John Cleland
Biographic Data
| ID | 3697166 |
|---|---|
| NAME | John Cleland |
| GIVEN NAMES | John |
| FAMILY NAME | Cleland |
| SIGNATURE | CLELAND J |
| AFFILIATIONS | London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 83 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 581 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 83 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1879 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 12 |
Contraceptive discontinuation, switching, abandonment and their reproductive consequences
As contraceptive uptake rises in a country, discontinuation of use of a contraceptive method because of dissatisfaction and the ability and willingness to switch promptly to an alternative following such discontinuation become increasingly important determinants of the prevention of unintended pregnancy. About one third of unintended births in low- and middle-income countries are the result of discontinuation or accidental pregnancy while using a…
Effects of parental stature on child stunting in India
Adult heights in India are short. Child stunting remains high though the prevalence fell from 48% to 38% in the decade prior to 2016. This study assesses the links between parental height and child stunting using nationally representative data on 28,975 under-five-year-old children from the 2015–16 National Family Health Survey. Parental heights are represented as quintiles. Logistic regression was applied to estimate the effect of parental heigh…
Is newborn survival influenced by place of delivery? A comparison of home, public sector and private sector deliveries in India
In 2005 and again in 2011, the Government of India launched schemes to encourage institutional delivery among poor women, with the aim of improving maternal and newborn health outcomes. Partly as a result of these initiatives, the proportion of children born in a health facility rose steeply from 42% in 2000–2005 to 81% a decade later. In this context, the objective of this paper was to determine the association between place of delivery (public …
Contraceptive Use in Urban Africa
Previous studies have documented significant differences in health and reproductive health outcomes between the poor and nonpoor across various countries in sub‐Saharan Africa. However, a number of these studies is dated, and the past decade has witnessed significant shifts in health and reproductive health outcomes in many African countries. Using recent data from the Demographic and Health Surveys, this paper updates and extends the literature …
Occupation and risk of severe Covid-19
OBJECTIVES: To investigate severe COVID-19 risk by occupational group. METHODS: Baseline UK Biobank data (2006-10) for England were linked to SARS-CoV-2 test results from Public Health England (16 March to 26 July 2020). Included participants were employed or self-employed at baseline, alive and aged <65 years in 2020. Poisson regression models were adjusted sequentially for baseline demographic, socioeconomic, work-related, health, and lifestyle…
Factors influencing women’s decisions regarding birth planning in a rural setting in Kenya and their implications for family planning programmes
Evidence suggests that socio-cultural barriers that limit the ability of women in sub-Saharan Africa to make decisions regarding contraceptive use and childbearing contribute to the slow uptake of contraception in this region. This paper explores factors influencing women’s decisions regarding contraceptive uptake, switching and discontinuation, and the implications of those decisions for family planning programmes. Data were from in-depth interv…
Men’s needs and women’s fears
This paper examines gender-related power influences on contraceptive use and coping with consequences in a rural setting in Kenya. Data come from in-depth interviews conducted in 2018 with 42 women who participated in a longitudinal study implemented in Homa Bay County. Data were analysed using an exploratory inductive content analytic approach. The findings show that the key drivers of gender-related power influence on contraceptive use and copi…
Disentangling the effects of reproductive behaviours and fertility preferences on child growth in India
We analysed population data from the 2015-16 National Family Health Survey to disentangle the intricate underlying effects of reproductive behaviours and fertility preferences on child growth. We expected birth interval length to be more strongly associated with stunting than sibsize and these effects to be moderated by whether the child was wanted or unintended (mistimed/unwanted). Regression analyses showed strong and equal effects of short bir…
Bridging the gaps sector to sector and research to policy
There is growing science and policy interest in multi-sectoral action, but bridging the gap between family planning and urban development is challenging. This paper analyses the experience of integrating these sectors in sub-Saharan Africa via building research capacity. Family-planning researchers were supported to link with urban-development actors, one goal being to generate lessons on the process of getting their research into the policy doma…
Exploring the Demand‐Side Factors Associated with the Use of Implants in Kenya
We explore the demand‐side factors associated with the use of implants in Kenya given the notable rapid increase in uptake of the method in the country. Data are from a longitudinal study conducted among married or cohabiting women aged 15–39 years at the time of recruitment in one rural (2,424 women) and one urban (2,812 women) site. Analysis entails descriptive statistics and estimation of multivariate logistic regression models. The results sh…
Fertility preferences and subsequent childbearing in Africa and Asia
Survey data on fertility preferences have played a central but controversial role in fertility research and advocacy for family planning. We summarize evidence from longitudinal studies in 28 Asian and African populations on the relationship between preferences and subsequent childbearing. While we found no consistent association between women's desire to delay childbearing and subsequent fertility, the baseline desire of women to stop childbeari…
Sex differences in child health and healthcare
India has an unenviable reputation as one of the world's most gender disparate countries. Previous studies of sex bias in childhood have shown large differences between Indian boys and girls in immunization and curative healthcare, but little difference in health status as indicated by anaemia and stunting. India has changed rapidly in past decades, hence we reappraise the situation with the National Family Health Survey-4 (2015-16). We found no …
Factors influencing satisfaction with oral contraceptive pills and injectables among past users in Kenya
This study examines factors associated with satisfaction with oral pills and injectables among past users in Kenya based on a baseline survey for the 2-year prospective longitudinal study Improving Measurement of Unintended Pregnancy and Unmet Need for Family Planning conducted in 2016. Married women aged 15–39 years were interviewed using a structured questionnaire that captured information on reproduction, contraceptive knowledge and beliefs an…
Family Planning and Fertility Control in Development
In response to rapid population growth in developing countries after World War II, programs to reduce fertility were initiated. Since 1960, fertility rates have declined steeply in Asia and Latin America but less so in sub‐Saharan Africa. Government family‐planning programs were partly responsible. A shift from focused population‐control efforts to broader goals of women's empowerment, health, and rights occurred in 1994 but, as a result, family …
Method‐Specific Attributes that Influence Choice of Future Contraception Among Married Women in Nairobi's Informal Settlements
Despite an extensive evidence base on contraceptive method choice, it remains uncertain which factors are most influential in predisposing women toward certain methods and against others. This paper addresses this gap in knowledge by making use of rarely‐measured perceptions about specific methods, perceived social network experience of methods, and women's own past experiences using specific methods. We draw on baseline data from the project, “ …
Engage In or Refrain From? A Qualitative Exploration of Premarital Sexual Relations Among Female College Students in Tehran
This study explored the factors that educated young Iranian women consider when they decide whether to have premarital sex. Using a purposive sampling method, 30 in-depth interviews were conducted with female college students in both government and private universities in Tehran in 2005-2006. The respondents included unmarried women who had experienced sexual relations, unmarried women who had abstained, and married women. Young women's considera…
Sociology as a Population Science
Suicidal ideation and behaviour in five low-, middle income countries
The Challenges Posed by Demographic Change in sub-Saharan Africa
Unintended Childbearing and Child Growth in Northern Malawi
Objective The study aims to assess whether unintended children experience slower growth than intended children. Methods We analysed longitudinal data linked to the Karonga Health and Demographic Surveillance Site collected over three rounds between 2008 and 2011 on women's fertility intentions and anthropometric data of children. Using the prospective information on fertility intention we assessed whether unintended children are more likely to be…
Fertility Transition
A Fresh Look at the Level of Unmet Need for Family Planning in the Postpartum Period, Its Causes and Program Implications
One central rationale for the promotion of family planning is the potential benefit to the health of mothers and children. The achievement of adequate spacing between pregnancies is a major pathway through which contraceptive practice can render benefits. Pregnancies conceived less than 20 months following a prior birth are at considerably higher risk of prematurity low birth weight fetal death and early neonatal death.1 The importance of this li…
Perceived norms of premarital heterosexual relationships and sexuality among female college students in Tehran
This paper describes perceptions of the societal acceptability and acceptability among peers of different types of premarital heterosexual relationships in Iran. Sources of variation in subjective norms are assessed. Results derive from a survey conducted in 2005 of a representative sample of 1743 female college students from four multidisciplinary universities in Tehran using two-stage random cluster sampling. An anonymous pilot-tested questionn…
An Assessment of Childbearing Preferences in Northern Malawi
Fertility preferences are an essential component of family planning program evaluation; however, doubts about their validity in sub‐Saharan Africa exist and little methodological assessment has been carried out. This study investigates prospective fertility intentions in terms of their temporal stability, intensity, degree of spousal agreement, and association with future childbearing in northern Malawi. A total of 5,222 married women participate…
Postpartum and Post‐Abortion Contraception
Contraception following delivery or an induced abortion reduces the risk of an early unintended pregnancy and its associated adverse health consequences. Unmet need for contraception during the postpartum period and contraceptive counseling and services following abortion have been the focus of efforts for the last several decades. This article provides an introduction to the more focused contributions that follow in this special issue. We discus…
Interventions to Improve Postpartum Family Planning in Low‐ and Middle‐Income Countries
This article provides programmatic guidance and identifies future research priorities through a review of interventions to improve postpartum contraception. Thirty‐five interventions in low‐ and middle‐income countries were identified and classified according to timing and nature of administration: antenatal, postnatal, both ante‐ and postnatal, and integration with other services. With the exception of single, short antenatal interventions, the …
Demand Theories of the Fertility Transition
This paper challenges the widely held and influential view that the fertility transition is largely the consequence of changing parental demand for children brought about by changes in the economic costs and benefits entailed in childbearing. Using evidence from both historical and contemporary populations we argue that demand theories do not offer a plausible explanation of the fertility transition. Instead, we propose that ideational, rather th…
Do unintended pregnancies carried to term lead to adverse outcomes for mother and child? An assessment in five developing countries
This paper investigates whether children later reported as having been unwanted or mistimed at conception will, when compared with children reported as wanted, show adverse effects when the following criteria are applied: receipt of antenatal care before the sixth month of gestation, supervised delivery, full vaccination of the child, and child growth (stunting). The study uses data from five recent Demographic and Health Survey enquiries in Boli…
The Effect of Parental Education on Marital Fertility in Developing Countries
The effects of parents' education on marital fertility are analysed with data from 38 Surveys in the WFS programme, and a two-parameter model in which the age-dependent level of fertility and a duration-dependent slope of fertility are estimated. The level parameter reflects post-partum infecundity and, in some populations, contraceptive spacing of births. The slope parameter reflects parity-specific birth control. The effects of the husband's an…
The Challenges Posed by Demographic Change in sub-Saharan Africa
Self-Reported Symptoms of Gynecological Morbidity and their Treatment in South India
This article presents an analysis of self-reported symptoms of gynecological problems among 3,600 recent mothers in Karnataka State, India. Approximately one-third of all women reported at least one current symptom; the most common were a feeling of weakness and tiredness (suggestive of anemia); menstrual disorders; white or colored vaginal discharge (suggestive of lower reproductive tract infection); and lower abdominal pain and discharge with f…
Fertility preferences and subsequent childbearing in Africa and Asia
Survey data on fertility preferences have played a central but controversial role in fertility research and advocacy for family planning. We summarize evidence from longitudinal studies in 28 Asian and African populations on the relationship between preferences and subsequent childbearing. While we found no consistent association between women's desire to delay childbearing and subsequent fertility, the baseline desire of women to stop childbeari…
Unmet Need for Family Planning in Ghana
In Ghana, despite a 38 percent decline in the total fertility rate from 1988 to 2008, unmet need for family planning among married women exposed to pregnancy risk declined only modestly in this period: from 50 percent to 42 percent. Examining data from the five DHS surveys conducted in Ghana during these years, we find that the relative contribution to unmet need of lack of access to contraceptive methods has diminished, whereas attitudinal resis…
Unmet Need for Contraception
Unmet need for contraception has been a central indicator for monitoring the progress of family planning programs for 25 years. The purpose of this article is to provide a broad context for the more focused contributions that follow in this special issue. The validity and measurement of the concept of unmet need are discussed. We then present regional trends among married women since 1970. Major reductions in unmet need have been achieved, with t…
Implementing the Integration of Component Services for Reproductive Health
In the wake of the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo, considerable activity has occurred both in national policymaking for reproductive health and in research on the implementation of the Cairo Program of Action. This report considers how effectively a key component of the Cairo agenda–integration of the management of sexually transmitted infections, including human immunodeficiency virus, with maternal and chil…
Overview of migration, poverty and health dynamics in Nairobi City's slum settlements
The Urbanization, Poverty, and Health Dynamics research program was designed to generate and provide the evidence base that would help governments, development partners, and other stakeholders understand how the urban slum context affects health outcomes in order to stimulate policy and action for uplifting the wellbeing of slum residents. The program was nested into the Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System, a uniquely rich lo…
Condom Use Within Marital and Cohabiting Partnerships in KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa
Traditionally, the major focus of condom‐promotion strategies has been on increasing use outside marriage. This study explores the extent and determinants of condom use within marital and cohabiting partnerships in KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa. In focus‐group discussions, in‐depth interviews, and individual survey responses, knowledge of condoms as an effective method of dual protection against the risk of pregnancy and disease was found to be hig…
Family planning policies and programmes in eight low-income countries
Levels and Determinants of Gynecological Morbidity in a District of South India
This article presents the results of an assessment of gynecological morbidity among 385 women with young children residing in a district of Karnataka State, South India. All three main modes of assessment (clinical examination, laboratory tests, and self-reports) reveal a high burden of reproductive tract infections. The two most common conditions, identified by laboratory tests, were bacterial vaginosis and mucopurulent cervicitis. Approximately…
A cross national study of patterns of sexual behaviour
The global AIDS epidemic and the fact that HIV is sexually transmitted have highlighted the need for more information on patterns of human sexuality, especially with regard to high‐risk practice and behaviours. Consequently, the World Health Organization's Global Programme on AIDS (in collaboration with Member States) has developed research materials that can be used to define dominant patterns of sexual behavior, in different social and cultural…
Demographic Data Collection in Less Developed Countries 1946-1996
This evolution over the last 50 years of data collection systems in less developed countries is assessed. The progress made by civil registration systems has been extremely disappointing. Except in Central and South America, their role in providing vital rate estimates is still very limited. In contrast, the promulgation of regular population censuses has been a success, particularly in Africa. The relative merits and demerits of different types …
Recognizing and Overcoming Challenges of Couple Interview Research
In this article we discuss some methodological and ethical challenges we faced when conducting a couple-based study on men's role in contraceptive switching, and how we overcame them. The challenges we discuss include recruiting couples with a range of experiences, ensuring informed consent of participants, maintaining confidentiality within interviews, and participants discussing interview content between interviews. As appropriate, we have draw…
Child growth in urban deprived settings
This paper uses longitudinal data from two informal settlements of Nairobi, Kenya to examine patterns of child growth and how these are affected by four different dimensions of poverty at the household level namely, expenditures poverty, assets poverty, food poverty, and subjective poverty. The descriptive results show a grim picture, with the prevalence of overall stunting reaching nearly 60% in the age group 15-17 months and remaining almost co…
Sexual and reproductive behaviour among single women aged 15-24 in eight Latin American countries
The Promotion of Family Planning by Financial Payments
The government of Bangladesh and the World Bank commissioned a Compensation Payments Study, carried out in 1987, to assess the merits and demerits of payments for sterilizations to clients, medical personnel, and intermediaries who motivate and refer clients. The study conclusively shows that the decision of Bangladeshi men and women to undergo sterilization is a considered and voluntary act, taken in knowledge of the nature and implications of t…
Sexual Behaviour and Aids in the Developing World
Obstetric morbidity in south India
An Assessment of Childbearing Preferences in Northern Malawi
Fertility preferences are an essential component of family planning program evaluation; however, doubts about their validity in sub‐Saharan Africa exist and little methodological assessment has been carried out. This study investigates prospective fertility intentions in terms of their temporal stability, intensity, degree of spousal agreement, and association with future childbearing in northern Malawi. A total of 5,222 married women participate…
Menstrual Pattern, Sexual Behaviors, and Contraceptive Use among Postpartum Women in Nairobi Urban Slums
Postpartum months provide a challenging period for poor women. This study examined patterns of menstrual resumption, sexual behaviors and contraceptive use among urban poor postpartum women. Women were eligible for this study if they had a birth after the period September 2006 and were residents of two Nairobi slums of Korogocho and Viwandani. The two communities are under continuous demographic surveillance. A monthly calendar type questionnaire…
Modelling Marital Fertility by Age and Duration
Page's model of marital fertility by age and duration is fitted by maximum likelihood techniques to data from 38 of the 41 developing countries that participated in the World Fertility Survey. The results indicate that the model does an excellent job of capturing variations in fertility patterns, with only two parameters. Moreover, national-level estimates of the parameter representing the degree of control of marital fertility correlate reasonab…
A Critique of KAP Studies and Some Suggestions for Their Improvement
The KAP tradition emerged from the historical need to measure the extent to which overt hostility to the idea and organization of family planning services existed. As growing numbers of countries have implemented family planning programs without arousing widespread and active opposition however the importance of this role has diminished. The usefulness of KAP studies now depends on their contribution to the evaluation and guidance of existing pro…
Note on some Excavations in a Rock Shelter on the Ayrshire Coast
Notice of the Discovery of a Cist with an Urn at Knockankelly, Arran. With a Report on the Osseous Remains
Memoirs of a coxcomb
The elegant critical introduction, judicious textual notes, and well-chosen appendices--both useful and diverting--make this an invaluable edition. -- Ann Louise Kibbie, Bowdoin College
A Critique of KAP Studies and Some Suggestions for Their Improvement
The KAP tradition emerged from the historical need to measure the extent to which overt hostility to the idea and organization of family planning services existed. As growing numbers of countries have implemented family planning programs without arousing widespread and active opposition however the importance of this role has diminished. The usefulness of KAP studies now depends on their contribution to the evaluation and guidance of existing pro…
Preferences for the Sex of Children and Their Influence on Reproductive Behavior
Reproductive Change in Developing Countries
This book assesses the role which the Survey has played in documenting and understanding the emergence of new trends in fertility behaviour which are of the utmost important to the future of mankind. It is the first time that these results have been placed in a broad perspective of scientific knowledge and political relevance. Demographers; social researchers; family planning administrators; students of these and development studies
Demand Theories of the Fertility Transition
This paper challenges the widely held and influential view that the fertility transition is largely the consequence of changing parental demand for children brought about by changes in the economic costs and benefits entailed in childbearing. Using evidence from both historical and contemporary populations we argue that demand theories do not offer a plausible explanation of the fertility transition. Instead, we propose that ideational, rather th…
Modelling Marital Fertility by Age and Duration
Page's model of marital fertility by age and duration is fitted by maximum likelihood techniques to data from 38 of the 41 developing countries that participated in the World Fertility Survey. The results indicate that the model does an excellent job of capturing variations in fertility patterns, with only two parameters. Moreover, national-level estimates of the parameter representing the degree of control of marital fertility correlate reasonab…
The Effect of Parental Education on Marital Fertility in Developing Countries
The effects of parents' education on marital fertility are analysed with data from 38 Surveys in the WFS programme, and a two-parameter model in which the age-dependent level of fertility and a duration-dependent slope of fertility are estimated. The level parameter reflects post-partum infecundity and, in some populations, contraceptive spacing of births. The slope parameter reflects parity-specific birth control. The effects of the husband's an…
Maternal schooling and childhood mortality
There is nothing new about the belief that the spread of education with its influence on knowledge and outlook is a central force behind the demographic transition. In 1934 Penrose wrote: ‘when a community has gained the knowledge and acquired the habits necessary to reduce the death rate it will sooner or later gain the knowledge and acquire the habits necessary to reduce the birth rate. There may be time lag between the two processes, but both …
A cross national study of patterns of sexual behaviour
The global AIDS epidemic and the fact that HIV is sexually transmitted have highlighted the need for more information on patterns of human sexuality, especially with regard to high‐risk practice and behaviours. Consequently, the World Health Organization's Global Programme on AIDS (in collaboration with Member States) has developed research materials that can be used to define dominant patterns of sexual behavior, in different social and cultural…
The Promotion of Family Planning by Financial Payments
The government of Bangladesh and the World Bank commissioned a Compensation Payments Study, carried out in 1987, to assess the merits and demerits of payments for sterilizations to clients, medical personnel, and intermediaries who motivate and refer clients. The study conclusively shows that the decision of Bangladeshi men and women to undergo sterilization is a considered and voluntary act, taken in knowledge of the nature and implications of t…
Equity, Security and Fertility
This paper assesses recent arguments that sustained fertility decline cannot occur in circumstances of inequality, insecurity, and injustice. Naturally, these conditions are to be abhorred. However, the empirical record suggests that none of them acts as an absolute barrier to mass adoption of birth control and subsequent fertility decline. Recent trends in Bangladesh illustrate this point most vividly. One of the greatest fallacies of many ferti…
Self-Reported Symptoms of Gynecological Morbidity and their Treatment in South India
This article presents an analysis of self-reported symptoms of gynecological problems among 3,600 recent mothers in Karnataka State, India. Approximately one-third of all women reported at least one current symptom; the most common were a feeling of weakness and tiredness (suggestive of anemia); menstrual disorders; white or colored vaginal discharge (suggestive of lower reproductive tract infection); and lower abdominal pain and discharge with f…
The Determinants of Reproductive Change in Bangladesh
Demographic Data Collection in Less Developed Countries 1946-1996
This evolution over the last 50 years of data collection systems in less developed countries is assessed. The progress made by civil registration systems has been extremely disappointing. Except in Central and South America, their role in providing vital rate estimates is still very limited. In contrast, the promulgation of regular population censuses has been a success, particularly in Africa. The relative merits and demerits of different types …
Obstetric morbidity in south India
Population and Development
Sexual Behaviour and Aids in the Developing World
Levels and Determinants of Gynecological Morbidity in a District of South India
This article presents the results of an assessment of gynecological morbidity among 385 women with young children residing in a district of Karnataka State, South India. All three main modes of assessment (clinical examination, laboratory tests, and self-reports) reveal a high burden of reproductive tract infections. The two most common conditions, identified by laboratory tests, were bacterial vaginosis and mucopurulent cervicitis. Approximately…
Sexual Behaviour and Aids in the Developing World
Family planning policies and programmes in eight low-income countries
Determinants of Contraceptive Discontinuation in Six Developing Countries
This analysis investigates the determinants of contraceptive discontinuation in six developing countries, using data from Phase I surveys of the DHS programme. Cumulative probabilities of discontinuation at 24 months for reasons other than the desire for another child were examined. By this time, typically about 40% of couples have stopped use and most are subsequently at risk of an unwanted conception. Discontinuation of IUD use was found to be …
Politics and fertility
Implementing the Integration of Component Services for Reproductive Health
In the wake of the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo, considerable activity has occurred both in national policymaking for reproductive health and in research on the implementation of the Cairo Program of Action. This report considers how effectively a key component of the Cairo agenda–integration of the management of sexually transmitted infections, including human immunodeficiency virus, with maternal and chil…
Population (58 works) · Medicine (56 works) · Demography (51 works) · Sociology (47 works) · Global Maternal and Child Health (44 works) · Family planning (38 works) · Environmental health (36 works) · Research methodology (32 works) · Economic growth (31 works) · Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health (30 works)