Paul Norman
Biographic Data
| ID | 381396 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Paul Norman |
| GIVEN NAMES | Paul |
| FAMILY NAME | Norman |
| SIGNATURE | NORMAN P |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Leeds |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-6211-1625 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 112 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 697 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 109 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 3 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1991 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 13 |
A mixed-methods study investigating the acceptability of an early acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) intervention to aid adjustment to appearance changes after burns
Appearance concerns after burns start soon after injury. However, early psychological interventions to support individuals with their changed appearance are absent. This study investigated the acceptability of an early acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) intervention delivered by a psychological therapist either in person or virtually to help individuals adjust to changes to their appearance after burns. As a secondary objective, the potentia…
Trajectories of Multiple Deprivation in England, 2004–2025
The English Indices of Deprivation (IoDs) offer insights into the contemporary geographies of deprivation in England. The most recent (2025) IoD release is the first since COVID‐19 and the first in the context of the current cost of living crisis. The IoD provides neighbourhood‐level measures of multiple forms of deprivation and is an invaluable tool for local authority districts (LAs), NGOs, and others concerned with understanding and tackling s…
The Development of Local Voluntary Action
There are long-standing concerns about unevenness in the distribution of voluntary organizations across local areas, reemphasized by the sector’s role in responding to the pandemic. Using longitudinal data on a subset of voluntary organizations across six census periods (1971–2021), we estimate growth trajectories in the number of charities per capita for local authorities across England and Wales. We assess whether the shape of these trajectorie…
Does poverty moderate within-family relations between children’s and parents’ mental health
Children from lower income backgrounds are more vulnerable to psychopathology but it is unclear why. One possibility is that poverty amplifies the effects of other risk factors, such as parental distress, on child mental health problems. Previous relevant studies often had cross-sectional designs or relied on traditional cross-lagged panel designs, which have methodological drawbacks. Designs that disentangle within- and between-family effects ca…
Optimising Calorie Intake for People With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
OBJECTIVE: To explore intervention fidelity and experiences of using a new intervention designed to optimise calorie intake in people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). METHODS: A mixed-methods process evaluation was conducted alongside an ongoing randomised controlled trial across 15 ALS specialist centres in the United Kingdom. Data collection included 146 healthcare professional-completed fidelity checklists, audio recordings of 5 inter…
Is the spatial persistence of deprivation dependent on neighbouring areas
In the context of poverty and deprivation alleviation by national and local government, we use census data to explore 50 year trajectories of area deprivation to provide insight into how the spatial context of a community influences these trajectories. Using the temporal and spatial framework of spatial Markov models, we provide evidence for England and Wales on whether changing levels of deprivation over time are conditioned by areas having diff…
Utilising the COM-B model to interpret barriers and facilitators to cervical cancer screening in young women
As most women now reaching the age for cervical cancer screening (24.5 years old) in the UK will be HPV vaccinated, their current perspectives on screening can inform effective interventions to increase screening uptake (and thus, early detection). Twenty-four interviews were conducted with women aged 24-30 years old to explore their views on cervical cancer screening ( n = 12 attendees and n = 12 non-attendees). Reflexive thematic analysis gener…
Does the health of local populations modify occupational differences in employment rates of older workers? Findings from the ONS Longitudinal Study 2001–2011
Poor health is a key reason for early exit from the labour market. Few studies have explored how the health of local populations is related to occupational differences in employment outcomes among older people. Our study used data for England and Wales from the ONS Longitudinal Study linked with 2001 Census measures of the health of the older working age population at local authority level. We included 128,710 people aged 40-64y in 2001 who were …
How Local Context Affects Populist Radical Right Support
Populist radical right (PRR) parties are often more successful in some regions of their countries than in others. However, previous research shows that the relationship between context and PRR support is not straightforward. We develop and test an expanded framework linking local conditions to PRR support through two causal mechanisms. First, we argue economic and cultural contextual factors can influence citizens by fostering a sense of perceive…
Deprivation in England, 1971–2020
Measures of small area deprivation have played a major role in targeting resources in the UK. The English Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) is the official measure of small area deprivation in England and it has been used to allocate billions of pounds of government money. The success of schemes to reduce deprivation can only be assessed by measuring changes in deprivation over time. In addition, the effect of such schemes is likely to be a par…
The effect of forming implementation intentions on alcohol consumption
Health behaviour
Changes in unemployment and permanent sickness in England’s East Midlands coalfields, 1971–2011
The UK coal industry was an important part of the economy, but it experienced substantial job losses during the 1980s and 1990s. To alleviate the resulting socio-economic problems, many areas received regeneration funds. We examine to what extent relative unemployment and permanent sickness and disability in the coalfields of the East Midlands changed between 1971 and 2011. Over this period rates of permanent sickness and disability have increase…
Contrasting socio-economic influences on colorectal cancer incidence and survival in England and Wales
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in the world and second most common cause of cancer death. The relationship between socio-economic deprivation and CRC incidence is unclear and previous findings have been inconsistent. There is stronger evidence of an association between area-level deprivation and CRC survival; however, few studies have investigated the association between individual-level socio-economic status …
Understanding the intention-behavior gap
This manuscript overviews recent research on the intention-behavior gap, focusing on moderators of the intention-behavior relationship. The manuscript draws on the concept of intention strength to make two important points. First, strong intentions provide better predictions of behavior, thereby reducing the intention-behavior gap. However, strong intentions have the additional features of being more stable over time, less pliable in the face of …
Does it matter how we measure the health of older people in places for associations with labour market outcomes? A cross-sectional study
Improving health of older populations may lead to wider economic benefits for all
Measuring the health of people in places
A scoping review was performed to identify how Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries measure overall health for sub-national geographies within each country. Sixty publications were selected from MEDLINE, Scopus and Google Scholar, plus information extracted from 37 of 38 OECD countries statistical agency and/or public health institute websites that were available in English. Data sources varied by categorisation…
(Un-) healthy ageing
Health expectancies are an indicator of healthy ageing that reflect quantity and quality of life. Using limiting long term illness and mortality prevalence, we calculate disability-free life expectancy for small areas in England and Wales between 1991 and 2011 for males and females aged 50-74, the life stage when people may be changing their occupation from main career to retirement or alternative work activities. We find that inequalities in dis…
Linking environmental knowledge, attitude, and behavior with place
This case study investigated whether and how urban/rural differences may impact environmental knowledge, attitude, and action levels of the youth to better understand the linkage between place and environmental behavior. A nation-wide survey was conducted in Saint Lucia, targeting secondary school students. A total of 1,349 self-reported questionnaire samples were collected and the results were compared between sex (male/female), age (younger/old…
Testing predictors of attitude strength as determinants of attitude stability and attitude–behaviour relationships
There has been relatively little study of multiple predictors of attitude strength. Eight predictors (attitude certainty; attitude importance; attitude subjective knowledge; moral basis of attitude; attitude elaboration; felt ambivalence; cognitive‐affective potential ambivalence; cognitive‐affective inconsistency) were tested for individual and combined impact on two defining features of attitude strength (attitude temporal stability; attitude–b…
Applying an extended protection motivation theory to predict Covid-19 vaccination intentions and uptake in 50-64 year olds in the UK
Interventions to increase Covid-19 vaccination uptake need to increase intentions to be vaccinated by emphasizing the benefits of vaccination (e.g., in terms of reducing risk) and likely approval from others while also addressing the concerns (e.g., safety issues) and common misperceptions (e.g., natural immunity versus vaccines) that people might have about Covid-19 vaccines. Future research is needed in countries, and on groups, with lower upta…
Predicting long-term healthy eating behaviour
Objectives There are few tests of the ability of cognitive and affective attitudes to predict long-term performance of health behaviours. We assessed relationships between cognitive and affective attitudes and healthy eating behaviour over periods of 4, 6 and 10 years. Design: A prospective survey measuring cognitive and affective attitudes at baseline (T1) and 6 years (T2), and self-report healthy eating behaviour at baseline (T1), 6 (T2) and 10…
Using Co-Production to Develop “Sit Less at Work” Interventions in a Range of Organisations
Prolonged periods of sitting are associated with negative health outcomes, so the increase in sedentary jobs is a public health concern. Evaluation of interventions to reduce workplace sitting have suggested that participatory approaches may be more effective. This paper describes the use of co-production in four diverse organisations. Workshops with staff in each organisation were conducted to develop an organisation-specific strategy. The first…
Understanding the Implementation of “Sit Less at Work” Interventions in Three Organisations
Long periods of workplace sitting are associated with poor health outcomes. Interventions to reduce workplace sitting time have had variable impacts, the reasons for which require further investigation. In this paper, we report on a process evaluation aiming to determine the intervention fidelity of three "sit less at work" interventions and to explore barriers and enablers to implementation, using a mixed methods "before and after" intervention …
Health Promotion from the Perspective of Social Cognitive Theory
Selective migration, health and deprivation
Does migration exaggerate the relationship between deprivation and limiting long-term illness? A Scottish analysis
Changing places. Do changes in the relative deprivation of areas influence limiting long-term illness and mortality among non-migrant people living in non-deprived households
Residential mobility within England and urban-rural inequalities in mortality
This study is situated within the international literature on geographic health inequalities between urban and rural areas. Using data from the Office for National Statistics Longitudinal Study (ONS LS), this paper assesses the role of residential mobility within England between 1981 and 2001 in explaining geographic inequalities in all-cause mortality between urban and rural Local Authority Districts at the end of the period (deaths occurring be…
Are health inequalities between differently deprived areas evident at different ages? A longitudinal study of census records in England and Wales, 1991–2001
Social mobility
Achieving data compatibility over space and time
The importance of boundary specification and problems with using arbitrarily defined subnational areas for the collection and dissemination of socioeconomic data are widely recognised. Much research has focused on the modifiable areal unit problem and on custom zone design, but the practical difficulties created by temporal inconsistencies in zonal boundaries have received less consideration. The UK experiences frequent administrative boundary ch…
Rising premature mortality in the UK's persistently deprived areas
Deprivation (im)mobility and cause-specific premature mortality in Scotland
The estimation of mortality for ethnic groups at local scale within the United Kingdom
Ethnic population projections for the UK, 2001–2051
Health Locus of Control and Health Behaviour
A representative sample of 11,632 people completed a questionnaire measuring health locus of control, health value and a number of health behaviours as part of the 1989 Health in Wales Survey. Measures of smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise and diet were combined to form a health behaviour index, representing key 'lifestyle' indicators. In line with predictions, scores on this measure were positively associated with internal health locus of co…
The impacts of international migration on the UK's ethnic populations
The United Kingdom faces demographic uncertainty, as negotiations for leaving the European Union (Brexit) proceed. Brexit has implications for international migration into and out of the UK, dependent on future immigration policy and on how attractive the UK will be as a labour market. At the same time, the UK population is experiencing ethnic diversification, consequent on past immigration. To explore the UK's future ethnic diversity, we run fou…
Incapacity or unemployment? The utility of an administrative data source as an updatable indicator of population health
A lack of annually accessible morbidity information for small geographical areas in England and Wales means that health studies are often restricted to using decennial, self‐reported census measures. Administrative data on health‐related benefit claims, in the form of Incapacity Benefit (IB) data, are more regularly available and claimants are professionally diagnosed. This source may have the potential to be an annual indicator of population hea…
How Local Context Affects Populist Radical Right Support
Populist radical right (PRR) parties are often more successful in some regions of their countries than in others. However, previous research shows that the relationship between context and PRR support is not straightforward. We develop and test an expanded framework linking local conditions to PRR support through two causal mechanisms. First, we argue economic and cultural contextual factors can influence citizens by fostering a sense of perceive…
Ethnic internal migration
Internal migration is one of the main drivers of local population change and therefore an important factor to consider in the provision of services across key domains such as housing, health and education. In recent years, the population of England and Wales has become increasingly ethnically diverse, with groups varying in age structure and time spent in the UK (whether at the group or individual level). However, relatively little is known about…
The demographic drivers of future ethnic group populations for UK local areas 2001-2051
Projections of the ethnic composition of the UK population presage radical change in the future at both national and local levels. The first question that users of such population projections ask is 'what is driving the results?' The answer can be found in the assumptions made for future mortality rates, future fertility rates, future migration rates and flows, and the age-sex structure of the starting populations. But it is difficult to disentan…
What is the association between sickness absence, mortality and morbidity
The theory of planned behaviour and exercise
This paper reports a prospective study which applied the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) to the prediction of exercise behaviour over a six‐month period. The study addressed a number of issues which have been identified in the literature on the TPB; these being the role of prior behaviour in the TPB, the distinction between desires and self‐predictions, and the question of attitude variability. The findings showed prior behaviour to be the stro…
Predicting the consumption of foods low in saturated fats among people diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The role of planning in the theory of planned behaviour
The impact of New Labour’s English health inequalities strategy on geographical inequalities in infant mortality
BACKGROUND: The English health inequalities strategy (1999-2010) aimed to reduce health inequalities between the most deprived local authorities and the rest of England. The multifaceted strategy included increased investment in healthcare, the early years, education and neighbourhood renewal. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the strategy was associated with a reduction in geographical inequalities in the infant mortality ra…
A local analysis of ethnic group population trends and projections for the UK
Are there sensitive neighbourhood effect periods during the life course on midlife health and wellbeing
To move or not to move? Exploring the relationship between residential mobility, risk of cardiovascular disease and ethnicity in New Zealand
The Scottish excess in mortality compared to the English and Welsh. Is it a country of residence or country of birth excess
General practitioners' subjective experience of surgery workload
Predicting the uptake of health checks in general practice
Managers' Intentions to Be Assessed for National Vocational Qualifications
Conducted in a single organization in the U.K., the present study applied the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to the prediction of managers' intentions to be assessed for level 4 of the recently introduced national vocational qualification, and in doing so sought to identify the factors important in influencing managers' (n=106) decisions. The TPB was found to account for 31% of the variance in managers' intentions to be assessed, with attitudes…
The theory of planned behaviour and exercise
This paper reports a prospective study which applied the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) to the prediction of exercise behaviour over a six‐month period. The study addressed a number of issues which have been identified in the literature on the TPB; these being the role of prior behaviour in the TPB, the distinction between desires and self‐predictions, and the question of attitude variability. The findings showed prior behaviour to be the stro…
Body Weight and Shape Control
The Terrorist Finance Unit and the Joint Action Group on Organised Crime
In developing an effective police response to ‘organised crime’ many practitioners look to the experience of Northern Ireland and interagency models of co‐operation. Recent action against organised offending in the province have been politically‐driven, reliant on both emergency legislation and the support of a Terrorist Finance Unit which was integrated within the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) in 1996. Reviews of emergency legislation have sus…
Health Locus of Control and Health Behaviour
A representative sample of 11,632 people completed a questionnaire measuring health locus of control, health value and a number of health behaviours as part of the 1989 Health in Wales Survey. Measures of smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise and diet were combined to form a health behaviour index, representing key 'lifestyle' indicators. In line with predictions, scores on this measure were positively associated with internal health locus of co…
Anxiety and Adherence to Breast Self-Examination in Women With a Family History of Breast Cancer
OBJECTIVE: Previous research has indicated low rates of adherence to monthly breast self-examination (BSE) in women with a family history of breast cancer, and anxiety has been identified as a major factor that may interfere with regular self-examination. However, the direction of the relationship between anxiety and BSE frequency remains unclear, with some studies indicating that high anxiety promotes adherence and others indicating that it lead…
Differential effects of mood on information processing
The theories of reasoned action and planned behaviour continue to receive considerable research attention, despite criticisms of their ‘asocial’ conceptualisation and the rational decision-making approach. Two studies were designed to assess the impact of induced mood on condom use (Study 1) and food choice (Study 2). Both studies provided support for application of the theory of reasoned action to health-related behaviour, and for differential e…
Evidence that intentions based on attitudes better predict behaviour than intentions based on subjective norms
Self-determination theory suggests that better prediction of behaviour will be observed from intentions based on attitudes than intentions based on subjective norms. Analyses of the intention–behavior relationship for both attitudinally versus normatively controlled people and attitudinally versus normatively controlled behaviours supported this hypothesis. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The theory of planned behavior and healthy eating.
Application of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to healthy eating in 144 health promotion clinic attendees is reported. Respondents completed self-report TPB measures after the clinic (Time 1) and 6 months later (Time 2) with a measure of perceived past behavior. Intention stability was assessed on Time 1-2 differences. Six years later (Time 3), respondents completed measures of healthy eating intentions and behavior. Intentions were predicte…
Does migration exaggerate the relationship between deprivation and limiting long-term illness? A Scottish analysis
Achieving data compatibility over space and time
The importance of boundary specification and problems with using arbitrarily defined subnational areas for the collection and dissemination of socioeconomic data are widely recognised. Much research has focused on the modifiable areal unit problem and on custom zone design, but the practical difficulties created by temporal inconsistencies in zonal boundaries have received less consideration. The UK experiences frequent administrative boundary ch…
Changing places. Do changes in the relative deprivation of areas influence limiting long-term illness and mortality among non-migrant people living in non-deprived households
What is the association between sickness absence, mortality and morbidity
Selective migration, health and deprivation
Cognitive appraisals and psychological distress following venous thromboembolic disease
Incapacity or unemployment? The utility of an administrative data source as an updatable indicator of population health
A lack of annually accessible morbidity information for small geographical areas in England and Wales means that health studies are often restricted to using decennial, self‐reported census measures. Administrative data on health‐related benefit claims, in the form of Incapacity Benefit (IB) data, are more regularly available and claimants are professionally diagnosed. This source may have the potential to be an annual indicator of population hea…
Representation and local democracy
The internal migration propensities and net migration patterns of ethnic groups in Britain
Internal migration propensities of ethnic groups are examined using three types of census data. Special Migration Statistics show variation in aggregate propensities whereas commissioned age-specific flow data indicate age variations by ethnic group. Micro data from Samples of Anonymised Records confirm low Asian propensities and suggest convergence between 1991 and 2001. Inter-district net migration reveals familiar counterurbanisation trends fo…
Estimating with Confidence’ and hindsight
Population estimates are used in a variety of applications including the monitoring of social trends, the distribution of financial resources and assessment of demand for housing, schooling, employment and other goods and services. In many countries the primary source informing population estimates is a national census. A census, however, is not a perfect source. Even after imputation of missing households, the UK's 1991 Census counts were lower …
An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of Adaptation to Recurrent Venous Thrombosis and Heritable Thrombophilia
Venous thromboembolic disease (VTE) is a serious, life-threatening condition and a major cause of mortality and morbidity. Heritable thrombophilia increases risk of recurrent VTE. The present study employed Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) to explore adaptation to recurrent VTE and heritable thrombophilia in six female patients. Three main themes were identified focusing on: (1) patients' multi-causal models of VTE and the maintenan…
Social mobility
The estimation of mortality for ethnic groups at local scale within the United Kingdom
Identifying Change Over Time in Small Area Socio-Economic Deprivation
Medicine (63 works) · Demography (54 works) · Geography (49 works) · Sociology (48 works) · Population (46 works) · Health disparities and outcomes (45 works) · Psychology (43 works) · Demography (40 works) · Environmental health (29 works) · Economics (24 works)