H Copes
Biographic Data
| ID | 47516 |
|---|---|
| NAME | H Copes |
| GIVEN NAMES | H |
| FAMILY NAME | Copes |
| SIGNATURE | COPES H |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Alabama at Birmingham |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-8029-1837 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 78 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 685 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 78 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2002 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 15 |
Interactional privilege of violence
Criminologists have long described and theorized the relationship between status, respect, and violence within urban communities. Although this finding is generally accepted within criminology, ethnographic empirical illustrations of this phenomenon are sparse. To better understand how the potential for violence shapes interactions, affords interactional privilege, and structures relative positions in the social hierarchy, we develop a theoretica…
Qualitative Meta-Synthesis and the Study of Crime and Deviance
Qualitative meta-synthesis represents a fledgling but growing approach to reviewing qualitative literature, organizing findings, and developing theoretical approaches and emergent questions for new research. This article introduces the approach with a focus on describing the methods and choices in analysis and presentation that investigators will confront. In so doing, it uses the articles contained in this issue and additional work by the editor…
Do Psychedelics Mimic Psychosis? Perspectives on Similarities and Differences from Individuals with Lived Experience of Psychosis and Psychedelics
Despite a long-standing interest in the potential similarities between psychedelic and psychotic experiences, no recent research has systematically explored the subjective overlap between these states in individuals who have experienced both. To provide rich accounts of potential overlaps and distinctions, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 19 individuals diagnosed with non-affective psychotic disorders who had used psychedelics. Partic…
Being Better People
Our aim is to understand how narratives relating to personal identities and specific drugs shape people’s drug using careers. To do this, we rely on data from a photo-ethnography of people who used peyote in ceremonial contexts in the Southern United States. We found that the desire to become better people plot stories at each stage of their careers. The hope of positive personal change (e.g. heal trauma or break addiction) often motivates decisi…
Accounting for Police Whistleblowing
We examine how police whistleblowers make sense of their decisions to speak about or report misconduct in the context of the police code of silence. Specifically, we use the sociology of accounts as a theoretical framework and interviews with 24 former and current officers who self-identified as police whistleblowers to understand how they accounted for their decisions to report. Participants either initially rejected the whistleblower label, emp…
Rural‐urban divide in risk perception of LSD
BACKGROUND: Recent legislative initiatives in the United States have focused on the medical and legal status of psychedelics, prompting interest in understanding public perceptions of their risks. This study investigates rural-urban differences in the perception of LSD and cannabis risks using national survey data. METHODS: Data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) between 2015 and 2021 were analyzed. Logistic regression models…
How do psychedelics impact people with a history of non-affective psychosis? A qualitative study
Psychedelics might have heterogeneous impacts on people with NAPD, including both risks for harm and potential benefits. Our findings may assist in the development of safety and tolerability trials, highlighting the need for more nuanced work that examines how psychedelics impact people with NAPD
Perceptions of Publication Pressures and Burnout Among Students in U.S. Criminology and Criminal Justice PhD Programs
Plants Don’t Have a Culture to Appropriate
The concept of cultural appropriation has drawn increasing attention from academic disciplines and nonacademic circles. Yet, there is no consensus on what constitutes cultural appropriation nor whether it is harmful. The contested nature of the concept suggests that it is important to understand how people respond to such accusations. Indeed, understanding how people resist accusations of cultural appropriation (i.e., how they account for their a…
Contesting Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome
Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) is characterized by the onset of cyclic bouts of severe nausea and vomiting in chronic cannabis users. As the number of CHS diagnoses rises, it is important to understand how people experience the disease. Using a narrative framework, we explore how the symbolic meaning participants associated with cannabis shaped the way they experienced diagnosis and treatment of CHS. To do this, we relied on semi-structur…
Peyote as Earth Medicine
Narrative criminology prioritizes personal narratives for explaining past behaviours and shaping future decisions. Using this perspective, we rely on data from a photo-ethnography with people who use peyote in religious ceremonies to understand how their discourses about peyote shape their experiences with it. We find that participants define peyote as an ‘earth medicine’ that helps with healing (physical, spiritual and psychological) and thus sh…
Identitas per Fabulam
Parenting Narratives Among Methamphetamine Using Mothers and Fathers
We examine the narratives of parents and stepparents who used methamphetamine to uncover how they talk about parenting decisions relating to their children using drugs. We find that parents draw on themes of protecting children from harm to justify their decisions and to frame themselves as responsible parents. Whereas most said that they would not use with their children, those who did justified their choices by saying they were protecting their…
Protecting Stories
Symbolic boundaries are used for establishing narrative identities and have critical impact on behavior and interpersonal interactions. Using data from a photo-ethnography of people who use methamphetamine in Alabama we show how women use stories and images to draw symbolic boundaries between themselves and others. These boundaries made sense of their meth use, but also guided behavior, controlled drug use, and aided in negotiating personal relat…
A Qualitative Analysis of First-Hand Accounts of Diphenhydramine Misuse Available on YouTube
Deliriants are the least studied class of hallucinogens and display noticeable subjective effects, including dysphoria, hallucinations, and substantial alterations in thought. High doses of diphenhydramine (DPH), an over-the-counter antihistamine medication, can produce deliriant effects due to secondary anticholinergic activity. We sought to characterize the subjective experiences produced by DPH misuse to better understand deliriants more broad…
Criminal Self-Efficacy and Perceptions of Risk and Reward among Women Methamphetamine Manufacturers
People consider potential risks and rewards while deciding whether to engage in crime. Such perceptions and their impact on behavior can vary according to individual differences like criminal self-efficacy, or one’s perception of criminal competency. We examine perceptions of skill, risk, and reward using semi-structured interviews with 46 women “shake and bake” meth cooks currently residing in a halfway house in Alabama. Those who expressed cook…
Property Crime
Property crimes are defined as those offenses where offenders take money or property from victims without the use or threat of force. They include a long list of behaviors such as burglary, larceny‐theft, motor vehicle theft, arson, shoplifting, fraud, embezzlement, and forgery. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) defines the first four of these offenses as Part 1 property crimes. The remaining offenses are classified as Part 2 property cri…
Using Photographs to Engage with Participants
Photo elicitation interviews (PEIs) are a means to solicit responses, reactions, and insights from participants by using photographs or other images as stimuli during interviews. Such styles of interviewing are consistent with feminist and critical methodologies that promote empowering participants by providing a means to direct the research and shape how they are portrayed. Although it is an impactful method, PEIs are still relatively uncommon w…
Sex, drugs, and coercive control
While many of the motives people provide for using drugs transcend gender, there are also notable gendered differences. These differences in motive talk aid in stigma management, shape gender performances, and can encourage or constrain behavior. Using data from a photoethnography with 52 people who use methamphetamine in rural Alabama, we find that men and women articulate their motives for drug use in distinctly gendered ways. Most notably, men…
Changing Narratives of Intimate Partner Violence
We explore how women’s narratives of abuse change, including narratives of self as well as narratives of their abusers. We draw on experiences from a photoethnography of people living in rural Alabama who use methamphetamine. The use of photographs taken throughout the project aid in both the representation of the women as well as in data collection (through photo-elicitation interviews). While we draw on the overall experiences from the project,…
The social organization of methamphetamine manufacturing
Narratives of the mystical among users of psychedelics
We are now witnessing a radical revival in clinical research on the use of psychedelics (e.g. LSD and psilocybin), where ‘mystical’ experiences are at the centre. Drawing on in-depth interviews with 50 psychedelic drug users, we document how they draw on archetypical mystical narratives, comprising three key dimensions: (1) the transcendence of time and space; (2) deep euphoria; and (3) the perception of being at one with ‘a larger whole’. We sug…
Hope, Dignity, and Oral Health for Women in Recovery
A series of professional photographs and interviews with women in recovery showcase hope after addiction
Narrative identity, rationality, and microdosing classic psychedelics
The times have changed, the dope has changed”
Drug markets are typically portrayed as male dominated, with men occupying the higher positions and women fulfilling the lower positions. Yet, the results of recent work highlight how women's participation and experiences in drug economies varies by the structure and organization of the specific market. We focus on the shake‐and‐bake (“shake”) methamphetamine (meth) market, which seems to have emerged mainly in response to legal attempts to curta…
What Have We Learned from Five Decades of Neutralization Research
Neutralization theory, though a popular framework for understanding deviant behavior, remains badly underdeveloped. Few attempts have been made to connect it to narrative and sociocognitive research in psychology and related fields. From this wider perspective, one reason neutralization theory has received only mixed empirical support is that it has been understood as a theory of criminal etiology. This makes little sense (how can one neutralize …
How Edge Are You?' Constructing Authentic Identities and Subcultural Boundaries in a Straightedge Internet Forum
We analyze how participants in an internet forum dedicated to the straightedge subculture articulate and express subcultural identities and boundaries, with particular attention to how they accomplish these tasks in a computer-mediated context. Through participant observation, 'focused discussions,' and interviews, we explore the complexity of identity-making processes in terms of cyberspace and subculture, conceptualizing identification as occur…
Peaceful Warriors
Considerable theoretical and empirical inquiry has focused on the role codes for violence play in generating crime. A large part of this work has examined the attitudes and codes condoning retaliation and violence as well as the prevalence of these among minorities residing in impoverished neighborhoods. Much about the nature of codes remains unknown, however, and this may in part reflect a narrow interest in beliefs about provocation and uses of…
A narrative approach to studying symbolic boundaries among drug users
The narrative study of identity promotes the idea that people develop social identities by telling stories about themselves and others. Through these stories, people associate with desired groups and create social boundaries separating them from the less desirable. While all people engage in boundary work, it is especially important for those who are physically or socially near members of stigmatized groups (e.g. drug users). My aim here is to ex…
Techniques of Affirmation
Previous studies have examined how individuals act in ways that are considered deviant by mainstream standards and how these individuals neutralize their actions to maintain a positive self concept. But little is known about how individuals who defy social norms by "not doing" socially accepted behaviors construct meaningful subcultural identities. We explore the overlap between "deviant behavior" and subcultural identity through a case study of …
Photo-Elicitation Interviews with Vulnerable Populations
Photo-elicitation is a qualitative interview technique where researchers solicit responses, reactions, and insights from participants by using photographs or other images as stimuli. Images can be researcher-generated or participant-generated and each has particular benefits and challenges. Though not new, the use of images within criminology is an underused technique. In this paper we advocate the use of photo-elicitation techniques suggesting t…
Stories of Violence
Violence features in human life, not only as actual physical confrontation but also as stories. Stories of violence are particularly important in violence-prone subcultures and among those partaking in the illegal drug economy. Drawing on narrative analysis, this study examines stories of violence among a population of incarcerated Norwegian drug dealers. Four widespread story types are identified: business narratives, intimidation narratives, mo…
Transferring Subcultural Knowledge On-Line
Criminal subcultures form around deviant behaviors as a consequence of persistent interactions with like-minded others who facilitate the transmission of norms, values, and belief. Although researchers have explored social interactions in the real world, few have considered how learning occurs through virtual interactions. We address the role of on-line interactions in spreading subcultural knowledge by interviewing 34 persistent digital pirates …
Societal Attachments, Offending Frequency, and Techniques of Neutralization
This study investigates the influence of societal attachments and offending frequency on the use of neutralization techniques. To do this, 42 auto thieves were interviewed. Findings indicate that socially attached offenders are more likely to use neutralizations than less attached offenders. In addition, when offenders in the low-attached group did use neutralizations, they did not use the same ones that high-attached offenders used. No differenc…
We Weren't Like No Regular Dope Fiends
We investigate how participants in the street economy of crack cocaine construct a "hustler" identity by contrasting their social behaviors and styles with a dialectically contrastive crackhead identity. For those who are proximate to, or involved in, the crack cocaine economy, effort is required to avoid being labeled a crackhead. Would-be hustlers construct boundaries that separate them from others on the street through talk and behavior. We dr…
Street Codes as Formula Stories
Recent developments in the study of narratives suggest that people can construct identity by referencing acculturated stories (i.e., formula stories) and often do so when explaining untoward behavior. Formula stories connect one's personal identity with generally accepted subcultural identities and the narratives associated with them. In light of this, it becomes clear that cultural codes (e.g., the code of the streets) provide structured storyli…
Situational Construction of Masculinity among Male Street Thieves
Increasingly, theorists recognize that the influence of masculinity on decision making is situationally contingent and embedded in interactions. Using interviews with ninety-four male street thieves, the authors describe the situations that bring constructions of masculinity into the foreground of street crime. In certain situations, men are likely to engage in criminal behavior as a mechanism for constructing their masculinity. The authors find …
Accounting for Violations of the Convict Code
Research over the past several decades shows that those who act in ways inconsistent with desired identities often account for (i.e., excuse or justify) their actions to save face and maintain social identities. While the bulk of research on the use of accounts examines how people make sense of behaviors that go against conventional values, recent research suggests that those who do not adhere to subcultural norms engage in similar talk. The curr…
Drive it like you Stole it’
In line with recent interest in the criminal decision-making process, researchers have begun exploringthe risks and rewards that offenders attach to specific forms of crime and how these perceptionsguide their behaviour. In this paper, we examine the strategies that auto thieves use to avoid policedetection while driving a stolen vehicle. To do this, we rely on semi-structured interviews with 54auto thieves. Results indicate that auto thieves man…
Examining the risk reduction strategies of actors in online criminal markets
Research examining offender risk reduction strategies within illicit markets focus primarily on those operating in the real world for drugs and stolen goods. Few have considered the strategies that may be used by individuals in virtual illicit markets that are hidden from public view. This study addresses this gap through a grounded theory analysis of posts from 10 Russian and three English language web forums selling stolen data to engage in ide…
Streetlife and the Rewards of Auto Theft
Contemporary criminal decision-making theories suggest that offender's subjective assessments of the risks and rewards of crime must be understood within the context of their lives. The lives of most persistent thieves are characterized by an unending pursuit of good times and the expense of all else. The current study examines offenders' perceptions of the rewards of auto theft within the sociocultural context of streetlife. It relies on semi-st…
Inmates' Perceptions of the Benefits and Harm of Prison Interviews
We report here on inmates' experiences with participating in interview-based research to provide insights on the ethics and validity of research on prisoners. We interviewed 40 inmates to explore their reasons for participating in previous research, the benefits and harm they experienced, and whether they felt coerced into participation. Inmates report several benefits from participating in research, including psychological satisfactions, a respi…
Bounded rationality of identity thieves
Research Summary Data for this study were collected in semistructured interviews with 59 individuals serving time in federal prisons for identity theft. We explore how offenders' experiences and life circumstances affected their subjective assessments of risks and rewards and thus facilitated the decision to engage in identity theft. Our findings suggest that offenders perceive identity theft as an easy, rewarding, and relatively risk‐free way to…
Middle-Class Motives for Non-Medical Prescription Stimulant Use among College Students
Among policymakers and media in the United States, there is growing concern over increasing rates of illicit prescription drug use among college students. Using semi-structured interviews with 22 college students who misused prescription stimulants, we find that they draw on conventional middle-class beliefs (e.g., success and moderation) to make sense of their drug use. They do this by creating identities as people who are focused on success and…
Advancing restrictive deterrence
Neutralization Without Drift
Prior research suggests that serious predatory offenders are sufficiently committed to illicit conduct that they must neutralize good behaviour, rather than bad behaviour. Drawing from a sample of offenders who commit carjacking, we question that assumption. Specifically, our data reveal the manner in which such offenders neutralize bad conduct without meaningfully drifting. The notion of ‘neutralization without drift’ represents a theoretical re…
High Speed
While the use of cannabis is often anchored in subversive values, and the use of heroin is situated at the social margins, the use of amphetamines appears to be associated with more conventional values. Interviews with 55 Norwegian amphetamine and/or methamphetamine users reveal that the substance is used for three main reasons. First, amphetamines are used by binge drinkers to "keep the party going." Second, amphetamines are used by segments of …
Differential association in group and solo offending
Sex, drugs, and coercive control
While many of the motives people provide for using drugs transcend gender, there are also notable gendered differences. These differences in motive talk aid in stigma management, shape gender performances, and can encourage or constrain behavior. Using data from a photoethnography with 52 people who use methamphetamine in rural Alabama, we find that men and women articulate their motives for drug use in distinctly gendered ways. Most notably, men…
The times have changed, the dope has changed”
Drug markets are typically portrayed as male dominated, with men occupying the higher positions and women fulfilling the lower positions. Yet, the results of recent work highlight how women's participation and experiences in drug economies varies by the structure and organization of the specific market. We focus on the shake‐and‐bake (“shake”) methamphetamine (meth) market, which seems to have emerged mainly in response to legal attempts to curta…
Differential association in group and solo offending
Situational Construction of Masculinity among Male Street Thieves
Increasingly, theorists recognize that the influence of masculinity on decision making is situationally contingent and embedded in interactions. Using interviews with ninety-four male street thieves, the authors describe the situations that bring constructions of masculinity into the foreground of street crime. In certain situations, men are likely to engage in criminal behavior as a mechanism for constructing their masculinity. The authors find …
Streetlife and the Rewards of Auto Theft
Contemporary criminal decision-making theories suggest that offender's subjective assessments of the risks and rewards of crime must be understood within the context of their lives. The lives of most persistent thieves are characterized by an unending pursuit of good times and the expense of all else. The current study examines offenders' perceptions of the rewards of auto theft within the sociocultural context of streetlife. It relies on semi-st…
Societal Attachments, Offending Frequency, and Techniques of Neutralization
This study investigates the influence of societal attachments and offending frequency on the use of neutralization techniques. To do this, 42 auto thieves were interviewed. Findings indicate that socially attached offenders are more likely to use neutralizations than less attached offenders. In addition, when offenders in the low-attached group did use neutralizations, they did not use the same ones that high-attached offenders used. No differenc…
What Have We Learned from Five Decades of Neutralization Research
Neutralization theory, though a popular framework for understanding deviant behavior, remains badly underdeveloped. Few attempts have been made to connect it to narrative and sociocognitive research in psychology and related fields. From this wider perspective, one reason neutralization theory has received only mixed empirical support is that it has been understood as a theory of criminal etiology. This makes little sense (how can one neutralize …
How Edge Are You?' Constructing Authentic Identities and Subcultural Boundaries in a Straightedge Internet Forum
We analyze how participants in an internet forum dedicated to the straightedge subculture articulate and express subcultural identities and boundaries, with particular attention to how they accomplish these tasks in a computer-mediated context. Through participant observation, 'focused discussions,' and interviews, we explore the complexity of identity-making processes in terms of cyberspace and subculture, conceptualizing identification as occur…
Drive it like you Stole it’
In line with recent interest in the criminal decision-making process, researchers have begun exploringthe risks and rewards that offenders attach to specific forms of crime and how these perceptionsguide their behaviour. In this paper, we examine the strategies that auto thieves use to avoid policedetection while driving a stolen vehicle. To do this, we rely on semi-structured interviews with 54auto thieves. Results indicate that auto thieves man…
The Key to Auto Theft
Recent improvements in vehicle security have reduced the opportunities for auto theft for many would-be thieves. Auto thieves have adapted to these changes by illegally obtaining keys to accomplish their misdeeds. To combat this trend in auto theft, it is necessary to determine commonly preferred methods of key theft. We rely on the accounts of auto thieves who used keys to steal vehicles to shed light on the techniques and strategies that they e…
Media Construction of White-Collar Violence Revisited
Wright, Cullen, and Blankenship (Citation1995) examined print media constructions of a chicken-processing plant fire that killed scores of workers. They found that newspaper coverage of the fire was reluctant to describe the event as corporate violence. We examine the generalizability of Wright et al.'s study by conducting a content analysis of newspaper coverage of two events at nightclubs in Chicago, Illinois, and Warwick, Rhode Island, that le…
Bridging the Gap Between Research and Practice
The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how theoretically driven research can be beneficial to law‐enforcement personnel in their day‐to‐day jobs. Such information can be used as an educational tool to assist students in understanding the value of theory and research and its applicability in the field. Specifically, we show how research guided by neutralization theory can be used by police to better elicit confessions from guilty suspects when…
Rock Rentals
Participation in street-life structures and creates opportunities for acquiring a cache of illicit goods. While cash is the primary means of obtaining illegal drugs, more innovative ‘hustles’ have recently emerged. Specifically, one strategy involves individuals exchanging the temporary use of their vehicles for crack cocaine. We use in-depth interviews with 19 inmates and 27 active crack cocaine users to describe the social organization and inte…
Property Crime
Property crimes are defined as those offenses where offenders take money or property from victims without the use or threat of force. They include a long list of offenses such as burglary, larceny‐theft, motor vehicle theft, arson, shoplifting, fraud, embezzlement, and forgery. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) defines the first four of these offenses as Part I property crimes. These crimes make up the property crime index published yearl…
Street Justice
Techniques of Affirmation
Previous studies have examined how individuals act in ways that are considered deviant by mainstream standards and how these individuals neutralize their actions to maintain a positive self concept. But little is known about how individuals who defy social norms by "not doing" socially accepted behaviors construct meaningful subcultural identities. We explore the overlap between "deviant behavior" and subcultural identity through a case study of …
We Weren't Like No Regular Dope Fiends
We investigate how participants in the street economy of crack cocaine construct a "hustler" identity by contrasting their social behaviors and styles with a dialectically contrastive crackhead identity. For those who are proximate to, or involved in, the crack cocaine economy, effort is required to avoid being labeled a crackhead. Would-be hustlers construct boundaries that separate them from others on the street through talk and behavior. We dr…
Bounded rationality of identity thieves
Research Summary Data for this study were collected in semistructured interviews with 59 individuals serving time in federal prisons for identity theft. We explore how offenders' experiences and life circumstances affected their subjective assessments of risks and rewards and thus facilitated the decision to engage in identity theft. Our findings suggest that offenders perceive identity theft as an easy, rewarding, and relatively risk‐free way to…
Correlates of currency counterfeiting
Guest Editor’s Introduction
(2010). Guest Editor's Introduction: Advancing Qualitative Methods in Criminal Justice and Criminology. Journal of Criminal Justice Education: Vol. 21, Qualitative Methods in Criminology and Criminal Justice, pp. 387-390
The Prominence of Qualitative Research in Criminology and Criminal Justice Scholarship
Most criminologists would agree that the discipline favors quantitative methodologies over qualitative ones. The present study seeks to revisit and expand past assessments on the prominence of qualitative research appearing in criminology and criminal justice (CCJ) publication outlets. Our inquiry is divided into two parts. First we consider the frequency with which empirical studies based upon qualitative methods and analyses were published in t…
A Content Analysis of Ethnographic Research Published in Top Criminology and Criminal Justice Journals from 2000 to 2009
Despite qualitative research having much to offer to the understanding and prevention of crime, academic research in criminology and criminal justice (CCJ) is primarily quantitative. The relatively limited amount of ethnographic research in the field contributes to difficulties in understanding what represents sound ethnographic designs and the most appropriate ways to present such information. The current study examines the relative frequency wi…
Differentiating identity theft
Transferring Subcultural Knowledge On-Line
Criminal subcultures form around deviant behaviors as a consequence of persistent interactions with like-minded others who facilitate the transmission of norms, values, and belief. Although researchers have explored social interactions in the real world, few have considered how learning occurs through virtual interactions. We address the role of on-line interactions in spreading subcultural knowledge by interviewing 34 persistent digital pirates …
Understanding Personal Change in a Women's Faith-Based Transitional Center
An impressive research literature has emerged that identifies linkages between religion and a wide range of attitudes, behaviors, and life events. We contribute to this literature by exploring how women undergoing difficult life circumstances-such as incarceration, drug and alcohol addiction, domestic violence, unemployment, and homelessness-use faith to cope with and change these circumstances. To address this issue we analyze semi-structured in…
Street Codes as Formula Stories
Recent developments in the study of narratives suggest that people can construct identity by referencing acculturated stories (i.e., formula stories) and often do so when explaining untoward behavior. Formula stories connect one's personal identity with generally accepted subcultural identities and the narratives associated with them. In light of this, it becomes clear that cultural codes (e.g., the code of the streets) provide structured storyli…
Criminology and Criminal Justice Hit Parade
Previous research assessing the productivity of criminology and criminal justice (CCJ) scholars has sought to determine the overall most productive scholars based on various measures (e.g. total articles published, total cites, and articles per year). While such lists may be important for those who rank high, they may be best used to establish benchmarks for the discipline. To date, research examining the stars in CCJ has focused on overall stars…
Psychology (57 works) · Sociology (50 works) · Criminology (44 works) · Social Psychology (39 works) · Crime Patterns and Interventions (38 works) · Political science (35 works) · Law (32 works) · Computer Science (31 works) · Social Psychology (25 works) · Law (22 works)