James Forrest
Biographic Data
| ID | 3717907 |
|---|---|
| NAME | James Forrest |
| GIVEN NAMES | James |
| FAMILY NAME | Forrest |
| SIGNATURE | FORREST J |
| AFFILIATIONS | Macquarie University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-1103-5757 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 98 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 1028 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 98 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1871 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2023 |
| H-INDEX | 18 |
Spatial Contexts of Language Shift and Heritage Language Retention within a Highly Diverse Population
In immigrant countries like America, Canada and Australia, heritage language retention and language shift (to the language of the receiving society) have long been associated with classical spatial theory, of initial segregation into inner city ethnic enclaves and subsequent intra‐urban migration into majority ‘white’ or ‘mainstream’ residential suburbia, respectively. First through third generation spatial dynamics of shift and retention in Sydn…
Assimilating the Diaspora of the Americas in Australia
People from the Americas are a small, largely neglected part of Australia’s immigrant population. Most came from middle-class backgrounds in the post-global economic restructuring era (post-mid-1970s), though a minority were working class. Five dimensions of their intergenerational assimilation are analyzed: educational attainment and occupational status; linguistic shift; identification as Australians; discrimination (racism); and, for Sydney, f…
Racist attitudes, out‐groups and the Australian experience
Australia today is a culturally diverse nation with people from over 190 different countries claiming 300 different ancestries. But despite an official commitment to diversity, contemporary Australian society continues to experience tensions between multicultural policies and a legacy of Anglo privilege and cultural dominance. To assess this, the Challenging Racism Project conducted a national survey, commissioned by the Special Broadcasting Serv…
Exploring the residential segregation of Chinese languages and language groups of the Indian subcontinent in Sydney
Most studies of the spatial integration of immigrant groups and their descendants in multicultural cities use broad categories only, such as ethnic/racial identity and birthplace/ancestry, implicitly assuming that such groups are homogeneous. Some are not. Instead, they are subdivided according to further cultural characteristics such as language and religion, which may be central to group identity and residential location choices. Using data fro…
Ethnic Enclaves
Ethnic enclaves are urban neighborhoods with economic, social, and cultural characteristics different from other neighborhoods. They reflect the experience of nineteenth‐ and twentieth‐century immigrant streams to the New World. For these largely unskilled, poor immigrants, they provided temporary homes and work opportunities among their own community members prior to structural, behavioral, and spatial integration into their new host society – a…
Ethnic residential segregation and identificational assimilation
Faced with increasing flows of immigrants from countries with very different ethnic and cultural compositions, identity has become an important part of the public debate on immigration and minority ethnic group assimilation. Yet, identificational assimilation, associated with the emergence of a new social identity as ethnic immigrant groups merge with host society members while often retaining some ‘inner layer’ of heritage ancestry or background…
Sydney
Modern Sydney is a world city by virtue of its global economic integration, corporate headquarters, and degree of global economic integration. It is Australia's largest receiver of immigrants, especially those from non‐English‐speaking backgrounds. It faces problems associated with change from a previously (pre‐mid‐1970s) manufacturing to a contemporary information and financial services base, and socially with its status as Australia's largest E…
The geography of same-sex couples and families in Australia
Much has changed since the first mapping of single-sex couples and families from the 2006 Australian census. An increasing willingness to allow their identification in the census has accompanied increasing public acceptance of same-sex couples culminating in significant support for legalising same-sex marriage in a 2017 national survey. Technological advances permit complex cross-tabulations of Australian census data and more detailed characteris…
Proficiency in English, linguistic shift and ethnic capital
Much is known about immigrants’ majority language proficiency in the first (immigrant) generation. Less is understood of differences in linguistic shift compared with heritage language retention in subsequent generations. Focusing on Sydney, Australia’s largest ‘EthniCity’, we build on Clyne and Kipp’s (1999. Pluricentric Languages in an Immigrant Context. Berlin: de Gruyter) and Chiswick and Miller’s (1999. “Immigration, Language and Multicultur…
Ethnic and class residential segregation
Most studies of ethnic residential segregation recognise that occupational class is an important influence on the intensity of segregation of members of different ethnic groups, but are unable to explore variations in that intensity because of the lack of relevant data. Australian census data allow the class structure of different ancestry groups to be identified in small areas within cities. Such data for 17 ancestry groups in Sydney are used he…
Racism in the sharing economy
Are Australia’s suburbs swamped by Asians and Muslims? Countering political claims with data
Recent decades have seen substantial growth across many developed-world countries of right-wing populist political parties whose policies oppose immigration and multiculturalism as threats to the majority way of life there. These are exemplified in Australia by Pauline Hanson’s One Nation Party, which was successful at elections there at the turn of the twenty-first century and again in 2016. Part of this party’s rhetoric focuses on the geography…
The segregation of generations
Most models of immigrant minority enclave formation in cities represent their situation as relatively transient elements in urban residential mosaics. As minority group members become both economically integrated and socially-culturally assimilated into the host society, so they move away from the enclaves where they initially concentrated. Such shifts are especially likely in the second and later generations of group members, who are more likely…
The scale of segregation
ABSTRCTMost studies of urban residential segregation analyse it at a single-scale only, usually the smallest for which relevant census data are available. Following a recent argument that such segregation is multiscalar, this paper reports on multilevel modelling of the segregation of 42 ancestral groups in Sydney, Australia, looking at its intensity at four separate scales in which segregation at each scale is presented nett of its intensity at …
Ethnic Residential Patterns in Urban England and Wales, 2001–2011
Many cities world‐wide are becoming increasingly multi‐cultural and multi‐ethnic in their population composition. However, little attention has been paid in the massive literature on the resultant residential mosaics as to whether the outcomes of those changes are common across a national urban system or whether there are local variations – or to the factors likely to influence any such variations. Using small‐area data for towns and cities in E …
Perspectives on the geography of intolerance
Human Capital and the Structural Integration of Polish Immigrants in Australia in the First, Second and Third Generations
The Polish diaspora is one of the largest in the world. Australia's 2011 census identifies 48 611 born in Poland and 170 000 claiming Polish ancestry. Using the census, we assess the structural (socio-economic) and spatial integration of the first (Poles who arrived in the post-World War II period as largely displaced persons and refugees), second (their children) and third (grandchildren) generations, and compare the first generation with anothe…
Challenging racism through schools
How school teachers act to challenge racism in schools is a vital concern in an immigrant society like Australia. A 10% response from a self-administered online survey of government (public) primary and secondary school teachers across Sydney, Australia's largest EthniCity, examines attitudes of classroom teachers towards cultural diversity, goals of multicultural education, and strategies to implement anti-racist strategies. Principal components…
Names, ethnicity and populations
The melting-pot and the economic integration of immigrant families
The melting-pot argument, whereby economically heterogeneous multi-cultural societies, characterised by high levels of immigration from a variety of origins, become more homogeneous over time, has attracted much attention, especially in North America. Australia has similarly experienced major waves of immigration from a wide range of cultural backgrounds. This paper reports successful tests of hypotheses, derived from the melting-pot model, that …
Strands of Diaspora
‘For those who've come across the seas …’
After assimilation—become like us—dating from federation until the mid-1960s, came integration—retain and value your culture but in all other respects become part of the mainstream of Australian so
Ethnic Capital and Assimilation to the Great Australian (Homeownership) Dream
We use the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Australia, 2005–2006, to examine the housing tenure experience of skilled immigrants to Australia 6 and 18 months after arrival for relationships with ethnic capital (cultural background), visa category streams, aspects of human capital, demographics, social capital and discrimination. Homeownership experience is used to indicate integration into Australia's dominantly middle-class society. Multinom…
Increasing Diversity Within Increasing Diversity
London has become an ethnically much more diverse city over recent decades but has that growing macro‐scale diversity been replicated in its myriad neighbourhoods? Using recently released 2011 census data and an established methodology for classifying small areas according to the ethnic composition of their populations, this paper explores the extent and nature of change in those areas over the decade 2001–2011. It identifies two main patterns: f…
Commentary
The Geography of Ethnic Residential Segregation
Few studies have undertaken rigorous comparative analyses of levels of ethnic residential segregation across two or more countries. Using data for the latest available censuses (2000–2001) and a bespoke methodology for such comparative work, this article analyzes levels of segregation across the urban systems of five major immigrant-receiving, English-speaking countries: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States of…
Constructing Racism in Australia
There is a dearth of empirical evidence on the extent of racist attitudes, broadly defined, in Australia. A telephone survey of 5056 residents in Queensland and NSW examined attitudes to cultural difference, perceptions of the extent of racism, tolerance of specific groups, ideology of nation, perceptions of Anglo‐Celtic cultural privilege, and belief in racialism, racial separatism and racial hierarchy. The research was conducted within a social…
Are there Ethnic Enclaves/Ghettos in English Cities
The residential segregation of ethnic groups in urban areas remains an issue of importance for policy-making in multicultural societies, such as England's, with levels of segregation frequently linked to questions of social exclusion and equal treatment. But how segregated are ethnic groups in England? Most studies answer this question using single indices which address one aspect only of a multidimensional concept. In this paper, an alternative …
Core’Culture Hegemony and Multiculturalism
Tensions between acceptance of policies aimed at creating a multicultural society and British (Anglo or Anglo-Celtic) Australians concerned about loss of their privileged position as members of the dominant society have been an important feature of political debate in Australia in recent years. There is, however, a paucity of empirical evidence available to assess the extent of recognition of Anglo privilege in this debate. This study draws on qu…
On the Measurement and Meaning of Residential Segregation
Using an alternative conception of ethnic residential segregation, and associated statistical measures, this paper re-examines Simpson's analysis of the situation of South Asians in Bradford. It suggests that, contra Simpson, segregation of that ethnic group did increase over the period 1991-2001, with implications for public policy
Constructing Racism in Sydney, Australia's Largest EthniCity
Contemporary Australia is in a contradictory situation as a nation where multiculturalism co-exists with various forms of what are collectively called racisms. Based on a survey of Sydney residents, this study uses a social constructivist approach to investigate the nature and sociospatial context of racist attitudes in Sydney, Australia's largest EthniCity. Results show a mix of compositional (aspatial) and contextual (spatial) associations with…
Ethnic and Racial Segregation in U.S. Metropolitan Areas, 1980-2000
United States metropolitan area data for three ethnic groups—African-Americans, Asians, and Hispanics—are used to explore the dimensions of residential segregation at the 1980, 1990, and 2000 censuses at the census tract scale. Although set within Massey and Denton’s five-dimensional conceptual schema, the study was unable to replicate their identification of five empirical dimensions that correspond with the conceptual set. Instead, separate ana…
Attitudes to Multicultural Values in Diverse Spaces in Australia's Immigrant Cities, Sydney and Melbourne
Australia has in the past decade seen a decline in political support for multicultural values. However, public opinion on multiculturalism is contradictory rather than antipathetic: strong levels of support for cultural diversity co-exist with anti-multicultural attitudes. Some of this variation relates to compositional or socio-demographic (aspatial) associations, but in addition to these we identify an important spatial context to views about t…
The ethnic geography of EthniCities
Does London conform to the classic American model — based on the work of the `Chicago School' — with regard to the residential segregation of ethnic groups? To address this question, methods of analysing census small area data on ethnic group residential segregation in London are introduced, which provide more detailed information on the degree and extent of segregation than the usually employed methods of mapping and calculating single indices. …
Intraurban Ethnic Enclaves
Most studies of ethnic segregation in cities use relative measures to create residential area classifications. We argue that absolute measures are better suited to testing theories of spatial separation, and introduce a classification procedure which provides a robust approach to comparative studies, directly linked to the homogeneity - heterogeneity continuum which underpins all studies of segregation. The procedure is illustrated by analyses of…
Research Note—Measuring Ethnic Residential Segregation
Most studies of urban ethnic residential patterns rely on various single-number indices to demonstrate the degree of spatial segregation. These have been criticized on a variety of grounds, and various other approaches have been proposed, including the use of measures of statistical autocorrelation and typologies of areas based on their population composition. These alternatives provide a greater geographical appreciation of segregation than the …
Racism and Intolerance in Eastern Australia
Racism has become a fact of life in Australia over the past decade or so, yet there are relatively few studies of its nature or extent, and still fewer on its geography. Using a social constructivist approach, this study draws on a survey of 5056 respondents to investigate attitudes to racism and cultural diversity in New South Wales and Queensland, and of perceptions of out-groups as instances of ‘strangers in our midst’. On racism, results show…
Plural Cities and Ethnic Enclaves
World cities attract two major streams of migrants - those who occupy the upper levels of their occupational hierarchies (the 'globalized professionals') on the one hand and marginalized, low-skill workers on the other. These two groups are often of different ethnic status, and it is argued that multicultural world cities are thus fractured in both their labour and housing markets along ethnic as well as economic lines. There has been little form…
Increasing Diversity Within Increasing Diversity
London has become an ethnically much more diverse city over recent decades but has that growing macro‐scale diversity been replicated in its myriad neighbourhoods? Using recently released 2011 census data and an established methodology for classifying small areas according to the ethnic composition of their populations, this paper explores the extent and nature of change in those areas over the decade 2001–2011. It identifies two main patterns: f…
Cultural diversity, racialisation and the experience of racism in rural Australia
Commentary
The Housing Resettlement Experience of Refugee Immigrants to Australia
There is relatively little research into the housing experience of refugee immigrants to Australia as a category or into variations in their housing careers according to cultural backgrounds. To address this issue, data from the 1999/2000 Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Australia, the most recent available survey to include refugee immigrants, are used to examine the housing and related circumstances of the nine largest groups of refugees du…
And Did the Walls Come Tumbling Down? Ethnic Residential Segregation in Four U.S. Metropolitan Areas 1980-2000
The initial releases of data from the 2000 U.S. Census allow exploration of the extent of change, if any, in residential segregation in four major cities, where substantial population growth has continued to generate increased ethnic diversity. Using a recently established method of classifying residential areas according to their ethnic composition which facilitates comparative study over time and space, this paper examines segregation trends in…
A "Multicultural Model" of the Spatial Assimilation of Ethnic Minority Groups in Australia's Major Immigrant-Receiving Cities
A multicultural model of the intergenerational absorption of ethnic immigrant groups is proposed. A recently developed methodology to facilitate comparative assessment of the absolute spatial context of ethnic group concentrations is used to analyze segregation dynamics in Australia's three main contemporary immigrant-receiving cities. Ethnic enclaves emerge as transitory phenomena in the Australian urban context. In the absence of significant so…
Asians, Pacific Islanders, and Ethnoburbs in Auckland, New Zealand
Recent work on Asian ethnic minority immigrants to cities in the Anglophone Pacific Rim argues that their settlement patterns do not conform to those of earlier migrant streams. Instead of concentrating in high‐density, low‐quality, inner‐city housing, these new residents are moving directly to suburban areas where they form much less intensive concentrations—ethnoburbs—than has been typical of other culturally distinct migrant groups. We evaluat…
Is Sydney a Divided City Ethnically
Recent claims that Sydney's ethnic residential concentrations are a permanent feature and that the city is rapidly turning into a city bifurcated along an ethnic divide cannot be sustained by the evidence. An understanding of multicultural policies as they operate in Australia, and of segregation as essentially a transitory phenomenon there, suggests that social bifurcation is unlikely to occur. Immigrant concentrations in the poor suburbs are no…
The scale of segregation
ABSTRCTMost studies of urban residential segregation analyse it at a single-scale only, usually the smallest for which relevant census data are available. Following a recent argument that such segregation is multiscalar, this paper reports on multilevel modelling of the segregation of 42 ancestral groups in Sydney, Australia, looking at its intensity at four separate scales in which segregation at each scale is presented nett of its intensity at …
The Geography of an EthniCity
Many contemporary cities have a diverse ethnic-cultural mix as a result of different international migration streams, with implications for the residential distribution of various ethnic groups within those cities. Boal recently suggested a series of scenarios against which the pattern in any one place could be evaluated. These are applied to Sydney in 1996, when over 34 per cent of the residents reported a birthplace outside Australia and 30 per…
On the Characterization of Urban Sub-Areas According to Age Structure
(1981). ON THE CHARACTERIZATION OF URBAN SUB-AREAS ACCORDING TO AGE STRUCTURE. Urban Geography: Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 31-40
Moving On from Indices, Refocusing on Mix
In a recent special issue of JEMS, Peach challenged the authors' work on the measurement of ethnic segregation and the use of their proposed approach in studies of British cities. Peach argued for the continued deployment of single-number indices—especially those of unevenness (dissimilarity and segregation). This response highlights the major disadvantages of those and other indices, especially in the contemporary context where most members of e…
Notice of the Gallow Hill, Auchterless, and of Circular Foundations and Tumuli, and various Relics discovered there
The Gallow Hill lies about two miles to the north-west of the Kirktown of Auchterless, and nearly four miles, as the crow flies, north of the Roman camp on the Ythan. A tracing of it, kindly sent me by Lieutenant Nixon, of the Ordnance Survey, accompanies this notice
Dunedin and the Otago Block
Spatial Aspects of Urban Social Travel
Braves and Buffalo. Plains Indian Life in 1837
On the Characterization of Urban Sub-Areas According to Age Structure
(1981). ON THE CHARACTERIZATION OF URBAN SUB-AREAS ACCORDING TO AGE STRUCTURE. Urban Geography: Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 31-40
Social contextual and local effects in voter behaviour
(1982). Social contextual and local effects in voter behaviour: The act. Legislative assembly elections of 1979. Politics: Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 59-67
In what ways are the suburbs different? A note
On The Geography of Voting in the 1984 New Zealand General Election
Spatial‐structural effects and the geography of voting in Australia, 1977
Many geographical studies of voting patterns have produced results consistent with what is commonly termed the neighbourhood effect. This note suggests that further investigation of that effect is needed, and provides a typology of spatial‐structural effects. It also uses an improved methodology to test for the existence of some of those effects at the 1977 Australian general election
The urban social atlas movement in Australia
Completion of the Atlas of population and housing, 1981 census series (Australia. Division of National Mapping et al.1983, 1984a‐f) marks the culmination of a decade of work in the urban social atlas field. But over that period there is evidence of increasing divergence of purpose, from initially twin objectives, theoretical and applied, to the avowedly applied focus of recent efforts. The future would appear to be seen by many practitioners in p…
Six years on
Living in Cities
Social differentiation in Australian cities
Correlates of Energy Use
The role of income in domestic electricity consumption, compared with the influence of other sociophysical characteristics such as household or dwelling structure, has long been under debate. The major problem is one of multicollinearity among the independent variables. Sequential regression models are used to overcome this problem. The role of income is disaggregated from that of gas usage, dwelling type, dwelling size, and family structure, and…
Social status, urbanisation and the ethnic dimension of voting behaviour in Australia
Campaign spending in the new south Wales legislative assembly elections of 1984
The relationship between campaign spending at the constituency level and the level of voting support for the two main party political groupings, Labor and the coalition, is examined by means of multiple regression analysis. Results confirm that the pattern of spending influences the pattern of voting, rather than simply reflecting it, and emphasise that how money is spent, in terms of the forms of advertising used, is significant in determining v…
The geography of campaign funding, campaign spending and voting at the New South Wales legislative assembly elections of 1984
The relationship between campaign fund raising, campaign expenditure and voter support levels for the two major parties, Labor and the Coalition, is explored by means of regression analysis. Results confirm the existence of significant relationships, in particular that, holding constant other influencing factors, the more a party raises and spends during a campaign, the more votes it wins
Class and other cleavages
The success with which Labor and the Liberal/National coalition identified with particular categories of voters is examined within the context of successive State elections in New South Wales during the 1980s. Results indicate that class and primary vs secondary economy cleavages dominate voter behaviour, the balance between the two largely reflecting a decade of differential swings towards Labor and the coalition between metropolitan and non‐met…
Continuity or change? The geography of the labour vote at the New Zealand general election of 1990
Sources of electoral support for the Australian democrats in the house of representatives and Senate elections of 1990 and 1993
Election to the Australian Senate under proportional voting and statewide quotas gives to minor parties of the political centre a chance to win parliamentary representation otherwise denied them in the single member constituency‐based House of Representatives. Focusing on the Australian Democrats, vote splitting in the context of • consistently higher levels of support for the Democrats in the upper house provides some evidence of differences amo…
State sectional and other sources of vote splitting between the house of representatives and the senate at the 1993 Australian federal elections
The presence of a state sectional or regional basis to variations in voter behaviour in Australia has long been a matter of debate, with opinion varying between shallow but meaningful state sections and national uniformity. Electoral geographers generally support the former view. This paper investigates an important but under‐researched aspect of voter behaviour, that of vote splitting between the lower and upper houses of the Australian Parliame…
The effects of local campaign spending on the geography of the flow‐of‐the‐vote at the 1991 New South Wales state election
There is a tendency to assume that election campaigning at the local electorate level has little or no impact on voters subject to the influence of highly centralised campaigns and an increasingly nationalised media. However, as applied to the flow‐of‐the‐vote, this study concludes that local campaign spending has real consequences for vote shifts. For the 1991 New South Wales state election, it is established that any major commitment to local e…
Disadvantage, Discrimination and the Occupational Differentiation of Migrant Groups in Australia
There is a substantial debate in the literature regarding the occupational differentiation of migrant groups within their host country's labour market. Are migrants simply disadvantaged because of their educational qualifications, skills, linguistic abilities, and so on, or are they also discriminated against? This paper explores that question using recently obtained data for the 52 largest migrant groups in Australia. It finds clear evidence of …
The Mass Media, Election Campaigning and Voter Response
Focusing on `capital-intensive politics', election campaign advertising in the `paid' and `unpaid' media is analysed for its impact on voters, as part of a suite of influences commonly seen to affect voter behaviour. The Australian experience from the 1990 federal election campaign supports a `modest impact' thesis, that campaign news, advertising and related activities reported in the mass media are significant among a number of secondary determ…
The Effectiveness of Constituency Campaign Spending in Australian State Elections during Times of Electoral Volatility
Research into the effects of electioneering at the constituency level suggests positive impacts on voters of campaign spending by one party relative to another. In much of this research, however, the political context of the elections studied is ignored or fitted into Key's category of normal or maintaining elections, where voting patterns remain relatively constant from one election to another. There are few, if any, reports of money-votes relat…
Sociology (78 works) · Geography (72 works) · Political science (61 works) · Ethnic group (53 works) · Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies (53 works) · Law (43 works) · Economics (41 works) · Demography (38 works) · Law (37 works) · Anthropology (36 works)