Michael K Lindell
Biographic Data
| ID | 385740 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Michael K Lindell |
| GIVEN NAMES | Michael K |
| FAMILY NAME | Lindell |
| SIGNATURE | LINDELL M K |
| AFFILIATIONS | Texas A&M University |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-6972-5120 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 54 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 153 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 53 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1978 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 7 |
Citizens’ Perceptions of Flood Hazard Adjustments
Although research indicates that adoption of flood preparations among Europeans is low, only a few studies have attempted to explain citizens’ preparedness behavior. This article applies the Protective Action Decision Model (PADM) to explain flood preparedness intentions in the Netherlands. Survey data ( N = 1,115) showed that hazard-related attributes (e.g., perceived efficacy in protecting persons) were positively correlated, but failed to show…
Disaster studies
Disaster studies address the social and behavioral aspects of sudden onset collective stress situations typically referred to as mass emergencies or disasters. These situations can be created by natural hazards, technological accidents, violent intergroup conflicts, shortages of vital resources, and other major hazards to life, health, property, well-being, and everyday routines. Disaster studies address the impacts of these events on all social …
Household Evacuation Decision Making in Response to Hurricane Ike
This study focused on household evacuation decisions and departure timing for Hurricane Ike. The data were consistent with an abbreviated form of the Protective-Action Decision Model in which female gender, official warning messages, hurricane experience, coastal location, and environmental and social cues were hypothesized to produce perceived storm characteristics, which in turn, would produce expected personal impacts. Finally, the latter, tog…
The Protective Action Decision Model
The Protective Action Decision Model (PADM) is a multistage model that is based on findings from research on people's responses to environmental hazards and disasters. The PADM integrates the processing of information derived from social and environmental cues with messages that social sources transmit through communication channels to those at risk. The PADM identifies three critical predecision processes (reception, attention, and comprehension…
Why People Do What They Do to Protect Against Earthquake Risk
This study examined respondents' self‐reported adoption of 16 hazard adjustments (preimpact actions to reduce danger to persons and property), their perceptions of those adjustments' attributes, and the correlations of those perceived attributes with respondents' demographic characteristics. The sample comprised 561 randomly selected residents from three cities in Southern California prone to high seismic risk and three cities from Western Washin…
Does Communicating (Flood) Risk Affect (Flood) Risk Perceptions? Results of a Quasi‐Experimental Study
People's risk perceptions are generally regarded as an important determinant of their decisions to adjust to natural hazards. However, few studies have evaluated how risk communication programs affect these risk perceptions. This study evaluates the effects of a small‐scale flood risk communication program in the Netherlands, consisting of workshops and focus group discussions. The effects on the workshop participants’ ( n = 24) and focus group p…
Modeling national flood insurance policy holding at the county scale in Florida, 1999–2005
Earthquake recovery of historic buildings
Disaster recovery of historic buildings has rarely been investigated even though the available literature indicates that they face special challenges. This study examines buildings' recovery time and cost to determine whether their functions (that is, their use) and their status (historic or non‐historic) affect these outcomes. The study uses data from the city of San Francisco after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake to examine the recovery of hist…
Vulnerability of community businesses to environmental disasters
Business plays important roles in community functioning.2 However, disaster research has been disproportionately focused on units of analysis such as families, households and government agencies. This paper synthesises the major findings within the business development research field and the disaster research field. It constructs a framework for evaluating business vulnerability to natural disasters. Our theoretical integration of the research co…
Households' Perceived Personal Risk and Responses in a Multihazard Environment
This study proposed and tested a multistage model of household response to three hazards-flood, hurricane, and toxic chemical release-in Harris County Texas. The model, which extends Lindell and Perry's (1992, 2004) Protective Action Decision Model, proposed a basic causal chain from hazard proximity through hazard experience and perceived personal risk to expectations of continued residence in the home and adoption of household hazard adjustment…
Household Decision Making and Evacuation in Response to Hurricane Lili
This study collected data on the evacuation from Hurricane Lili to answer questions about households’ reliance on information sources, the factors affecting their decisions to evacuate, the timing of their hurricane evacuation decisions, and the time it took them to prepare to evacuate. The results replicated previous findings on the sources of hazard information, evacuation concerns, and the timing of evacuation decisions. In addition, they prov…
Communicating environmental risk in multiethnic communities
1. Risk Communication, Culture, and Ethnicity Risk Communication in Environmental Hazard Management Risk Communication, Ethnicity, and Culture 2. Theoretical Bases of Risk Communication Social Influence Theories of Behavioral Evaluation and Choice Theories That Integrate Social and Cognitive Processes The Protective Action Decision Model 3. Disaster Warnings as Risk Communication Protective Action Decisions Situational Influences on Disaster Resp…
Communicating Environmental Risk in Multiethnic Communities
Housing Reconstruction After Two Major Earthquakes
The idea of pre-impact recovery planning has recently been promoted by researchers and practitioners, but very little research has been done to evaluate its effects on disaster recovery. This study compared two jurisdictions - the city of Los Angeles, California and Taichung county in Taiwan - in their recovery from earthquakes. Although the two cases also differ with respect to variables other than the presence of pre-impact recovery plans, the …
Assessing Community Impacts of Natural Disasters
Research on the community impacts of natural disasters has yielded a wide variety of findings, but no coherent model of the process by which hazard agent characteristics produce physical and social impacts. This article summarizes the principal features of this process and describes the ways in which hazard mitigation and emergency preparedness practices can limit the physical impacts and the ways in which community recovery resources and extra-c…
Preparedness for Emergency Response
Especially since the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001, governments worldwide have invested considerable resources in the writing of terrorism emergency response plans. Particularly in the United States, the federal government has created new homeland security organisations and urged state and local governments to draw up plans. This emphasis on the written plan tends to draw attention away from the process of planning itself and the origina…
Accounting for common method variance in cross-sectional research designs.
Cross-sectional studies of attitude-behavior relationships are vulnerable to the inflation of correlations by common method variance (CMV). Here, a model is presented that allows partial correlation analysis to adjust the observed correlations for CMV contamination and determine if conclusions about the statistical and practical significance of a predictor have been influenced by the presence of CMV. This method also suggests procedures for desig…
Household Adoption of Seismic Hazard Adjustments
Residents of a high seismic hazard uvea were compared with those in a moderate seismic hazard area in terms of demographic characteristics, personal hazard experience, risk perception, hazard intrusiveness, and self-reported adoption of 16 hazard adjustments (preimpact actions to reduce danger to persons and property). The results show that the two locations differed substantially in hazard experience, somewhat less so in risk perceptions and haz…
Correlates of Household Seismic Hazard Adjustment Adoption
This study examined the relationships of self-reported adoption of 12 seismic hazard adjustments (pre-impact actions to reduce danger to persons and property) with respondents' demographic characteristics, perceived risk, perceived hazard knowledge, perceived protection responsibility, and perceived attributes of the hazard adjustments. Consistent with theoretical predictions, perceived attributes of the hazard adjustments differentiated among th…
Household Adjustment to Earthquake Hazard
Data from 23 studies confirm theoretical predictions that households’ adoption of earthquake hazard adjustments is correlated with their perceptions of the hazard and alternative adjustments, demographic characteristics, and social influences. However, some findings require modification of existing theories of hazard adjustment. Examination of the methods used in previous investigations underscores a need for better theories, more complete testin…
Member Commitment and Participation in Local Emergency Planning Committees
Research on Local Emergency Planning Committees (LEPCs) has suggested that members’ perceptions of group processes and participation activities mediate the relationship between organizational context and LEPC effectiveness. Data from 57 LEPCs support the importance of organizational commitment in predicting member participation and the predictive power of some of organizational commitment's previously identified antecedents. However, the data fai…
Reins Theory”
Reins are a pair of long straps, usually of leather used to control a horse. They are connected to the bridle at the bit and enable the rider to control pace and direction. A very similar mechanism is used by some to control small children. While the attachments differ, the principles remain the same. Reins have understandably become analogous with any form of control. Reins unambiguously have two ends: a “control” end and a “controlled” end. Man…
Can We Manage Natural Hazards
Evacuation Planning in Emergency Management
Crisis Communications
This report examines the problem of communicating emergency information to communities which are multi-ethnic. A probability sample of flood evacuation warning recipients (n=200) was taken from a small Western United States town with a large segment of Mexican-American citizens. Analyses of these data revealed three primary differentials by ethnicity: (1) Mexican-Americans were more sceptical than whites about believing warning messages, no matte…
Vulnerability of community businesses to environmental disasters
Business plays important roles in community functioning.2 However, disaster research has been disproportionately focused on units of analysis such as families, households and government agencies. This paper synthesises the major findings within the business development research field and the disaster research field. It constructs a framework for evaluating business vulnerability to natural disasters. Our theoretical integration of the research co…
Preparedness for Emergency Response
Especially since the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001, governments worldwide have invested considerable resources in the writing of terrorism emergency response plans. Particularly in the United States, the federal government has created new homeland security organisations and urged state and local governments to draw up plans. This emphasis on the written plan tends to draw attention away from the process of planning itself and the origina…
Housing Reconstruction After Two Major Earthquakes
The idea of pre-impact recovery planning has recently been promoted by researchers and practitioners, but very little research has been done to evaluate its effects on disaster recovery. This study compared two jurisdictions - the city of Los Angeles, California and Taichung county in Taiwan - in their recovery from earthquakes. Although the two cases also differ with respect to variables other than the presence of pre-impact recovery plans, the …
Evacuation Planning in Emergency Management
Immediate behavioural responses to earthquakes in Christchurch, New Zealand, and Hitachi, Japan
This study examines people's immediate responses to earthquakes in Christchurch, New Zealand, and Hitachi, Japan. Data collected from 257 respondents in Christchurch and 332 respondents in Hitachi revealed notable similarities between the two cities in people's emotional reactions, risk perceptions, and immediate protective actions during the events. Respondents' physical, household, and social contexts were quite similar, but Hitachi residents r…
Disaster studies
Disaster studies address the social and behavioral aspects of sudden onset collective stress situations typically referred to as mass emergencies or disasters. These situations can be created by natural hazards, technological accidents, violent intergroup conflicts, shortages of vital resources, and other major hazards to life, health, property, well-being, and everyday routines. Disaster studies address the impacts of these events on all social …
Understanding the motivations of coastal residents to voluntarily purchase federal flood insurance
Federally-backed flood insurance is the primary mechanism by which residents in the United States (US) prepare for and recover from floods. While there is a growing literature on the general uptake of flood insurance, little work has been done to address the factors motivating residents to voluntarily buy and maintain federally-based insurance policies. We address this issue by conducting a survey of coastal residents in four localities in Texas …
Earthquake recovery of historic buildings
Disaster recovery of historic buildings has rarely been investigated even though the available literature indicates that they face special challenges. This study examines buildings' recovery time and cost to determine whether their functions (that is, their use) and their status (historic or non‐historic) affect these outcomes. The study uses data from the city of San Francisco after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake to examine the recovery of hist…
The March 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens
Public reactions to the 2013 Chinese H7N9 Influenza outbreak
This study used the Protective Action Decision model to guide a survey of 762 respondents in Anhui province, China during the 2013 Avian Influenza A (H7N9) outbreak. The data suggest that three types of psychological variables – risk perceptions, protective action perceptions, and stakeholder perceptions – influenced people’s behavioral expectations of adopting protective actions. In addition, the effects of demographic variables on behavioral ex…
Member Commitment and Participation in Local Emergency Planning Committees
Research on Local Emergency Planning Committees (LEPCs) has suggested that members’ perceptions of group processes and participation activities mediate the relationship between organizational context and LEPC effectiveness. Data from 57 LEPCs support the importance of organizational commitment in predicting member participation and the predictive power of some of organizational commitment's previously identified antecedents. However, the data fai…
Texas households’ expected responses to seasonal influenza
This study examined people’s expected responses to seasonal influenza in terms of risk perceptions from different exposure paths and protective actions that could avoid illness. The data reveal significant differences among ten exposure paths and seven protective actions. Among the exposure paths, drinking from an infected person's glass without washing it received the highest hazard rating, whereas walking past that person on the sidewalk got th…
Interpretation of the R2 Index in Regression Models of Judgment
Work on an artifact in the multiple correlation coefficient ( R s ) identified by Schenck and Naylor (1968) is extended. The direction and magnitude of the artifactual effect is shown to depend upon the nature of the experimental and task conditions. Use of an alternative index is recommended
Tukknife
This program performs jackknife computations on matrices of coefficients derived from multivariate analytic procedures. It accepts as input the matrices of coefficients (such as factor loadings) from externally supplied multivariate analytic programs to compute robust estimates of the coefficients and of the standard errors of those coefficients. The program is written in FORTRAN EXTENDED (FTN) for CDC 6000 series computers, but is designed to be…
The March 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens
Training/Job Fit and Worker Satisfaction
The importance of having a job different from the one for which one is trained was investigated. A measure of training/job fit was presented and its relationship to satisfaction was tested. Also assessed was whether training/job fit moderated the relationship between social properties of work environments and satisfaction. The data used were from a survey administered to 2,286 military personnel working in 3 7 different United States Army units. …
Crisis Communications
This report examines the problem of communicating emergency information to communities which are multi-ethnic. A probability sample of flood evacuation warning recipients (n=200) was taken from a small Western United States town with a large segment of Mexican-American citizens. Analyses of these data revealed three primary differentials by ethnicity: (1) Mexican-Americans were more sceptical than whites about believing warning messages, no matte…
Evacuation Planning in Emergency Management
Can We Manage Natural Hazards
Reins Theory”
Reins are a pair of long straps, usually of leather used to control a horse. They are connected to the bridle at the bit and enable the rider to control pace and direction. A very similar mechanism is used by some to control small children. While the attachments differ, the principles remain the same. Reins have understandably become analogous with any form of control. Reins unambiguously have two ends: a “control” end and a “controlled” end. Man…
Household Adoption of Seismic Hazard Adjustments
Residents of a high seismic hazard uvea were compared with those in a moderate seismic hazard area in terms of demographic characteristics, personal hazard experience, risk perception, hazard intrusiveness, and self-reported adoption of 16 hazard adjustments (preimpact actions to reduce danger to persons and property). The results show that the two locations differed substantially in hazard experience, somewhat less so in risk perceptions and haz…
Correlates of Household Seismic Hazard Adjustment Adoption
This study examined the relationships of self-reported adoption of 12 seismic hazard adjustments (pre-impact actions to reduce danger to persons and property) with respondents' demographic characteristics, perceived risk, perceived hazard knowledge, perceived protection responsibility, and perceived attributes of the hazard adjustments. Consistent with theoretical predictions, perceived attributes of the hazard adjustments differentiated among th…
Household Adjustment to Earthquake Hazard
Data from 23 studies confirm theoretical predictions that households’ adoption of earthquake hazard adjustments is correlated with their perceptions of the hazard and alternative adjustments, demographic characteristics, and social influences. However, some findings require modification of existing theories of hazard adjustment. Examination of the methods used in previous investigations underscores a need for better theories, more complete testin…
Member Commitment and Participation in Local Emergency Planning Committees
Research on Local Emergency Planning Committees (LEPCs) has suggested that members’ perceptions of group processes and participation activities mediate the relationship between organizational context and LEPC effectiveness. Data from 57 LEPCs support the importance of organizational commitment in predicting member participation and the predictive power of some of organizational commitment's previously identified antecedents. However, the data fai…
Accounting for common method variance in cross-sectional research designs.
Cross-sectional studies of attitude-behavior relationships are vulnerable to the inflation of correlations by common method variance (CMV). Here, a model is presented that allows partial correlation analysis to adjust the observed correlations for CMV contamination and determine if conclusions about the statistical and practical significance of a predictor have been influenced by the presence of CMV. This method also suggests procedures for desig…
Assessing Community Impacts of Natural Disasters
Research on the community impacts of natural disasters has yielded a wide variety of findings, but no coherent model of the process by which hazard agent characteristics produce physical and social impacts. This article summarizes the principal features of this process and describes the ways in which hazard mitigation and emergency preparedness practices can limit the physical impacts and the ways in which community recovery resources and extra-c…
Preparedness for Emergency Response
Especially since the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001, governments worldwide have invested considerable resources in the writing of terrorism emergency response plans. Particularly in the United States, the federal government has created new homeland security organisations and urged state and local governments to draw up plans. This emphasis on the written plan tends to draw attention away from the process of planning itself and the origina…
Communicating environmental risk in multiethnic communities
1. Risk Communication, Culture, and Ethnicity Risk Communication in Environmental Hazard Management Risk Communication, Ethnicity, and Culture 2. Theoretical Bases of Risk Communication Social Influence Theories of Behavioral Evaluation and Choice Theories That Integrate Social and Cognitive Processes The Protective Action Decision Model 3. Disaster Warnings as Risk Communication Protective Action Decisions Situational Influences on Disaster Resp…
Communicating Environmental Risk in Multiethnic Communities
Housing Reconstruction After Two Major Earthquakes
The idea of pre-impact recovery planning has recently been promoted by researchers and practitioners, but very little research has been done to evaluate its effects on disaster recovery. This study compared two jurisdictions - the city of Los Angeles, California and Taichung county in Taiwan - in their recovery from earthquakes. Although the two cases also differ with respect to variables other than the presence of pre-impact recovery plans, the …
Household Decision Making and Evacuation in Response to Hurricane Lili
This study collected data on the evacuation from Hurricane Lili to answer questions about households’ reliance on information sources, the factors affecting their decisions to evacuate, the timing of their hurricane evacuation decisions, and the time it took them to prepare to evacuate. The results replicated previous findings on the sources of hazard information, evacuation concerns, and the timing of evacuation decisions. In addition, they prov…
Households' Perceived Personal Risk and Responses in a Multihazard Environment
This study proposed and tested a multistage model of household response to three hazards-flood, hurricane, and toxic chemical release-in Harris County Texas. The model, which extends Lindell and Perry's (1992, 2004) Protective Action Decision Model, proposed a basic causal chain from hazard proximity through hazard experience and perceived personal risk to expectations of continued residence in the home and adoption of household hazard adjustment…
Why People Do What They Do to Protect Against Earthquake Risk
This study examined respondents' self‐reported adoption of 16 hazard adjustments (preimpact actions to reduce danger to persons and property), their perceptions of those adjustments' attributes, and the correlations of those perceived attributes with respondents' demographic characteristics. The sample comprised 561 randomly selected residents from three cities in Southern California prone to high seismic risk and three cities from Western Washin…
Does Communicating (Flood) Risk Affect (Flood) Risk Perceptions? Results of a Quasi‐Experimental Study
People's risk perceptions are generally regarded as an important determinant of their decisions to adjust to natural hazards. However, few studies have evaluated how risk communication programs affect these risk perceptions. This study evaluates the effects of a small‐scale flood risk communication program in the Netherlands, consisting of workshops and focus group discussions. The effects on the workshop participants’ ( n = 24) and focus group p…
Modeling national flood insurance policy holding at the county scale in Florida, 1999–2005
Earthquake recovery of historic buildings
Disaster recovery of historic buildings has rarely been investigated even though the available literature indicates that they face special challenges. This study examines buildings' recovery time and cost to determine whether their functions (that is, their use) and their status (historic or non‐historic) affect these outcomes. The study uses data from the city of San Francisco after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake to examine the recovery of hist…
Vulnerability of community businesses to environmental disasters
Business plays important roles in community functioning.2 However, disaster research has been disproportionately focused on units of analysis such as families, households and government agencies. This paper synthesises the major findings within the business development research field and the disaster research field. It constructs a framework for evaluating business vulnerability to natural disasters. Our theoretical integration of the research co…
Disaster Management and Resilience (42 works) · Geography (29 works) · Hazard (25 works) · Psychology (25 works) · Medicine (24 works) · Business (23 works) · Engineering (20 works) · Flood Risk Assessment and Management (20 works) · Political science (18 works) · Computer Science (17 works)