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L M J Bekkers

Biographic Data

ID4199384
NAMEL M J Bekkers
GIVEN NAMESL M J
FAMILY NAMEBekkers
SIGNATUREBEKKERS L M J
AFFILIATIONSCentre of Expertise Cyber Security, the Hague University of Applied Sciences, The Hague, The Netherlands
ORCID0000-0002-3447-5245
VERIFIEDYes
TOTAL WORKS7
TOTAL CITATIONS7
AUTHOR COUNT7
EDITOR COUNT0
FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR2023
LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR2026
H-INDEX1
  • Cumulative effects of risk factors and protective factors for cybercrime offending

    Open Access•L M J Bekkers, E R Leukfeldt•ARTICLE•Psychology, Crime & Law•2026

    The aim of this study is to better understand unipolar/bipolar relationships and cumulative effects of risk factors and protective factors for cybercrime offending. We address important gaps in the literature, as the individual characteristics of cybercrime offenders remain poorly understood. Utilizing a cross-sectional survey sample of 1240 young people from the Netherlands, we estimated a number of regression models to explore associations with…

  • The psychological correlates of cybercrime offending

    Open Access•L M J Bekkers, Thomas J Holt et al.•ARTICLE•European Journal of Criminology•2026

    This study sought to explore the relationship between low self-control, social learning, and serious forms of cybercrime offending. Using general population survey data from 1240 Dutch young people, we ran a series of binary logistic regression models to estimate the role of various risk variables for engaging in four cyber-dependent crimes: guessing passwords, DoS/DDoS attacks, hacking with technological means, and website defacements. The analy…

  • From curiosity to crime

    Open Access•E R Leukfeldt, L M J Bekkers et al.•ARTICLE•Computers in Human Behavior•2026

    The goal of this study was to better understand pathways into cybercrime and the various stages that young people move through before engaging in criminal hacking behaviors. The study draws on unique data resulting from interviews with 22 criminal hackers from the Netherlands and the UK, of which 15 were caught by the police, and 7 were self-identified criminal hackers. Qualitative analysis revealed that young hackers tend to have early experienc…

  • The involvement mechanisms of cybercrime

    Open Access•L M J Bekkers, Remco Spithoven et al.•ARTICLE•European Journal of Criminology•2025

    Money muling is an urgent problem among young people. Money mules refer to individuals whose bank account is used to hide and launder the profits of financial-economic cybercrimes. They are key actors in the cybercriminal ecosystem. In order to add to the current body of knowledge and better understand and disrupt pathways into cybercrime, this study explores which individual factors relate to previous exposure to money mule recruiters. Drawing u…

  • Exploring cybercrime and traditional crime on Telegram in the Netherlands

    L M J Bekkers, Joeri Loggen et al.•ARTICLE•Global Crime•2025•References: 10

    This study explores cybercrime and traditional crime on Telegram in 26 Dutch group chats. We leverage a dataset compromising 3.5 million messages posted by more than 37,000 users in a one-year timeframe. These messages were related to various illicit goods and services, including hard drugs and phishing kits. Descriptive analysis revealed that traditional crime markets were larger than cybercrime markets in terms of number of users and number of …

  • Exploring the factors that differentiate individual and group offenders in cyber-dependent crime

    Open Access•L M J Bekkers, Luuk Bekkers et al.•ARTICLE•Journal of Criminal Justice•2025•References: 15

  • Recruiting money mules on instagram

    L M J Bekkers, Rutger Leukfeldt et al.•ARTICLE•Deviant Behavior•2023•Cited by: 7•References: 34

    There are reports that criminal networks advertise on social media to recruit new members. In this paper, we will focus on money mules and examine how they become involved in cybercrime on Instagram. Money mules are used to hide the financial trail of a crime and are thus indispensable for cybercriminal networks. Yet, there is a dearth of research on this group. Based on keywords derived from the literature, 43 Dutch Instagram accounts were ident…

  • Recruiting money mules on instagram

    L M J Bekkers, Rutger Leukfeldt et al.•ARTICLE•Deviant Behavior•2023•Cited by: 7•References: 34

    There are reports that criminal networks advertise on social media to recruit new members. In this paper, we will focus on money mules and examine how they become involved in cybercrime on Instagram. Money mules are used to hide the financial trail of a crime and are thus indispensable for cybercriminal networks. Yet, there is a dearth of research on this group. Based on keywords derived from the literature, 43 Dutch Instagram accounts were ident…

  • Recruiting money mules on instagram

    L M J Bekkers, Rutger Leukfeldt et al.•ARTICLE•Deviant Behavior•2023•Cited by: 7•References: 34

    There are reports that criminal networks advertise on social media to recruit new members. In this paper, we will focus on money mules and examine how they become involved in cybercrime on Instagram. Money mules are used to hide the financial trail of a crime and are thus indispensable for cybercriminal networks. Yet, there is a dearth of research on this group. Based on keywords derived from the literature, 43 Dutch Instagram accounts were ident…

  • The involvement mechanisms of cybercrime

    Open Access•L M J Bekkers, Remco Spithoven et al.•ARTICLE•European Journal of Criminology•2025

    Money muling is an urgent problem among young people. Money mules refer to individuals whose bank account is used to hide and launder the profits of financial-economic cybercrimes. They are key actors in the cybercriminal ecosystem. In order to add to the current body of knowledge and better understand and disrupt pathways into cybercrime, this study explores which individual factors relate to previous exposure to money mule recruiters. Drawing u…

  • Exploring cybercrime and traditional crime on Telegram in the Netherlands

    L M J Bekkers, Joeri Loggen et al.•ARTICLE•Global Crime•2025•References: 10

    This study explores cybercrime and traditional crime on Telegram in 26 Dutch group chats. We leverage a dataset compromising 3.5 million messages posted by more than 37,000 users in a one-year timeframe. These messages were related to various illicit goods and services, including hard drugs and phishing kits. Descriptive analysis revealed that traditional crime markets were larger than cybercrime markets in terms of number of users and number of …

  • Exploring the factors that differentiate individual and group offenders in cyber-dependent crime

    Open Access•L M J Bekkers, Luuk Bekkers et al.•ARTICLE•Journal of Criminal Justice•2025•References: 15

  • Cumulative effects of risk factors and protective factors for cybercrime offending

    Open Access•L M J Bekkers, E R Leukfeldt•ARTICLE•Psychology, Crime & Law•2026

    The aim of this study is to better understand unipolar/bipolar relationships and cumulative effects of risk factors and protective factors for cybercrime offending. We address important gaps in the literature, as the individual characteristics of cybercrime offenders remain poorly understood. Utilizing a cross-sectional survey sample of 1240 young people from the Netherlands, we estimated a number of regression models to explore associations with…

  • The psychological correlates of cybercrime offending

    Open Access•L M J Bekkers, Thomas J Holt et al.•ARTICLE•European Journal of Criminology•2026

    This study sought to explore the relationship between low self-control, social learning, and serious forms of cybercrime offending. Using general population survey data from 1240 Dutch young people, we ran a series of binary logistic regression models to estimate the role of various risk variables for engaging in four cyber-dependent crimes: guessing passwords, DoS/DDoS attacks, hacking with technological means, and website defacements. The analy…

  • From curiosity to crime

    Open Access•E R Leukfeldt, L M J Bekkers et al.•ARTICLE•Computers in Human Behavior•2026

    The goal of this study was to better understand pathways into cybercrime and the various stages that young people move through before engaging in criminal hacking behaviors. The study draws on unique data resulting from interviews with 22 criminal hackers from the Netherlands and the UK, of which 15 were caught by the police, and 7 were self-identified criminal hackers. Qualitative analysis revealed that young hackers tend to have early experienc…

Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies (7 works) · Cybercrime (6 works) · Crime Patterns and Interventions (5 works) · Hacker (3 works) · The Internet (3 works) · Business (2 works) · Computer Science (2 works) · Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance (2 works) · Criminology (2 works) · Internet privacy (2 works)

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