–European Union Samoa Agreement
The Samoa Agreement between the European Union (EU) and the Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States (OACPS) includes strict language on concluding controversial Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) between their members. Skeptical OACPS members have instead called for greater intra-African economic integration embodied in the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). However, there are concerns that the EU aims to use the AfCF…
Sovereignism, neo-colonialism and African states’ discontent with geopolitical Europe in the era of the OACPS-EU Samoa Agreement
EU officials have praised the Samoa Agreement as an essential partnership of equals between the European Union (EU) and the Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States (OACPS).The Agreement is lauded for its ostensible shift away from focus on aid and trade towards ambitious shared political objectives relating to human rights, democracy, security, environmentalism and migration.Applying the concepts of sovereignism and neo-colonialism,…
An unhealthy relationship? The reputational risks of Europe’s health focused public diplomacy in Africa
The article assesses the reputational risks associated with health focused EU public diplomacy (PD) in Africa in the closing years of the Cotonou Agreement. Focussing on the COVID-19 pandemic, it assesses Europe’s PD strategy in Africa in the wake of the virus. It explains health focused European PD stories – as well as aid delivery – in Africa in terms of the EU’s self-image as a normative power, its concern for reputation management, and its po…
Migration, development and EU free trade deals
The article problematizes the EU’s approach to trade, development and migration (TD&M) in the context of Africa–EU relations and the push for free trade deals under Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs). According to EU policymakers there is harmony between trade policies, development goals and migration objectives. EU officials state that EPAs are a development friendly tool for job creation in Africa, and this in turn will address the “root ca…
The double movement in Africa
Karl Polanyi’s double movement is a key tool for conceptualising free market fatigue in African business communities wrought by the insecurities of trade liberalisation. Synthesising Polanyi with Kwame Nkrumah’s work on neo-colonialism, the article argues that exhausted business communities in Africa can contest free market reforms and push for a return to developmentalist strategies, underscoring a double movement. In this discussion it highligh…
Neo-colonialism, Nkrumah and Africa-Europe ties
This chapter examines the claims made by Kwame Nkrumah and his diagnosis of the strategies and functioning of neo-colonial forms of relations between African polities and external powers. This focuses upon his concerns surrounding role of aid monies and foreign investment in subverting genuine empirical sovereignty. Nkrumah thus viewed neo-colonialism as a two-way relationship between elites in London, Brussels and Washington (and beyond) and the…
Imperialisms Past and Present in EU Economic Relations with North Africa
The EU is actively pursuing Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreements (DCFTAs) as part of its trade and aid relations with former colonies in North Africa. Utilizing the discourse of pro-poor business growth and win-win free trade, the EU insists that North African countries must acquiesce to DCFTA liberalization to achieve sustainable development. This article critiques the paternalism of EU actors amidst their focus on completing these contr…
A New Scramble for EurAfrica
The British referendum on continued EU membership in 2016 was infused with Brexiteer discourse relating to a fairer UK relationship with African countries inside the Commonwealth. Prominent campaigners including Boris Johnson and Daniel Hannan regularly spoke of the EU’s mercantilist trade and aid policies in sub-Saharan Africa as a means to underscore the supranational project’s unsavoury relationship with Anglophone developing countries. Brexit…
West Africa’s cocoa sector and development within Africa-EU relations
The EU is vigorously pursuing Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) in its trade and aid relations with African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries. Justifying the EPAs as being ‘development friendly’, EU officials promise that aid support to private sector development (PSD) in ACP countries will make free trade systems ‘win–win’. This article, based on the authors’ semi-structured interviews conducted in Ghana and Nigeria, examines the persp…
Neo-Colonialism and the Poverty of 'Development' in Africa
Virtuous power Turkey in sub-Saharan Africa
European officials veer towards exceptionalism in their policy communications concerning the EU’s global role, particularly in terms of African development. This article poses a rejoinder to such tendencies through examination of the rise of ‘virtuous power Turkey’ in Africa. It examines how Turkish elites constructed a moralised ‘neo-Ottoman’ foreign policy in wake of stalled EU accession. It then underscores how elites framed humanitarian inter…
Brexit and Trade Ties between Europe and Commonwealth States in Sub-Saharan Africa
Brexit will of course have major implications for trade between Commonwealth African nations and the European continent. In the short term, the European Commission’s Economic Partnership Agreements with regional groups such as the East African Community will be complicated by the UK’s decision to leave the European project. Moreover, there are longer-term consequences to be considered, not least the role which the UK—as an independent trade actor…
The EU and 'pro-poor' contributions to sustainable development in the post-2015 consensus
The EU has expressed a long-standing commitment to sustainable development, from the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam through to the current Europe 2020 strategy for sustainable development and inclusive growth. Commitment at a regional level has been matched by the role the EU has played at a global level, particularly in relation to the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This collection examines the EU's role in supporting the post-2015 consensus…
Oil and cocoa in the political economy of Ghana-EU relations
Oil and cocoa represent strategic export commodities for the Ghanaian economy, prioritised within the Ghana Shared Growth and Development Agenda. This article examines these sectors in the context of Ghana’s relations with the European Union (EU). Notably, the EU constitutes the most important market for Ghanaian exports. The European Commission, moreover, has pledged to tangibly assist private sector development in Ghana, with particular referen…
The moral economy of EU relations with North African states
The file associated with this record is under an 18-month embargo from publication in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. The full text may be available through the publisher links provided above
Moral Economy of EU Association with Africa
Budget support and Africa–European Union relations
The European Commission has promised to provide African countries with budget support to facilitate poverty eradication and the broader achievement of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals. Moreover, European Union officials state that modern ‘poverty reduction’ budget support aligns with Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development norms of country-ownership. In particular, they assure recipients that this aid modality will n…
Extraversion and the West African EPA Development Programme
West African elites have successfully argued for an Economic Partnership Agreement Development Programme (EPADP) as part of free trade negotiations with the European Commission. ECOWAS officials state that the EPADP is necessary to realise the 'development dimension' of trade. In particular, they have (re)articulated Europe's own narratives relating to Aid for Trade and private sector development - insisting that the European Commission delivers …
A moral economy approach to Africa-EU ties
The European Union's (EU) trade and development ‘partnership’ with the African, Caribbean, and Pacific (ACP) countries has long interested scholars of North-South relations. Historically, the theoretical literature on ACP-EU ties has been characterised by liberal institutionalist accounts of interdependence and critical assessments of Europe's neo-colonialism. In the timeframe of the Cotonou Agreement (2000–20), this division has expressed itself…
Decent work and indecent trade agendas
The European Commission has promised to promote decent work in the African, Caribbean, and Pacific (ACP) countries through pro-poor direct investment and livelihood-creating trade deals. Aligning with the discourse of the International Labour Organisation, the European Commission seeks to achieve ‘fair globalisation’ in which economic growth is translated into decent jobs. Applying a moral economy perspective, however, the article argues that the…
The Aid for Trade Charade
Aid for Trade (AfT) has gained prominence as an innovative form of donor support in the ‘post’-Washington Consensus. AfT mechanisms have been praised as a means of aligning trade liberalisation deals (whether in the Doha Round or within bilaterals) to poverty reduction objectives. This article, through critical analysis of AfT discourse within the ‘moral economies’ of multilateral World Trade Organization and bilateral European Union–African, Car…
Normative Power Europe and the Moral Economy of Africa–EU Ties
‘Normative power’ is an increasingly popularised concept in the study of EU external relations in fields including military policy, human rights, and international trade. Defined by Manners, it acknowledges the normative foundations of the European project, examines how Europe acts to (re)shape internationally accepted norms, and makes the claim that Europe ought to influence external partners' conception of ‘normal’ behaviour in pursuit of a jus…
Private sector development as poverty and strategic discourse
Private sector development (PSD) has emerged as a core component of donor strategies aimed at making free markets work for 'the poor' through assistance to business sector capacity in low-income states. PSD initiatives cannot be understood, however, as technical exercises aimed solely at promoting development through business competitiveness. Instead they serve as normative concessions through which developmentally questionable market-opening has…
Uganda's Flower Farms and Private Sector Development
The European Union's (EU) pledge to assist private sector development (PSD) in the African, Caribbean, and Pacific (ACP) states is a key pillar of its bilateral trade relationship with former colonies. It is this ostensible support to PSD that allows the EU to contend that its pursuit of market opening in ACP countries under Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) is not detrimental to human well-being in low-income countries, in spite of risks of…
Cultivating Success in Uganda
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Normative Power Europe and the Moral Economy of Africa–EU Ties
‘Normative power’ is an increasingly popularised concept in the study of EU external relations in fields including military policy, human rights, and international trade. Defined by Manners, it acknowledges the normative foundations of the European project, examines how Europe acts to (re)shape internationally accepted norms, and makes the claim that Europe ought to influence external partners' conception of ‘normal’ behaviour in pursuit of a jus…
Virtuous power Turkey in sub-Saharan Africa
European officials veer towards exceptionalism in their policy communications concerning the EU’s global role, particularly in terms of African development. This article poses a rejoinder to such tendencies through examination of the rise of ‘virtuous power Turkey’ in Africa. It examines how Turkish elites constructed a moralised ‘neo-Ottoman’ foreign policy in wake of stalled EU accession. It then underscores how elites framed humanitarian inter…
Decent work and indecent trade agendas
The European Commission has promised to promote decent work in the African, Caribbean, and Pacific (ACP) countries through pro-poor direct investment and livelihood-creating trade deals. Aligning with the discourse of the International Labour Organisation, the European Commission seeks to achieve ‘fair globalisation’ in which economic growth is translated into decent jobs. Applying a moral economy perspective, however, the article argues that the…
Budget support and Africa–European Union relations
The European Commission has promised to provide African countries with budget support to facilitate poverty eradication and the broader achievement of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals. Moreover, European Union officials state that modern ‘poverty reduction’ budget support aligns with Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development norms of country-ownership. In particular, they assure recipients that this aid modality will n…
The Aid for Trade Charade
Aid for Trade (AfT) has gained prominence as an innovative form of donor support in the ‘post’-Washington Consensus. AfT mechanisms have been praised as a means of aligning trade liberalisation deals (whether in the Doha Round or within bilaterals) to poverty reduction objectives. This article, through critical analysis of AfT discourse within the ‘moral economies’ of multilateral World Trade Organization and bilateral European Union–African, Car…
Extraversion and the West African EPA Development Programme
West African elites have successfully argued for an Economic Partnership Agreement Development Programme (EPADP) as part of free trade negotiations with the European Commission. ECOWAS officials state that the EPADP is necessary to realise the 'development dimension' of trade. In particular, they have (re)articulated Europe's own narratives relating to Aid for Trade and private sector development - insisting that the European Commission delivers …
Brexit and Trade Ties between Europe and Commonwealth States in Sub-Saharan Africa
Brexit will of course have major implications for trade between Commonwealth African nations and the European continent. In the short term, the European Commission’s Economic Partnership Agreements with regional groups such as the East African Community will be complicated by the UK’s decision to leave the European project. Moreover, there are longer-term consequences to be considered, not least the role which the UK—as an independent trade actor…
Uganda's Flower Farms and Private Sector Development
The European Union's (EU) pledge to assist private sector development (PSD) in the African, Caribbean, and Pacific (ACP) states is a key pillar of its bilateral trade relationship with former colonies. It is this ostensible support to PSD that allows the EU to contend that its pursuit of market opening in ACP countries under Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) is not detrimental to human well-being in low-income countries, in spite of risks of…
An unhealthy relationship? The reputational risks of Europe’s health focused public diplomacy in Africa
The article assesses the reputational risks associated with health focused EU public diplomacy (PD) in Africa in the closing years of the Cotonou Agreement. Focussing on the COVID-19 pandemic, it assesses Europe’s PD strategy in Africa in the wake of the virus. It explains health focused European PD stories – as well as aid delivery – in Africa in terms of the EU’s self-image as a normative power, its concern for reputation management, and its po…
Migration, development and EU free trade deals
The article problematizes the EU’s approach to trade, development and migration (TD&M) in the context of Africa–EU relations and the push for free trade deals under Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs). According to EU policymakers there is harmony between trade policies, development goals and migration objectives. EU officials state that EPAs are a development friendly tool for job creation in Africa, and this in turn will address the “root ca…
A moral economy approach to Africa-EU ties
The European Union's (EU) trade and development ‘partnership’ with the African, Caribbean, and Pacific (ACP) countries has long interested scholars of North-South relations. Historically, the theoretical literature on ACP-EU ties has been characterised by liberal institutionalist accounts of interdependence and critical assessments of Europe's neo-colonialism. In the timeframe of the Cotonou Agreement (2000–20), this division has expressed itself…
Private sector development as poverty and strategic discourse
Private sector development (PSD) has emerged as a core component of donor strategies aimed at making free markets work for 'the poor' through assistance to business sector capacity in low-income states. PSD initiatives cannot be understood, however, as technical exercises aimed solely at promoting development through business competitiveness. Instead they serve as normative concessions through which developmentally questionable market-opening has…
The moral economy of EU relations with North African states
The file associated with this record is under an 18-month embargo from publication in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. The full text may be available through the publisher links provided above
The Frustrations of Free Trade and the Africa–European Union Samoa Agreement
The Samoa Agreement between the European Union (EU) and the Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States (OACPS) includes strict language on concluding controversial Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) between their members. Skeptical OACPS members have instead called for greater intra-African economic integration embodied in the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). However, there are concerns that the EU aims to use the AfCF…
The double movement in Africa
Karl Polanyi’s double movement is a key tool for conceptualising free market fatigue in African business communities wrought by the insecurities of trade liberalisation. Synthesising Polanyi with Kwame Nkrumah’s work on neo-colonialism, the article argues that exhausted business communities in Africa can contest free market reforms and push for a return to developmentalist strategies, underscoring a double movement. In this discussion it highligh…
A New Scramble for EurAfrica
The British referendum on continued EU membership in 2016 was infused with Brexiteer discourse relating to a fairer UK relationship with African countries inside the Commonwealth. Prominent campaigners including Boris Johnson and Daniel Hannan regularly spoke of the EU’s mercantilist trade and aid policies in sub-Saharan Africa as a means to underscore the supranational project’s unsavoury relationship with Anglophone developing countries. Brexit…
The EU and 'pro-poor' contributions to sustainable development in the post-2015 consensus
The EU has expressed a long-standing commitment to sustainable development, from the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam through to the current Europe 2020 strategy for sustainable development and inclusive growth. Commitment at a regional level has been matched by the role the EU has played at a global level, particularly in relation to the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This collection examines the EU's role in supporting the post-2015 consensus…
Oil and cocoa in the political economy of Ghana-EU relations
Oil and cocoa represent strategic export commodities for the Ghanaian economy, prioritised within the Ghana Shared Growth and Development Agenda. This article examines these sectors in the context of Ghana’s relations with the European Union (EU). Notably, the EU constitutes the most important market for Ghanaian exports. The European Commission, moreover, has pledged to tangibly assist private sector development in Ghana, with particular referen…
Objectivity
Embracing a Human Political Economy
This paper seeks to demonstrate the relevance of a ‘human political economy’ in examining the qualitative connections between economic growth-specifically private sector growth – and the provision of ‘human needs' within developing societies. It does this through consideration of studies of the ‘partnership’ between the African, Caribbean and Pacific states (ACPs) and the European Union (EU), most recently under the ACP-EU Cotonou Agreement signe…
Cultivating Success in Uganda
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Normative Power Europe and the Moral Economy of Africa–EU Ties
‘Normative power’ is an increasingly popularised concept in the study of EU external relations in fields including military policy, human rights, and international trade. Defined by Manners, it acknowledges the normative foundations of the European project, examines how Europe acts to (re)shape internationally accepted norms, and makes the claim that Europe ought to influence external partners' conception of ‘normal’ behaviour in pursuit of a jus…
Private sector development as poverty and strategic discourse
Private sector development (PSD) has emerged as a core component of donor strategies aimed at making free markets work for 'the poor' through assistance to business sector capacity in low-income states. PSD initiatives cannot be understood, however, as technical exercises aimed solely at promoting development through business competitiveness. Instead they serve as normative concessions through which developmentally questionable market-opening has…
Uganda's Flower Farms and Private Sector Development
The European Union's (EU) pledge to assist private sector development (PSD) in the African, Caribbean, and Pacific (ACP) states is a key pillar of its bilateral trade relationship with former colonies. It is this ostensible support to PSD that allows the EU to contend that its pursuit of market opening in ACP countries under Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) is not detrimental to human well-being in low-income countries, in spite of risks of…
The Aid for Trade Charade
Aid for Trade (AfT) has gained prominence as an innovative form of donor support in the ‘post’-Washington Consensus. AfT mechanisms have been praised as a means of aligning trade liberalisation deals (whether in the Doha Round or within bilaterals) to poverty reduction objectives. This article, through critical analysis of AfT discourse within the ‘moral economies’ of multilateral World Trade Organization and bilateral European Union–African, Car…
A moral economy approach to Africa-EU ties
The European Union's (EU) trade and development ‘partnership’ with the African, Caribbean, and Pacific (ACP) countries has long interested scholars of North-South relations. Historically, the theoretical literature on ACP-EU ties has been characterised by liberal institutionalist accounts of interdependence and critical assessments of Europe's neo-colonialism. In the timeframe of the Cotonou Agreement (2000–20), this division has expressed itself…
Decent work and indecent trade agendas
The European Commission has promised to promote decent work in the African, Caribbean, and Pacific (ACP) countries through pro-poor direct investment and livelihood-creating trade deals. Aligning with the discourse of the International Labour Organisation, the European Commission seeks to achieve ‘fair globalisation’ in which economic growth is translated into decent jobs. Applying a moral economy perspective, however, the article argues that the…
The moral economy of EU relations with North African states
The file associated with this record is under an 18-month embargo from publication in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. The full text may be available through the publisher links provided above
Moral Economy of EU Association with Africa
Budget support and Africa–European Union relations
The European Commission has promised to provide African countries with budget support to facilitate poverty eradication and the broader achievement of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals. Moreover, European Union officials state that modern ‘poverty reduction’ budget support aligns with Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development norms of country-ownership. In particular, they assure recipients that this aid modality will n…
Extraversion and the West African EPA Development Programme
West African elites have successfully argued for an Economic Partnership Agreement Development Programme (EPADP) as part of free trade negotiations with the European Commission. ECOWAS officials state that the EPADP is necessary to realise the 'development dimension' of trade. In particular, they have (re)articulated Europe's own narratives relating to Aid for Trade and private sector development - insisting that the European Commission delivers …
Brexit and Trade Ties between Europe and Commonwealth States in Sub-Saharan Africa
Brexit will of course have major implications for trade between Commonwealth African nations and the European continent. In the short term, the European Commission’s Economic Partnership Agreements with regional groups such as the East African Community will be complicated by the UK’s decision to leave the European project. Moreover, there are longer-term consequences to be considered, not least the role which the UK—as an independent trade actor…
The EU and 'pro-poor' contributions to sustainable development in the post-2015 consensus
The EU has expressed a long-standing commitment to sustainable development, from the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam through to the current Europe 2020 strategy for sustainable development and inclusive growth. Commitment at a regional level has been matched by the role the EU has played at a global level, particularly in relation to the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This collection examines the EU's role in supporting the post-2015 consensus…
Oil and cocoa in the political economy of Ghana-EU relations
Oil and cocoa represent strategic export commodities for the Ghanaian economy, prioritised within the Ghana Shared Growth and Development Agenda. This article examines these sectors in the context of Ghana’s relations with the European Union (EU). Notably, the EU constitutes the most important market for Ghanaian exports. The European Commission, moreover, has pledged to tangibly assist private sector development in Ghana, with particular referen…
Virtuous power Turkey in sub-Saharan Africa
European officials veer towards exceptionalism in their policy communications concerning the EU’s global role, particularly in terms of African development. This article poses a rejoinder to such tendencies through examination of the rise of ‘virtuous power Turkey’ in Africa. It examines how Turkish elites constructed a moralised ‘neo-Ottoman’ foreign policy in wake of stalled EU accession. It then underscores how elites framed humanitarian inter…
Neo-Colonialism and the Poverty of 'Development' in Africa
Neo-colonialism, Nkrumah and Africa-Europe ties
This chapter examines the claims made by Kwame Nkrumah and his diagnosis of the strategies and functioning of neo-colonial forms of relations between African polities and external powers. This focuses upon his concerns surrounding role of aid monies and foreign investment in subverting genuine empirical sovereignty. Nkrumah thus viewed neo-colonialism as a two-way relationship between elites in London, Brussels and Washington (and beyond) and the…
Imperialisms Past and Present in EU Economic Relations with North Africa
The EU is actively pursuing Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreements (DCFTAs) as part of its trade and aid relations with former colonies in North Africa. Utilizing the discourse of pro-poor business growth and win-win free trade, the EU insists that North African countries must acquiesce to DCFTA liberalization to achieve sustainable development. This article critiques the paternalism of EU actors amidst their focus on completing these contr…
A New Scramble for EurAfrica
The British referendum on continued EU membership in 2016 was infused with Brexiteer discourse relating to a fairer UK relationship with African countries inside the Commonwealth. Prominent campaigners including Boris Johnson and Daniel Hannan regularly spoke of the EU’s mercantilist trade and aid policies in sub-Saharan Africa as a means to underscore the supranational project’s unsavoury relationship with Anglophone developing countries. Brexit…
West Africa’s cocoa sector and development within Africa-EU relations
The EU is vigorously pursuing Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) in its trade and aid relations with African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries. Justifying the EPAs as being ‘development friendly’, EU officials promise that aid support to private sector development (PSD) in ACP countries will make free trade systems ‘win–win’. This article, based on the authors’ semi-structured interviews conducted in Ghana and Nigeria, examines the persp…
Migration, development and EU free trade deals
The article problematizes the EU’s approach to trade, development and migration (TD&M) in the context of Africa–EU relations and the push for free trade deals under Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs). According to EU policymakers there is harmony between trade policies, development goals and migration objectives. EU officials state that EPAs are a development friendly tool for job creation in Africa, and this in turn will address the “root ca…
The double movement in Africa
Karl Polanyi’s double movement is a key tool for conceptualising free market fatigue in African business communities wrought by the insecurities of trade liberalisation. Synthesising Polanyi with Kwame Nkrumah’s work on neo-colonialism, the article argues that exhausted business communities in Africa can contest free market reforms and push for a return to developmentalist strategies, underscoring a double movement. In this discussion it highligh…
An unhealthy relationship? The reputational risks of Europe’s health focused public diplomacy in Africa
The article assesses the reputational risks associated with health focused EU public diplomacy (PD) in Africa in the closing years of the Cotonou Agreement. Focussing on the COVID-19 pandemic, it assesses Europe’s PD strategy in Africa in the wake of the virus. It explains health focused European PD stories – as well as aid delivery – in Africa in terms of the EU’s self-image as a normative power, its concern for reputation management, and its po…
Political science (24 works) · Economics (23 works) · International trade (18 works) · International Development and Aid (17 works) · Law (17 works) · European union (16 works) · Politics (14 works) · Economic growth (13 works) · Political economy (10 works) · General partnership (9 works)