Benjamin F Arnold
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 4622043 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Benjamin F Arnold |
| NOMBRES | Benjamin F |
| APELLIDO | Arnold |
| FIRMA | ARNOLD B F |
| AFILIACIONES | University of California, San Francisco |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-6105-7295 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 32 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 28 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 32 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1993 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 3 |
Micro-costing for national-scale azithromycin mass drug administration to improve child survival in Niger
As programs for azithromycin mass drug administration (AZ-MDA) to reduce child mortality have begun in some parts of West Africa, it is imperative to understand their financial costs. We combined a micro-costing framework and observations from an implementation-focused sub-study within the AVENIR trials in 80 communities in the Dosso region of Niger to estimate the national health sector financial costs of a scaled-up programmatic approach for az…
Haemoglobin concentration thresholds that discriminate functional outcomes among children aged 6–30 months in eight countries
Introduction The WHO cut-offs to define anaemia among children (haemoglobin, Hb <105 g/L in 6–23 months and <110 g/L in 24–59 months) are based on the distribution of Hb concentrations in a healthy population. Our objective was to identify Hb values that best discriminate functional outcomes among children aged 6–30 months. Methods We used previously compiled datasets from an individual participant data meta-analysis of effects of small quantity …
Predictors of home- vs . facility-based delivery among women living in rural Niger
Background: Niger has one of the highest maternal mortality rates, and facility delivery can help prevent these deaths. While distance to health facilities predicts home delivery in other sub-Saharan African settings, few studies have examined this relationship in Niger. Methods: This cross-sectional survey, an ancillary study to the AVENIR trial, included women aged 12-59 years old with a child participating in a sub-trial of AVENIR. Trained wor…
Caregiver Screening for Relapse Among Children Recently Recovered From Severe Acute Malnutrition
Relapse to acute malnutrition after recovery from severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is common. However, most programmatic resources are devoted to the acute phase of recovery, and fewer interventions are available for children recently discharged from outpatient nutritional programs. We evaluated the feasibility of training caregivers to screen for relapse using mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) tapes for reducing time to detection of relapse amon…
Seasonality of underweight among infants 1–11 months old in Niger
INTRODUCTION: Malnutrition is a risk factor for child mortality, with around 45% of deaths in children under 5 globally linked to malnutrition. Seasonality of malnutrition has important implications for the timing of child health programme activities, but evidence is mixed on the nature of such patterns. Moreover, the bulk of the existing evidence is focused on wasting and stunting in children 6-59 months, despite increasing evidence that younger…
Effect of biannual azithromycin on respiratory pathogens among symptomatic children
Introduction Biannual (ie, every 6 months) mass drug administration of azithromycin has reduced childhood mortality in Niger, but its effects on specific respiratory pathogens are not fully elucidated. Methods Across 2 years of the Macrolides Oraux pour Réduire les Décès avec un Oeil sur la Résistance (MORDOR) study in Niger, we evaluated 1468 nasopharyngeal swabs from children who presented for care with respiratory symptoms. Swabs were tested b…
The role of seasonal malaria chemoprevention in the effect of azithromycin on child mortality
The objective of this study was to examine whether the effect of mass Azithromycin (AZ) distribution on all-cause mortality among children under 5 varies with seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) administration season or coverage. This was a secondary analysis of the Community Health with Azithromycin Trial (CHAT), a cluster-randomized, placebo-controlled trial of twice-yearly AZ treatment in 341 communities in the Nouna District, Burkina Faso.…
Associations between weather extremes and faecal contamination along pathogen transmission pathways in rural Bangladeshi households
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, National Institutes of Health, World Bank
Mass azithromycin for prevention of child mortality among children with acute malnutrition
Children with acute malnutrition are at high risk of morality. Mass azithromycin distribution reduces all-cause mortality among children aged 1–59 months, and effects may be greater in underweight infants. Here, we evaluate the efficacy of azithromycin for reducing all-cause mortality in children aged 6–59 months with acute malnutrition (mid-upper arm circumference, MUAC, P -value for interaction on the relative scale = 0.09; P -value for interac…
Comparison of door-to-door and fixed-point delivery of azithromycin distribution for child survival in Niger
Recent evidence indicates mass azithromycin distribution reduces under-5 mortality. This intervention is being considered for child survival programs in high mortality sub-Saharan African settings. The delivery approach used in prior studies required a full-time census and distribution team, which is not feasible for most programs. To determine the optimal programmatic approach to delivery, this study aimed to compare treatment coverage, costs, a…
Infant mortality and growth failure after oral azithromycin among low birthweight and underweight neonates
Background Low birthweight (birthweight Methods Infants aged 8–27 days of age weighing ≥2500 g at enrollment in Burkina Faso were randomized 1:1 to a single, oral dose of azithromycin (20 mg/kg) or matching placebo. We evaluated mortality and anthropometric outcomes in four subgroups: 1) both low birthweight and underweight at enrollment; 2) low birthweight-only; 3) underweight-only; 4) neither low birthweight nor underweight. Findings Of 21,832 …
Effectiveness of interventions to improve drinking water, sanitation, and handwashing with soap on risk of diarrhoeal disease in children in low-income and middle-income settings
How does baseline anthropometry affect anthropometric outcomes in children receiving treatment for severe acute malnutrition? A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial
Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) < 11.5 cm and weight-for-height Z-score (WHZ) < -3 are used for screening for severe acute malnutrition (SAM). Underweight and concurrent wasting and stunting may better target those at the highest risk of mortality. We compared anthropometric outcomes in children enrolled in a trial of antibiotics for SAM based on categories of baseline anthropometry, including indicators for programme admission (WHZ < -3, MUAC…
Preventive small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements reduce severe wasting and severe stunting among young children
Including SQ-LNSs in preventive interventions to promote healthy child growth and development is likely to reduce rates of severe wasting and stunting. This meta-analysis was registered at www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO as CRD42019146592.
Age-based targeting of biannual azithromycin distribution for child survival in Niger
This trial was registered on January 13, 2020 (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT04224987 )
Small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements for children age 6–24 months
Characteristics that modify the effect of small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplementation on child growth
Characteristics that modify the effect of small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplementation on child anemia and micronutrient status
The implications of three major new trials for the effect of water, sanitation and hygiene on childhood diarrhea and stunting
BACKGROUND: Three large new trials of unprecedented scale and cost, which included novel factorial designs, have found no effect of basic water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) interventions on childhood stunting, and only mixed effects on childhood diarrhea. Arriving at the inception of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals, and the bold new target of safely managed water, sanitation and hygiene for all by 2030, these results warrant t…
The Wash Benefits and SHINE trials
Child stunting is a global problem and is only modestly responsive to dietary interventions. Numerous observational studies have shown that water quality, sanitation, and handwashing (WASH) in a household are strongly associated with linear growth of children living in the same household. We have completed three randomised efficacy trials testing improved household-level WASH with and without improved infant and young child feeding (IYCF) on stun…
Effects of water quality, sanitation, handwashing, and nutritional interventions on diarrhoea and child growth in rural Kenya
Background Poor nutrition and exposure to faecal contamination are associated with diarrhoea and growth faltering, both of which have long-term consequences for child health. We aimed to assess whether water, sanitation, handwashing, and nutrition interventions reduced diarrhoea or growth faltering. Methods The WASH Benefits cluster-randomised trial enrolled pregnant women from villages in rural Kenya and evaluated outcomes at 1 year and 2 years …
Effects of water quality, sanitation, handwashing, and nutritional interventions on diarrhoea and child growth in rural Bangladesh
BACKGROUND: Diarrhoea and growth faltering in early childhood are associated with subsequent adverse outcomes. We aimed to assess whether water quality, sanitation, and handwashing interventions alone or combined with nutrition interventions reduced diarrhoea or growth faltering. METHODS: The WASH Benefits Bangladesh cluster-randomised trial enrolled pregnant women from villages in rural Bangladesh and evaluated outcomes at 1-year and 2-years' fo…
A behaviour change intervention with lipid‐based nutrient supplements had little impact on young child feeding indicators in rural Kenya
Poor infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices are associated with linear growth faltering. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of a nutrition and water and sanitation for health intervention on three IYCF indicators-minimum dietary diversity (MDD), minimum meal frequency (MMF), and minimum acceptable diet (MAD) in Kenyan children. Households were randomized into one of eight groups: (a) active control; (b) passive control; (c) water q…
Scaling Up a Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Program in Rural Bangladesh
Objectives. To evaluate whether the quality of implementation of a water, sanitation, and hygiene program called SHEWA-B and delivered by UNICEF to 20 million people in rural Bangladesh was associated with health behaviors and sanitation infrastructure access. Methods. We surveyed 33 027 households targeted by SHEWA-B and 1110 SHEWA-B hygiene promoters in 2011 and 2012. We developed an implementation quality index and compared the probability of …
Arnold et al. Respond
AffiliationsBenjamin F. Arnold, Jade Benjamin-Chung, and John M. Colford Jr are with the Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley. Kenneth C. Schiff, John F. Griffith, and Stephen B. Weisberg are with the Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa
Characteristics that modify the effect of small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplementation on child growth
Preventive small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements reduce severe wasting and severe stunting among young children
Including SQ-LNSs in preventive interventions to promote healthy child growth and development is likely to reduce rates of severe wasting and stunting. This meta-analysis was registered at www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO as CRD42019146592.
Acute Gastroenteritis and Recreational Water
Objectives. To provide summary estimates of gastroenteritis risks and illness burden associated with recreational water exposure and determine whether children have higher risks and burden. Methods. We combined individual participant data from 13 prospective cohorts at marine and freshwater beaches throughout the United States (n = 84 411). We measured incident outcomes within 10 days of exposure: diarrhea, gastrointestinal illness, missed daily …
The Sonoma Water Evaluation Trial
Objectives. We estimated the relative rate of highly credible gastrointestinal illness (HCGI) per year associated with active versus sham household water filtration devices among older adults in a community receiving tap water meeting current US standards. Methods. We conducted a randomized, triple-blinded, crossover trial in 714 households (988 individuals), which used active and sham water filtration devices for 6 months each. We estimated the …
Die Urkunden der Deutschen Könige und Kaiser, 10/5
Adel, Ministerialität und Rittertum im Mittelalter
Journal Article Adel, Ministerialität und Rittertum im Mittelalter Get access Benjamin Arnold Benjamin Arnold St Jean de Luz, France Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The English Historical Review, Volume 120, Issue 489, December 2005, Pages 1419–1420, https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cei426 Published: 01 December 2005
The Sonoma Water Evaluation Trial
Objectives. We estimated the relative rate of highly credible gastrointestinal illness (HCGI) per year associated with active versus sham household water filtration devices among older adults in a community receiving tap water meeting current US standards. Methods. We conducted a randomized, triple-blinded, crossover trial in 714 households (988 individuals), which used active and sham water filtration devices for 6 months each. We estimated the …
Colford Et Al. Respond
In his letter, Hunter raises interesting issues: treatment-period interaction and carry-over effects in an AB–BA crossover trial.1 The treatment effect (active versus sham water filtration devices), stratified by sequence, suggests interaction: sequence active–sham (relative risk [RR] = 1.23; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03, 1.48) and sequence sham–active (RR = 0.61; 95% CI = 0.50, 0.74). These estimates, however, are confounded by a strong p…
Factors associated with compliance among users of solar water disinfection in rural Bolivia
ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00731497
The Effect of India's Total Sanitation Campaign on Defecation Behaviors and Child Health in Rural Madhya Pradesh
BACKGROUND: Poor sanitation is thought to be a major cause of enteric infections among young children. However, there are no previously published randomized trials to measure the health impacts of large-scale sanitation programs. India's Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) is one such program that seeks to end the practice of open defecation by changing social norms and behaviors, and providing technical support and financial subsidies. The objective…
Acute Gastroenteritis and Recreational Water
Objectives. To provide summary estimates of gastroenteritis risks and illness burden associated with recreational water exposure and determine whether children have higher risks and burden. Methods. We combined individual participant data from 13 prospective cohorts at marine and freshwater beaches throughout the United States (n = 84 411). We measured incident outcomes within 10 days of exposure: diarrhea, gastrointestinal illness, missed daily …
Scaling Up a Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Program in Rural Bangladesh
Objectives. To evaluate whether the quality of implementation of a water, sanitation, and hygiene program called SHEWA-B and delivered by UNICEF to 20 million people in rural Bangladesh was associated with health behaviors and sanitation infrastructure access. Methods. We surveyed 33 027 households targeted by SHEWA-B and 1110 SHEWA-B hygiene promoters in 2011 and 2012. We developed an implementation quality index and compared the probability of …
Arnold et al. Respond
AffiliationsBenjamin F. Arnold, Jade Benjamin-Chung, and John M. Colford Jr are with the Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley. Kenneth C. Schiff, John F. Griffith, and Stephen B. Weisberg are with the Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa
Effects of water quality, sanitation, handwashing, and nutritional interventions on diarrhoea and child growth in rural Kenya
Background Poor nutrition and exposure to faecal contamination are associated with diarrhoea and growth faltering, both of which have long-term consequences for child health. We aimed to assess whether water, sanitation, handwashing, and nutrition interventions reduced diarrhoea or growth faltering. Methods The WASH Benefits cluster-randomised trial enrolled pregnant women from villages in rural Kenya and evaluated outcomes at 1 year and 2 years …
Effects of water quality, sanitation, handwashing, and nutritional interventions on diarrhoea and child growth in rural Bangladesh
BACKGROUND: Diarrhoea and growth faltering in early childhood are associated with subsequent adverse outcomes. We aimed to assess whether water quality, sanitation, and handwashing interventions alone or combined with nutrition interventions reduced diarrhoea or growth faltering. METHODS: The WASH Benefits Bangladesh cluster-randomised trial enrolled pregnant women from villages in rural Bangladesh and evaluated outcomes at 1-year and 2-years' fo…
A behaviour change intervention with lipid‐based nutrient supplements had little impact on young child feeding indicators in rural Kenya
Poor infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices are associated with linear growth faltering. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of a nutrition and water and sanitation for health intervention on three IYCF indicators-minimum dietary diversity (MDD), minimum meal frequency (MMF), and minimum acceptable diet (MAD) in Kenyan children. Households were randomized into one of eight groups: (a) active control; (b) passive control; (c) water q…
The implications of three major new trials for the effect of water, sanitation and hygiene on childhood diarrhea and stunting
BACKGROUND: Three large new trials of unprecedented scale and cost, which included novel factorial designs, have found no effect of basic water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) interventions on childhood stunting, and only mixed effects on childhood diarrhea. Arriving at the inception of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals, and the bold new target of safely managed water, sanitation and hygiene for all by 2030, these results warrant t…
The Wash Benefits and SHINE trials
Child stunting is a global problem and is only modestly responsive to dietary interventions. Numerous observational studies have shown that water quality, sanitation, and handwashing (WASH) in a household are strongly associated with linear growth of children living in the same household. We have completed three randomised efficacy trials testing improved household-level WASH with and without improved infant and young child feeding (IYCF) on stun…
Age-based targeting of biannual azithromycin distribution for child survival in Niger
This trial was registered on January 13, 2020 (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT04224987 )
Small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements for children age 6–24 months
Characteristics that modify the effect of small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplementation on child growth
Characteristics that modify the effect of small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplementation on child anemia and micronutrient status
Effectiveness of interventions to improve drinking water, sanitation, and handwashing with soap on risk of diarrhoeal disease in children in low-income and middle-income settings
How does baseline anthropometry affect anthropometric outcomes in children receiving treatment for severe acute malnutrition? A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial
Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) < 11.5 cm and weight-for-height Z-score (WHZ) < -3 are used for screening for severe acute malnutrition (SAM). Underweight and concurrent wasting and stunting may better target those at the highest risk of mortality. We compared anthropometric outcomes in children enrolled in a trial of antibiotics for SAM based on categories of baseline anthropometry, including indicators for programme admission (WHZ < -3, MUAC…
Preventive small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements reduce severe wasting and severe stunting among young children
Including SQ-LNSs in preventive interventions to promote healthy child growth and development is likely to reduce rates of severe wasting and stunting. This meta-analysis was registered at www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO as CRD42019146592.
Comparison of door-to-door and fixed-point delivery of azithromycin distribution for child survival in Niger
Recent evidence indicates mass azithromycin distribution reduces under-5 mortality. This intervention is being considered for child survival programs in high mortality sub-Saharan African settings. The delivery approach used in prior studies required a full-time census and distribution team, which is not feasible for most programs. To determine the optimal programmatic approach to delivery, this study aimed to compare treatment coverage, costs, a…
Infant mortality and growth failure after oral azithromycin among low birthweight and underweight neonates
Background Low birthweight (birthweight Methods Infants aged 8–27 days of age weighing ≥2500 g at enrollment in Burkina Faso were randomized 1:1 to a single, oral dose of azithromycin (20 mg/kg) or matching placebo. We evaluated mortality and anthropometric outcomes in four subgroups: 1) both low birthweight and underweight at enrollment; 2) low birthweight-only; 3) underweight-only; 4) neither low birthweight nor underweight. Findings Of 21,832 …
Mass azithromycin for prevention of child mortality among children with acute malnutrition
Children with acute malnutrition are at high risk of morality. Mass azithromycin distribution reduces all-cause mortality among children aged 1–59 months, and effects may be greater in underweight infants. Here, we evaluate the efficacy of azithromycin for reducing all-cause mortality in children aged 6–59 months with acute malnutrition (mid-upper arm circumference, MUAC, P -value for interaction on the relative scale = 0.09; P -value for interac…
Seasonality of underweight among infants 1–11 months old in Niger
INTRODUCTION: Malnutrition is a risk factor for child mortality, with around 45% of deaths in children under 5 globally linked to malnutrition. Seasonality of malnutrition has important implications for the timing of child health programme activities, but evidence is mixed on the nature of such patterns. Moreover, the bulk of the existing evidence is focused on wasting and stunting in children 6-59 months, despite increasing evidence that younger…
Medicine (21 obras) · Child Nutrition and Water Access (17 obras) · Environmental health (14 obras) · Randomized controlled trial (12 obras) · Global Maternal and Child Health (10 obras) · Internal Medicine (9 obras) · Sanitation (8 obras) · Azithromycin (7 obras) · Confidence interval (7 obras) · Cluster randomised controlled trial (6 obras)