R Jaffe
Biographic Data
| ID | 38880 |
|---|---|
| NAME | R Jaffe |
| GIVEN NAMES | R |
| FAMILY NAME | Jaffe |
| SIGNATURE | JAFFE R |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Amsterdam |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-6115-2978 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 59 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 410 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 59 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1996 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 12 |
Animals, beaches, stars and spirits
This Exploration highlights recent and emergent themes in the study of Caribbean ecologies across the social sciences and humanities. It draws particular attention to the field of black ecologies, which extends a longstanding engagement with the socio-ecological legacies of colonialism and plantation slavery, foregrounding the racialized nature of environmental harm while also underlining the various forms of worldmaking and free-dom afforded by …
Urban Inequalities
This article reviews developments within urban anthropology and adjacent fields to argue for a more-than-human approach to urban inequalities, centered on the relations among humans, sociotechnical systems, and nonhuman life. A first section reviews an established tradition within urban anthropology that focuses on sociospatial relations to understand how resources, risks, and political influence are distributed unequally across urban populations…
Racist dogs and classist rats
In cities across the world, animals reflect, reproduce and transform urban inequalities – yet their role in mediating social hierarchies remains undertheorized. Urban scholars have begun to highlight the importance of infrastructures and technologies in configuring access to essential goods and services. While this research provides key insights into how non-human entities mediate unequal relations, it has largely overlooked how certain animals –…
Prosthetic species
Focusing on human-dog relations, this article develops a more-than-human approach to the sensing of urban insecurity. Extending work on the embodied, sensory dimension of fear and other security affects, it centers the role of non-human, canine bodies in processes of risk assessment. Drawing on research in Kingston, Jamaica, I explore how a range of city dwellers learn to sense danger with and through security dogs. How do those who live and work…
Security technology, urban prototyping, and the politics of failure
In response to broader political and corporate tendencies towards ‘techno-solutionism’, critical studies of security technology highlight the threat that security technologies pose to civil rights and democratic accountability. This article argues for a slightly different perspective: rather than taking claims of technological efficacy at face value, it explores the multiple ways in which security-related technology so frequently fails to deliver…
Rats claiming rights? More-than-human acts of denizenship in Amsterdam
The anthropology of citizenship has sought to understand citizenship beyond formal-legal definitions, including a focus on how those who are legally without citizenship rights also engage in everyday acts of political claims-making. While this emphasis on the enactment of citizenship has expanded our understanding of who counts as a political being, it has also been obviously human centered. Might we also understand animals' acts, their presence …
Rats and Sewers
This brief essay discusses how urban modernity is constructed in a more-than-human fashion, through interactions and relations between humans, infrastructure and animals. We focus on the case of Amsterdam, drawing on historical studies and on research we conducted with present-day urban residents in the rat-aected neighborhoods of Slotermeer and Rivierenbuurt and with public health professionals in 2020. We show how conceptualizations of urban m…
Introducing Urban Anthropology
This book provides an up-to-date introduction to the important field of urban anthropology. This is a critical area of study, as more than half of the world’s population now lives in cities and anthropological research is increasingly done in an urban context. Exploring contemporary anthropological approaches to the urban, the authors consider: How can we define urban anthropology? What are the main themes of twenty-first-century urban anthropolo…
Popular Art, Crime and Urban Order Beyond the State
This article engages with current discussions on the politics of aesthetics to theorize the role of popular art in reproducing or contesting urban orders. Specifically, we engage with scholars who have taken up the work of Jacques Rancière to understand how power structures are normalized through 'the distribution of the sensible'. Building on and critically engaging with debates on the 'post-political city', we suggest that all too often scholar…
Where and When Is Crisis
This review essay enters into conversation with Greg Beckett’s 2019 There Is No More Haiti: Between Life and Death in Port-au-Prince to think through the geographies and temporalities of how crisis is known. Focusing on the urban Caribbean, it interrogates broadly circulating understandings of the city-as-crisis, asking how the “where” of crisis connects to a geographical imagination that sites Caribbean cultural authenticity in the countryside. …
Imagining Infrastructure in Urban Jamaica
This article presents a preliminary outline of what an infrastructural humanities might involve. We ask how the established body of work in the geohumanities, including literary geography and related fields, might incorporate the infrastructural turn that has been emerging in geography and anthropology. Studying literary and cultural imaginings of infrastructure, we suggest, extends considerations of spatiality by emphasizing how spatial connecti…
Scripts héroïques
Christopher « Dudus » Coke, l'un des plus puissants dons de Jamaïque, a été arrêté et extradé vers les États-Unis en 2010. Il purge actuellement une peine de vingt-trois ans dans une prison fédérale pour trafic d'armes et de drogue. Le mythe de Dudus a été élaboré visuellement en plusieurs phases. En effet, seul un petit nombre de photographies a circulé dans la presse ; ces rares clichés semblent avoir fortement contribué à renforcer, puis à dém…
Heroic scripts
In 2010, Christopher "Dudus" Coke, one of Jamaica's most powerful "dons", was arrested and extradited to the United States, where he is currently serving a sentence of 23 years in federal prison for arms and drugs trafficking. The myth surrounding Dudus has been scripted and re-scripted, going through multiple phases of visual elaboration. Only a few photographs have circulated in the press and these scarce images have played a central role in in…
Feeling like a political anthropologist
Introduction
The file associated with this record is under embargo until publication, in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. The full text may be available through the publisher links provided above
Introduction
Representing crime, violence and Jamaica in visual art
Michael Elliott is a visual artist based in Jamaica. A number of Elliott’s paintings make explicit reference to Jamaica’s high levels of violent crime; to the entanglement of Jamaican party politics and criminal organizations in what is known as “garrison politics”; and to the so-called “Tivoli Incursion”, the 2010 security operation to capture the criminal don, Christopher “Dudus” Coke, which involved the deaths of sixty-nine residents of Tivoli…
Old Boys and Badmen
Racial profiling by the police is a common occurrence in many countries, and the racialized constructions of threats underlying such policing practices can often be traced to histories of colonialism and slavery. This essay seeks to draw attention to the role of private policing in relation to these legacies. Contemporary private security guards often identify suspicious or threatening persons based on racialized discourses similar to those preva…
Brokers and Tours
This article explores how so-called “slum” tourism commodifies poverty and violence, transforming urban deprivation into a tourism product. In particular, we pay ethnographic attention to the role of brokers who mediate encounters between residents and tourists. The article explores how brokers—tour guides, art curators and civil society organizations—work to mediate power structures and enact a specific representational-performative politics. In…
Community Policing Goes South
Policymakers seeking to design more effective crime control strategies increasingly reference ‘best practices’ developed in other contexts, enabling the translocal mobility of ‘zero tolerance’ or ‘hotspot policing’. Recent work on policy mobilities shows that such policies, and the conceptual models underlying them, are often contested and modified as they travel. Connecting emergent scholarship on crime control policy mobilities to recent calls …
The Myth of Formality in the Global North
Why has urban informality in the global North received so little attention? We suggest that this neglect can be explained in part by the tendency of scholarship to reproduce the myth of Northern formality: the widely held belief that informality occurs only in corrupt and clientelist 'developing countries'. This myth has allowed activities and connections that would generally be framed as clientelist or corrupt in the global South to be rebranded…
Speculative Policing
This article develops a theorization of "speculative policing": an experimental, future-oriented form of policing that connects crime prevention to real-estate speculation and other forms of negotiating urban risk and uncertainty. Speculative policing works to establish a specific sociopolitical order; renders economically productive the differentiated and dynamic value of urban spaces and populations; and involves flexible, provisional intervent…
Writing around violence
Ethnographies of Latin American and Caribbean gangs tend to emphasize the violent practices of these social groups. My own research in Kingston, Jamaica, on criminal leaders known as 'dons', analyzed their entanglement with the Jamaican state and studied how their relations with inner-city residents resemble citizenship relations. While dons are undoubtedly directly associated with Jamaica's high homicide levels, they also provide social welfare …
Urban Ecology
This entry discusses recent work at the intersection of urban and environmental anthropology, focusing on analyses of urban nature and environmental justice. Anthropological research on urban ecology has explored the material and discursive politics of socionatural processes in urban contexts and emphasized the emplaced and embodied character of ecological epistemologies
The Routledge Handbook of Anthropology and the City
Within urban anthropology, scholars working on fear of crime have shed light on how measures taken in the name of security shape contemporary cities and the experiences of their inhabitants. Walls and gates, alongside other markers of socio-spatial separation, have featured prominently in the literature concerned with urban insecurity. Drawing on our research in the cities of Kingston, Jamaica, and Recife, Brazil, this chapter aims to add to thes…
The hybrid state
In inner-city neighborhoods in Kingston, Jamaica, criminal "dons" have taken on a range of governmental functions. While such criminal actors have sometimes been imagined as heading "parallel states," I argue that they are part of a hybrid state, an emergent political formation in which multiple governmental actors-in this case, criminal organizations, politicians, police, and bureaucrats-are entangled in a relationship of collusion and divestmen…
Citizenship agendas in and beyond the nation-state
This special issue analyzes the formulation, implementation, and contestation of citizenship agendas. We define citizenship agendas as normative framings of citizenship that prescribe what norms, v
Save the World in a Week
Hybrid Governance Arrangements
Introduction
The Myth of Formality in the Global North
Why has urban informality in the global North received so little attention? We suggest that this neglect can be explained in part by the tendency of scholarship to reproduce the myth of Northern formality: the widely held belief that informality occurs only in corrupt and clientelist 'developing countries'. This myth has allowed activities and connections that would generally be framed as clientelist or corrupt in the global South to be rebranded…
Talkin' 'bout the Ghetto
The concept of the ghetto, referring to specifically urban experiences of sociospatial marginalization, has played a prominent role in black popular culture. This article explores the role of the ghetto as a discursive space of immobility and traces its global journey as a mobile imaginary. Focusing mainly on the US and the Caribbean, it explores how this popular culture imaginary is produced and employed to frame and negotiate social and spatial…
Normalizing urban inequality
Combining insights from critical urban studies with geographies of race and racism, this article examines the role of spatial imaginaries in normalizing urban inequalities, showing how such imaginaries make the associations between places and populations appear natural. We extend analyses of the interplay between material landscapes and imaginative geographies to examine how these connections feature in processes of gentrification and displacemen…
The Popular Culture of Illegality
This article discusses the ways in which popular culture reflects and reinforces criminal governance structures in Kingston, Jamaica, where so-called "dons" are central to extra-state forms of political order. In order to appreciate why donmanship has developed as a durable structure of rule and belonging, attention must be paid not only to the dons' informal provision of material services to inner-city residents, but also to the imaginative, aes…
From Maroons to dons
At different historical junctures and under different conditions, the Jamaican state has allowed armed "insurgents" to rule over specific spaces within its territorial control, condoning or actively facilitating the development of multiple legal orders as a mode of "outsourcing" sovereignty. Analyzing two contrasting cases, this article provides new insights into the role of violence and law in the context of multiple sovereignties. In the eighte…
Theorizing Slum Tourism
This Exploration focuses on the emerging field of slum tourism research, which has the potential to connect Latin American and Caribbean studies on tourism and urban inequality. Slum tourism involves transforming poverty, squalor and violence into a tourism product. Drawing on both altruism and voyeurism, this form of tourism is a complex phenomenon that raises various questions concerning power, inequality and subjectivity. This essay seeks to a…
Mobilities and Mobilizations of the Urban Poor
This introduction sets out the aims of the symposium on mobilities and mobilizations of the urban poor. Exploring the physical, social and imagined movements of the poor into, within and out of cities, and addressing how these movements connect to the dynamics of urban social mobilization, it argues for an incorporation of the 'mobility turn' in studies of the urban poor. The introduction proposes a number of relevant themes within this approach,…
Between ballots and bullets
This article approaches electoral acts and performances as central sites for the negotiation of citizenship relations. I argue that, in order to understand how these relationships are shaped, we must attend to governmental actors beyond the nation-state, from trade unions to criminal organizations. Focusing on the case of Jamaica, I show how non-state actors have come to play a central role in hybrid forms of governance, shaping citizens' allegia…
Speculative Policing
This article develops a theorization of "speculative policing": an experimental, future-oriented form of policing that connects crime prevention to real-estate speculation and other forms of negotiating urban risk and uncertainty. Speculative policing works to establish a specific sociopolitical order; renders economically productive the differentiated and dynamic value of urban spaces and populations; and involves flexible, provisional intervent…
Tobacco promotion and susceptibility to tobacco use among adolescents aged 12 through 17 years in a nationally representative sample
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine whether youth participation in tobacco promotion campaigns is associated with susceptibility to tobacco use. METHODS: Data were collected from telephone interviews of a national random sample of 1047 adolescents 12 to 17 years of age. RESULTS: A proportional odds model was used to estimate the effects of age, gender, presence of a tobacco user in the household, awareness of tobacco promotions, …
Security technology, urban prototyping, and the politics of failure
In response to broader political and corporate tendencies towards ‘techno-solutionism’, critical studies of security technology highlight the threat that security technologies pose to civil rights and democratic accountability. This article argues for a slightly different perspective: rather than taking claims of technological efficacy at face value, it explores the multiple ways in which security-related technology so frequently fails to deliver…
Throw Word’
Introduction: Graffiti, space and powerA SPECIFIC JAMAICAN WAY OF expressing criticism is to 'throw word'. Similar to the African-American practice of 'signifying', this rhetorical device, developed in a context of power inequalities, allows critics to convey their disapproval of certain behaviour indirectly by speaking 'to the air' rather than to any one person. Those being reprimanded will be well aware that they are the intended authence but f…
Prosthetic species
Focusing on human-dog relations, this article develops a more-than-human approach to the sensing of urban insecurity. Extending work on the embodied, sensory dimension of fear and other security affects, it centers the role of non-human, canine bodies in processes of risk assessment. Drawing on research in Kingston, Jamaica, I explore how a range of city dwellers learn to sense danger with and through security dogs. How do those who live and work…
Brokers and Tours
This article explores how so-called “slum” tourism commodifies poverty and violence, transforming urban deprivation into a tourism product. In particular, we pay ethnographic attention to the role of brokers who mediate encounters between residents and tourists. The article explores how brokers—tour guides, art curators and civil society organizations—work to mediate power structures and enact a specific representational-performative politics. In…
Rats claiming rights? More-than-human acts of denizenship in Amsterdam
The anthropology of citizenship has sought to understand citizenship beyond formal-legal definitions, including a focus on how those who are legally without citizenship rights also engage in everyday acts of political claims-making. While this emphasis on the enactment of citizenship has expanded our understanding of who counts as a political being, it has also been obviously human centered. Might we also understand animals' acts, their presence …
Community Policing Goes South
Policymakers seeking to design more effective crime control strategies increasingly reference ‘best practices’ developed in other contexts, enabling the translocal mobility of ‘zero tolerance’ or ‘hotspot policing’. Recent work on policy mobilities shows that such policies, and the conceptual models underlying them, are often contested and modified as they travel. Connecting emergent scholarship on crime control policy mobilities to recent calls …
Writing around violence
Ethnographies of Latin American and Caribbean gangs tend to emphasize the violent practices of these social groups. My own research in Kingston, Jamaica, on criminal leaders known as 'dons', analyzed their entanglement with the Jamaican state and studied how their relations with inner-city residents resemble citizenship relations. While dons are undoubtedly directly associated with Jamaica's high homicide levels, they also provide social welfare …
Cities and the political imagination
How can we recognize the political in the city? How might urban scholars engage with forms of urban politics outside of established sites of research such as those associated with representative democracy or collective mobilizations? This article suggests that new perspectives on urban politics might be enabled through reinvigorated connections between the social sciences and humanities, and by combining long-term urban ethnography and cultural a…
Latin American and Caribbean Urban Development
The new development agendas confirmed in the year 2015 evidence an increased global interest in cities and urban challenges. In Latin America and the Caribbean, cities have long been an established topic of study and debate. This exploration gives a brief overview of current research on urban development in the region and suggests fruitful avenues for future research. Following different ideological trends in twentieth-century urban studies, we c…
Bipolar antagonism and multipolar coexistence
This article proposes a new approach to urban geographies of fear, focusing on the connection between fear and cultural understandings and representations of difference. Much of the existing work on the relationship between fear, urban space, and social difference tends to take social difference as more or less given. In this article, we argue that how differences (such as ethnic, political or class differences) are framed has strong implications…
Tobacco promotion and susceptibility to tobacco use among adolescents aged 12 through 17 years in a nationally representative sample
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine whether youth participation in tobacco promotion campaigns is associated with susceptibility to tobacco use. METHODS: Data were collected from telephone interviews of a national random sample of 1047 adolescents 12 to 17 years of age. RESULTS: A proportional odds model was used to estimate the effects of age, gender, presence of a tobacco user in the household, awareness of tobacco promotions, …
Informal Waste Management
Space, ethnicity and capital in reterritorialised Puerto Rican neighbourhoods
Book Reviewed in this article: Ramos‐Zayas, Ana Y. 2003. . Dávila, Arlene. 2004. . Small, Mario Luis. 2004
A view from the concrete jungle
Examines the disconnect between supralocal environmental discourse and policy and local understandings of environment and nature in urban areas of Jamaica and Curaçao. Through research among residents of ghettos or marginal neighbourhoods Riverton and Rae Town in Kingston, and Wishi/Marchena and Seru Fortuna in Willemstad, the author examines local environmental perceptions, placed also in a wider Caribbean context, and if and how these differ fr…
Decolonising the Colonial City
Race’ and inequality in postcolonial urban settings Examples from Peru, Jamaica, and Indonesia
In this essay we present three case studies of Peru, Jamaica and Indonesia toillustrate the use of the concept of race in daily life in relation to labour, popularculture and beauty respectively. These cases demonstrate how the use of theconcept of race changes in the transition from a colonial into a postcolonialsetting, depending on the role of the state and nation building. In Peru, we seea clear continuation of racialized thinking; thinking a…
Tourism, Sexuality and Power in the Spanish Caribbean
Economies of Desire: Sex and Tourism in Cuba and the Dominican Republic, by Amalia L. Cabezas. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2009. – The Devil behind the Mirror: Globalization and Politics in the Dominican Republic, by Steven Gregory. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2007. – Caribbean Pleasure Industry: Tourism, Sexuality and AIDS in the Dominican Republic, by Mark Padilla. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2…
Ital Chic
This paper explores the existence of `ital chic' in Jamaica. A cross between ethical consumerism and the marketing of cool, ital chic represents an aesthetic repertoire and a commercial strategy based on Rastafari. The symbols and aesthetics of a Rastafari lifestyle, or `ital livity', are mobilized to market a variety of products and services, ranging from restaurants and hairstyles to candles, clothing and cosmetics. This reflects a move towards…
Surinamese Maroons as reggae artistes
This article examines how marginalized Maroon youth in Paramaribo, the capital of the Caribbean nation of Suriname, employ musical strategies in combating ethno-racial stigmatization and improving their socio-economic position. Traditionally, Maroons, after escaping the plantations during slavery, have lived in semi-isolation in Suriname's dense rainforest. In recent decades, they have become increasingly urbanized, to the discontent of many in P…
Save the World in a Week
Brian Meeks, Envisioning Caribbean Futures
In this feature we highlight a recently launched book. We invite specialists in the field to comment on the book, and we invite the author to respond to their comments.In this issue we focus on Brian Meeks's, Envisioning Caribbean Futures. Those invited to comment on the book are Jay Mandle and Rivke Jaffe.[First paragraph]In Envisioning Caribbean Futures: Jamaican Perspectives (2007), Brian Meeks writes "in sympathy with the new social movements…
Criminal dons and extralegal security privatization in downtown Kingston, Jamaica
In cities across the world, neoliberal retrenchment, shrinking public expenditure and an emphasis on private‐public partnerships have resulted in the privatization of many services formerly provided by the state. The privatization of security has been one of the most significant shifts in this regard, with citizens becoming responsibilized for safeguarding their own physical integrity and material belongings. This transfer of state responsibility…
Introduction – Neoliberalism and urban space in Latin America and the Caribbean
Theorizing Slum Tourism
This Exploration focuses on the emerging field of slum tourism research, which has the potential to connect Latin American and Caribbean studies on tourism and urban inequality. Slum tourism involves transforming poverty, squalor and violence into a tourism product. Drawing on both altruism and voyeurism, this form of tourism is a complex phenomenon that raises various questions concerning power, inequality and subjectivity. This essay seeks to a…
Throw Word’
Introduction: Graffiti, space and powerA SPECIFIC JAMAICAN WAY OF expressing criticism is to 'throw word'. Similar to the African-American practice of 'signifying', this rhetorical device, developed in a context of power inequalities, allows critics to convey their disapproval of certain behaviour indirectly by speaking 'to the air' rather than to any one person. Those being reprimanded will be well aware that they are the intended authence but f…
Bipolar antagonism and multipolar coexistence
This article proposes a new approach to urban geographies of fear, focusing on the connection between fear and cultural understandings and representations of difference. Much of the existing work on the relationship between fear, urban space, and social difference tends to take social difference as more or less given. In this article, we argue that how differences (such as ethnic, political or class differences) are framed has strong implications…
Talkin' 'bout the Ghetto
The concept of the ghetto, referring to specifically urban experiences of sociospatial marginalization, has played a prominent role in black popular culture. This article explores the role of the ghetto as a discursive space of immobility and traces its global journey as a mobile imaginary. Focusing mainly on the US and the Caribbean, it explores how this popular culture imaginary is produced and employed to frame and negotiate social and spatial…
Mobilities and Mobilizations of the Urban Poor
This introduction sets out the aims of the symposium on mobilities and mobilizations of the urban poor. Exploring the physical, social and imagined movements of the poor into, within and out of cities, and addressing how these movements connect to the dynamics of urban social mobilization, it argues for an incorporation of the 'mobility turn' in studies of the urban poor. The introduction proposes a number of relevant themes within this approach,…
The Popular Culture of Illegality
This article discusses the ways in which popular culture reflects and reinforces criminal governance structures in Kingston, Jamaica, where so-called "dons" are central to extra-state forms of political order. In order to appreciate why donmanship has developed as a durable structure of rule and belonging, attention must be paid not only to the dons' informal provision of material services to inner-city residents, but also to the imaginative, aes…
The hybrid state
In inner-city neighborhoods in Kingston, Jamaica, criminal "dons" have taken on a range of governmental functions. While such criminal actors have sometimes been imagined as heading "parallel states," I argue that they are part of a hybrid state, an emergent political formation in which multiple governmental actors-in this case, criminal organizations, politicians, police, and bureaucrats-are entangled in a relationship of collusion and divestmen…
New Roots
This article explores contemporary ontologies of blackness in the Caribbean island of Jamaica. Approaching blackness as an ontological issue – an issue that pertains to the being, or the existence, of a category of people – we emphasize the spatial dimension of such ontologies. Drawing on Jamaican contemporary art and popular music, we propose that the site of blackness, as it is imagined in Jamaica, has shifted from Africa towards ‘the ghetto.’ …
Hip-hop and Urban Studies
How can urban studies research engage fruitfully with hip-hop? This contribution responds to the essays byDavidBeer andMartinLamotte on 'street music', urban ethnography and ghettoized communities. It discusses how a social science engagement with hip-hop texts might differ from cultural studies approaches, and how the study of hip-hop culture can contribute to social movements studies. The essay argues that academics can utilize this form of 'ur…
Toward an Anthropology of the Caribbean State
This essay engages with Exceptional Violence and builds on Deborah Thomas's attention to state formation, statecraft, and political community to tentatively explore how “the state” has featured in Caribbean studies and what the role of Caribbeanist anthropologists has been and might be. Reflecting on the limited direct concern with the state that Caribbeanist anthropology as a whole has displayed historically, the essay suggests a number of avenu…
Latin American and Caribbean Urban Development
The new development agendas confirmed in the year 2015 evidence an increased global interest in cities and urban challenges. In Latin America and the Caribbean, cities have long been an established topic of study and debate. This exploration gives a brief overview of current research on urban development in the region and suggests fruitful avenues for future research. Following different ideological trends in twentieth-century urban studies, we c…
A rejuvenated approach to urban development and inequality
Sociology (50 works) · Political science (42 works) · Law (29 works) · Politics (27 works) · Caribbean history, culture, and politics (26 works) · Art (18 works) · Law (15 works) · Anthropology (13 works) · Gender Studies (13 works) · Geography (13 works)