J Scheele
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 56450 |
|---|---|
| NOME | J Scheele |
| PRENOMES | J |
| SOBRENOME | Scheele |
| ASSINATURA | SCHEELE J |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of Oxford |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-7224-7668 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 51 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 156 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 51 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1974 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2024 |
| ÍNDICE H | 7 |
To Capture a Bride, or
Bride capture' is not something contemporary anthropologists like to talk about. It is, in fact, rather an embarrassment. Starting from my own distress as I was (unwittingly) taken along on an expedition to capture a bride, this article asks why it is that our anthropological tools are quite so blunt when we move onto the shifting grounds of what we could call stable or even institutionalized forms of capture: predatory relations that aim at the …
Trade, Mobility and Migration
Chad after Idriss Déby
On April 20, 2021, as he was preparing to commence his sixth term in office, it was officially announced that Chadian President Idriss Déby Itno had died on the battlefield. He was immediately and unconstitutionally replaced by his son, General Mahamat Idriss Déby, at the head of a fourteen-strong transitional military council, to great international acclaim. This contribution attempts to spell out what this series of events and Déby’s career can…
Northwest African perspectives on the concept of the state
The state of most current political anthropology tends to be the modern nation-state, and relatively few works address questions posed by other state formations. Focusing on the Moroccan makhzan and the non-state institutional environment in which it operated, this paper argues for a more sustained engagement with alternative traditions of political thought and practice. It does this by drawing on historical ethnography from Morocco and southwest…
Towards a critical ethnography of political concepts
This special section approaches “politics” from a specifically ethnographic point of view. It does this by privileging ethnographically derived political concepts rather than more familiar preestablished and supposedly universal categories of political analysis. This introduction offers a general theoretical framework for doing this, and establishes a shared language of analysis. It situates current developments in relation to the history of poli…
Development of a Blueprint for Integrated Care for Vulnerable Pregnant Women
Practice-based research resulted in a blueprint tailored to the needs of maternal and child health care professionals and social care professionals and providing structure and uniformity to integrated care provision for vulnerable pregnant women
Autour d'un livre
International audience
Captives at Large
A closer look at recent reports of 'modern slavery' in the Sahara, particularly the exploitation of sub-Saharan migrants in contemporary southern Libya, shows that they speak of other forms of captivity, such as debt bondage, forced prison labor, and hostage taking for ransom. Such forms of exploitation have an equally long history in the region but are more obviously enmeshed with contemporary phenomena: repressive migration policies, state inca…
Revolution as a Convention
This chapter aims to examine the happenings in a recent outbreak of anti-government rebellion in Kabylia, a Berber-speaking area in northeastern Algeria. Yet again, all these interpretations seemed to agree on one point: the rebellion of 2001 did mark a radical political change, but rather the permanence of existing political strategies and categories; the riots of 2001 were just another ritual of Algerian national politics. Resemblances with &s;…
Lydon, Ghislaine — On Trans-Saharan Trails
Le livre de Ghislaine Lydon ouvre un nouveau chapitre dans les recherches historiques sur le Sahara. L’auteure reprend certes un sujet classique : le commerce transsaharien. Mais elle l’étudie à partir de sources locales qui, malgré leur richesse et leur abondance, n’ont jusqu’ici que trop peu attiré l’intérêt des chercheurs des universités occidentales – à l’exception de quelques travaux isolés tels ceux de Paul Pascon au Maroc, d’Ulrich Haarman…
Forum
Follow the relationship: A note on Jatin Dua’s Captured at Sea: Piracy and Protection in the Western Indian Ocean Protection recaptured: Reflections on Jatin Dua’s Captured at Sea: Piracy and Protection in the Western Indian Ocean Protection’s possibility: On histories and geographies of concepts
L'Afrique militarisée
Au regard du poids accru du paradigme sécuritaire dans l'engagement international en l'Afrique, il semble envisageable de parler d'une « militarisation » du continent. Or cette militarisation n'est pas nouvelle, ni irréversible ou unidirectionnelle, ni le seul fait d'interventions externes. Cet article vise à passer en revue quelques moments forts de la militarisation de l'Afrique, en différents lieux et à différentes époques, afin d'en cerner le…
State-like and state dislike in the anthropological margins★
This article argues for a return to the study of non-state political institutions, and for the need to free them from their association with locally circumscribed, unmarked, or even 'unthought' practice. There are several reasons for this. On the one hand, there is a growing interest beyond anthropology in non-state political arrangements, whether they are described negatively, as the result of 'state failure', or positively. On the other, a focu…
A Good Fight
International audience
Urbanisation, Inequality and Political Authority in the Sahara
Recent archaeological research has shown that Garamantian civilisation was much more extensive than previously thought, allowing for surprisingly high population density, agricultural exploitation and urbanisation. This, then, poses the question of how to make sense of the available material, and how to best describe the Garamantian polity and its evolution. Several aspects of the archaeological and historical record are at issue here: the nature…
The Value of Disorder
Despite being central to the development of Saharan regional connectivity, northern Chad has been closed to researchers since the late 1960s and thus remains virtually unknown to scholarship. Based on long-term fieldwork, The Value of Disorder is an original and in-depth account of the area and its Tubu majority inhabitants. Julien Brachet and Judith Scheele examine trans-border connectivity and trade; civil war and rebellion; wealth creation and…
Remoteness is power
Remoteness is as much about a position in topological as in topographical space. Remote areas might look inaccessible from the outside, but, for Ardener (Ardener, E. 1989. , M. Chapman (ed.). Oxford: Blackwell), feel open and vulnerable from the inside, as their connectivity with the outside world is never fully controlled by locals. Drawing on material gathered in northern Chad, we argue that this lack of conceptual reciprocity can also lead to …
Fiscalité marginale sur mesure. L'économie politique du natron au Borkou, Tchad
À partir de la principale mine artisanale du Borkou, l'exportation du natron est conjointement taxée par un chef de canton et un représentant du gouvernement. La manière dont s'est historiquement construite cette entente fiscale instable montre que « chefferie » et « État » ont besoin l'un de l'autre pour affirmer une forme de souveraineté dans cette région. À ce titre, la fiscalité du natron est révélatrice du fonctionnement de l'État tchadien e…
Saharan prisons
The Sahara has long served as a site for high-security prisons. Prisons here however rarely locked people away; rather, they set them to work. Prisoners survival in these conditions hinged on their ability to establish social ties locally, as is arguably still the case with transregional migrants today
Ravens Reconsidered
From the outside, northern Chad has long been seen as an area of lawlessness, defined primarily by its inhabitants' alleged propensity for raiding and thieving. From the inside, northern Chad indeed appears as an area that thrives on a rhetoric of predation. This, however, is perhaps best understood not in terms of "crime," but rather as a striving for personal autonomy, as a public denial of reciprocity in a context where notions of bounded mora…
Crossroads Regions
While the Sahara was long seen as a barrier between sub-Saharan Africa and the Maghrib, it has more recently been described as a bridge: scholarship has thus focused on trans-Saharan trade and migration. Both images exclude internal Saharan production, consumption, and agency: the “desert” remains an empty space that needs to be crossed and whose history is dictated by outside patterns of movement. This article suggests a different approach. It f…
The Libyan Connection
Historically, connections between southern Libya and northern Chad have always been close, if only due to the fundamental need for connectivity that characterises most Saharan economies. Drawing on so far mostly inaccessible archival records and oral history, this article outlines the implications of this proximity, arguing that it led to intimate entanglements within families and an ongoing confusion of property rights. This in turn resulted in …
A 'Despicable Shambles
Faya-Largeau, the largest oasis in northern Chad, seems to present a classic picture of Saharan labour relations and status groups. Colonial officers spoke of nomadic 'overlords' who used to exploit sedentary 'serfs' of slave descent, but indirectly favoured the latter; today, former status relations are renegotiated, at times violently so. Access to vital resources, and especially agricultural land, is the focus of much contemporary conflict. Ye…
In Praise of Disorder
The Tubu of northern Chad have long been described as ‘anarchic’, in colonial sources and the (scarce) academic literature. They have maintained this reputation until the present day, among outsiders as well as among their fellow Chadians, despite (or perhaps because of) their undeniable influence on Chadian state-institutions. Yet the category of ‘anarchy’, used throughout the literature, is of little use analytically, as it tends to conflate an…
Smugglers and states. Negotiating the Maghreb at its margins
Translocality
Tribus, États et fraude
L'extrême nord du Mali se présente comme un terri toire où le désengagement de l'État aurait conduit à la « résurgence » des tribus. Et ce d'autant plus qu'une grande partie des habitants de la région vivent du trafic transfrontalier avec les États maghrébins voisins (l'Algérie surtout), trafic qui paraît au premier abord organisé à partir de réseaux familiaux et tribaux. Or, si les « fraudeurs » eux-mêmes insistent sur le rôle prédominant que jo…
Traders, Saints, and Irrigation
Studies of trans-Saharan trade have recently been revitalized, mainly through an exploration of local archives. These archives offer a further possibility: to investigate the link between local settlement and wider patterns of exchange. Material from southern Algeria and northern Mali suggests that oases were not viable without outside investment, that pastoral economies needed storage space and agricultural produce, and that intra-Saharan and tr…
The values of 'anarchy
The Tubu of northern Chad have long been described as 'anarchic', in first travellers' accounts as much as in colonial sources and the (scant) academic literature. The term 'anarchy', as used throughout descriptions, is of little use analytically, however, as it tends both to conflate an absence of political institutions with a general unpredictability of social relations, and to define political relations by what they are not. This article sugge…
Fleeting Glory in a Wasteland
In January 2012, a newderdé(traditional leader) of the Teda in northern Chad was officially appointed. Held in the Tibesti, a remote, notoriously unruly but strategically important part of the Sahara, the investiture ceremony was attended by Teda from throughout the country and neighboring Libya and Niger, as well as by an impressive number of Chadian civil servants and international diplomats. Yet the ceremony itself was short and messy. Similar…
A Taste for Law
There has recently been an upsurge in anthropologists' interest in law, with North Africa and the Middle East taking a prominent position. One of the foci is the coexistence of multiple sets of legal practices, and the ways in which people negotiate between different legal 'systems.' This emphasis closely mirrors the more general shift in anthropology from 'discourse' to 'practice,' and shares both its strengths and weaknesses. Among the latter i…
Algerian graveyard stories
Issues surrounding the ways in which people deal with severe political disruption and violence are sometimes obscure, as it is in the nature of both to defy verbal expression and collective attempts to produce sense. Ethnography of Algeria suggests that to look at local graveyards, their layout, and the practices and conflicts associated with them is a way of understanding not only how people deal with death and violence, but also how they constr…
State-like and state dislike in the anthropological margins★
This article argues for a return to the study of non-state political institutions, and for the need to free them from their association with locally circumscribed, unmarked, or even 'unthought' practice. There are several reasons for this. On the one hand, there is a growing interest beyond anthropology in non-state political arrangements, whether they are described negatively, as the result of 'state failure', or positively. On the other, a focu…
Recycling Baraka
Since the overwhelming electoral victory of Algeria's main Islamist party, the Front Islamique du Salut (FIS), in 1990 and 1991, the annulment of the elections by the Algerian army in 1992, and a decade of apparently random killings that followed throughout the country, religion has been at stake in most contemporary debates on Algeria. Algeria has thereby entered the field of larger debates within the Western world about radical Islam, the rise …
A 'Despicable Shambles
Faya-Largeau, the largest oasis in northern Chad, seems to present a classic picture of Saharan labour relations and status groups. Colonial officers spoke of nomadic 'overlords' who used to exploit sedentary 'serfs' of slave descent, but indirectly favoured the latter; today, former status relations are renegotiated, at times violently so. Access to vital resources, and especially agricultural land, is the focus of much contemporary conflict. Ye…
Captives at Large
A closer look at recent reports of 'modern slavery' in the Sahara, particularly the exploitation of sub-Saharan migrants in contemporary southern Libya, shows that they speak of other forms of captivity, such as debt bondage, forced prison labor, and hostage taking for ransom. Such forms of exploitation have an equally long history in the region but are more obviously enmeshed with contemporary phenomena: repressive migration policies, state inca…
A pilgrimage to Arawān
Northern Mali has been shaken by drought and conflict since the 1960s, leading to gradual redefinitions of notions of status, social hierarchy, and rights in land and people. These changes indicate a fundamental shift from genealogical to territorial visions of the world: from notions of infinite encompassment and concomitant hierarchy to conceptions of rights as derived from "indigeneity" and exclusive categories of ownership and belonging. The …
Circulations marchandes au Sahara
Les échanges régionaux sont nécessaires aux économies locales sahariennes. Au gré de la conjoncture, ces échanges et les réseaux qui les sous-tendent ont toujours servi de relais à d’autres courants commerciaux : transsahariens et transrégionaux. À la main-d’œuvre, au thé, au coton ou au sucre convoyés vers et à travers le Sahara au XIX e siècle se sont ainsi ajoutés, au cours du XX e siècle, des produits manufacturés provenant des usines subvent…
Councils without Customs, Qadis without States
This article investigates relations between qadis and local assemblies in the Touat in the Algerian Sahara. It argues that both drew on an Islamic framework of reference, even though they were frequently obliged to conjugate universal legal injunctions with local notions of overriding communal responsibility that had no place in Islamic law. Islamic notions of private property remained central to the functioning of local assemblies, in which poli…
Les années écroulées
Au cours du siècle écoulé, de nombreuses tentatives externes de mise en valeur rationnelle des ressources locales de l'oasis tchadienne de Faya-Largeau ont eu lieu. Et toutes ont échoué. Partant de l'observation des vestiges qui matérialisent ce constat, l'article montre que ces projets, pour fonctionner, supposaient implicitement une perception et une acceptation de notions de travail, d'investissement et de propriété bien différentes de celles …
Generating Martyrdom
Nationalist displays and rhetoric invoking the Algerian war of independence from France (1954–1962) are omnipresent in contemporary Algeria. Yet personal memories of the war of independence are conspicuously absent locally, although the war generation is still alive, and although all current power-holders and their contenders tend to refer to the war as the supreme source of political legitimacy. This article explores this apparent paradox with s…
A Good Fight
International audience
L'envers du tourisme au Sahara tchadien
Au début de l’année 2012, un avion commercial transportant des touristes s’est posé pour la première fois dans le désert tchadien. Après être revenu sur les contextes géopolitiques saharien et tchadien qui ont suscité cette « ouverture » touristique, l’article décrit la manière dont le pouvoir politique national s’exerce à travers ce nouveau champ. L’analyse porte ensuite sur le peu d’intérêt manifesté par les populations du Sahara tchadien conce…
Beyond the Test Score
Using both quantitative and qualitative analyses, we examine the role of a college access intervention in the enrollment and persistence outcomes of low-income students in Chile modeled partially after a Texas admissions program. We find that, although students from the program have a mean cumulative GPA significantly lower than that of their peers who entered college through the regular admissions system, most program students nevertheless meet …
Zur Rolle der Unfreien in den romischen Christenverfolgungen
Algerian graveyard stories
Issues surrounding the ways in which people deal with severe political disruption and violence are sometimes obscure, as it is in the nature of both to defy verbal expression and collective attempts to produce sense. Ethnography of Algeria suggests that to look at local graveyards, their layout, and the practices and conflicts associated with them is a way of understanding not only how people deal with death and violence, but also how they constr…
Frédéric Le Play
Depuis la redécouverte de Le Play, un vaste chantier de recherches internationales s’est ouvert, qui, peu à peu, mettent au jour les multiples facettes de son œuvre, d’une richesse sous-estimée. En effet, Frédéric Le Play s’avère, à la fois, statisticien et enquêteur, forestier et chimiste, minéralogiste et métallurgiste, conseiller d’État engagé et sénateur discret, organisateur d’expositions universelles et fondateur d’une science sociale mondi…
Recycling Baraka
Since the overwhelming electoral victory of Algeria's main Islamist party, the Front Islamique du Salut (FIS), in 1990 and 1991, the annulment of the elections by the Algerian army in 1992, and a decade of apparently random killings that followed throughout the country, religion has been at stake in most contemporary debates on Algeria. Algeria has thereby entered the field of larger debates within the Western world about radical Islam, the rise …
Generating Martyrdom
Nationalist displays and rhetoric invoking the Algerian war of independence from France (1954–1962) are omnipresent in contemporary Algeria. Yet personal memories of the war of independence are conspicuously absent locally, although the war generation is still alive, and although all current power-holders and their contenders tend to refer to the war as the supreme source of political legitimacy. This article explores this apparent paradox with s…
A Taste for Law
There has recently been an upsurge in anthropologists' interest in law, with North Africa and the Middle East taking a prominent position. One of the foci is the coexistence of multiple sets of legal practices, and the ways in which people negotiate between different legal 'systems.' This emphasis closely mirrors the more general shift in anthropology from 'discourse' to 'practice,' and shares both its strengths and weaknesses. Among the latter i…
Village Matters
Traces Kabylia's history through French occupation, the Algerian war of independence, and the political turmoil that followed. Kabylia is a Berber-speaking, densely populated mountainous region east of Algiers, that has played an important part in Algerian pre- and post-independence politics, and continues to be troublesome to central government. But 'Kabylia' is also an ideal, shaped and shared by a variety of intellectual trends both in Algeria…
Tribus, États et fraude
L'extrême nord du Mali se présente comme un terri toire où le désengagement de l'État aurait conduit à la « résurgence » des tribus. Et ce d'autant plus qu'une grande partie des habitants de la région vivent du trafic transfrontalier avec les États maghrébins voisins (l'Algérie surtout), trafic qui paraît au premier abord organisé à partir de réseaux familiaux et tribaux. Or, si les « fraudeurs » eux-mêmes insistent sur le rôle prédominant que jo…
Regional Attractions
This chapter applies the definition of a 'region' to a village in Kabylia, a Berber-speaking area in north-eastern Algeria. Claims that Kabylia is part of the Mediterranean might sound too close to French colonial rhetoric; while attempts to link it to the Middle East or, the 'Arab world' are resented for opposite reasons. The chapter aims to show what kind of region might have mattered to Kabyles throughout time, how and why these regions might …
Councils without Customs, Qadis without States
This article investigates relations between qadis and local assemblies in the Touat in the Algerian Sahara. It argues that both drew on an Islamic framework of reference, even though they were frequently obliged to conjugate universal legal injunctions with local notions of overriding communal responsibility that had no place in Islamic law. Islamic notions of private property remained central to the functioning of local assemblies, in which poli…
Translocality
Traders, Saints, and Irrigation
Studies of trans-Saharan trade have recently been revitalized, mainly through an exploration of local archives. These archives offer a further possibility: to investigate the link between local settlement and wider patterns of exchange. Material from southern Algeria and northern Mali suggests that oases were not viable without outside investment, that pastoral economies needed storage space and agricultural produce, and that intra-Saharan and tr…
Circulations marchandes au Sahara
Les échanges régionaux sont nécessaires aux économies locales sahariennes. Au gré de la conjoncture, ces échanges et les réseaux qui les sous-tendent ont toujours servi de relais à d’autres courants commerciaux : transsahariens et transrégionaux. À la main-d’œuvre, au thé, au coton ou au sucre convoyés vers et à travers le Sahara au XIX e siècle se sont ainsi ajoutés, au cours du XX e siècle, des produits manufacturés provenant des usines subvent…
Shurafā’ as Cosmopolitans
Smugglers and Saints of the Sahara
Smugglers and Saints of the Sahara describes life on and around the contemporary border between Algeria and Mali, exploring current developments in a broad historical and socioeconomic context. Basing her findings on long-term fieldwork with trading families, truckers, smugglers and scholars, Judith Scheele investigates the history of contemporary patterns of mobility from the late nineteenth century to the present. Through a careful analysis of …
Saharan frontiers
L'énigme de lafaggāra
Dans le Touat algérien, les économies locales dépendent nécessairement de sources d'investissement extérieures et font donc partie de projets économiques et socio-politiques qui les dépassent. La propriété foncière y est morcelée, les réseaux d'investissement multiples et complexes. L'économie locale s'y exprime en partie en termes monétaires qui participent de la création de dettes, celles-ci assignant la plupart des producteurs dans une dépenda…
Ouaghlissi (El-) [‘Abd al-Raḥmân al-Waghlîsî]
Dans la premire moiti du 14 e sicle, Bjaia s'enorgueillit , selon l'historien Robert Brunschvig, d'accueillir un juriste de renom : 'Abd al-Ramn al-Waghls (mort en 1384 AD/786 AH). Par la suite, le lien entre le savant et la ville de Bjaia deviendra permanent : originaire de la tribu des At Waghlis (dans l'actuelle dara de Sidi Ach), al-Waghls, une fois install, ne la quittera plus jamais. Il y remplit la fonction de mufti, d'imam, et surtout d'e…
A pilgrimage to Arawān
Northern Mali has been shaken by drought and conflict since the 1960s, leading to gradual redefinitions of notions of status, social hierarchy, and rights in land and people. These changes indicate a fundamental shift from genealogical to territorial visions of the world: from notions of infinite encompassment and concomitant hierarchy to conceptions of rights as derived from "indigeneity" and exclusive categories of ownership and belonging. The …
Embarrassing Cousins
This chapter focuses on contemporary Central Saharan tawārīkh — more or less historic documents looking suspiciously like genealogies. It examines the debates over religious legitimacy, hierarchy and status, as well as the embarrassment that results when contrasting worldviews meet within ‘family’ settings in southern Algeria that are profoundly shaped by trans-Saharan mobility. It argues that tawārīkh are inherently hierarchical, and that all of…
Beyond the Test Score
Using both quantitative and qualitative analyses, we examine the role of a college access intervention in the enrollment and persistence outcomes of low-income students in Chile modeled partially after a Texas admissions program. We find that, although students from the program have a mean cumulative GPA significantly lower than that of their peers who entered college through the regular admissions system, most program students nevertheless meet …
In Praise of Disorder
The Tubu of northern Chad have long been described as ‘anarchic’, in colonial sources and the (scarce) academic literature. They have maintained this reputation until the present day, among outsiders as well as among their fellow Chadians, despite (or perhaps because of) their undeniable influence on Chadian state-institutions. Yet the category of ‘anarchy’, used throughout the literature, is of little use analytically, as it tends to conflate an…
Sarah Abrevaya Stein. Saharan Jews and the Fate of French Algeria
Journal Article Sarah Abrevaya Stein. Saharan Jews and the Fate of French Algeria. Get access Sarah Abrevaya Stein. Saharan Jews and the Fate of French Algeria. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014. Pp. xv, 261. Cloth $85.00, paper $27.50. Judith Scheele Judith Scheele University of Oxford, All Souls College [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Historical Review…
L'envers du tourisme au Sahara tchadien
Au début de l’année 2012, un avion commercial transportant des touristes s’est posé pour la première fois dans le désert tchadien. Après être revenu sur les contextes géopolitiques saharien et tchadien qui ont suscité cette « ouverture » touristique, l’article décrit la manière dont le pouvoir politique national s’exerce à travers ce nouveau champ. L’analyse porte ensuite sur le peu d’intérêt manifesté par les populations du Sahara tchadien conce…
Les années écroulées
Au cours du siècle écoulé, de nombreuses tentatives externes de mise en valeur rationnelle des ressources locales de l'oasis tchadienne de Faya-Largeau ont eu lieu. Et toutes ont échoué. Partant de l'observation des vestiges qui matérialisent ce constat, l'article montre que ces projets, pour fonctionner, supposaient implicitement une perception et une acceptation de notions de travail, d'investissement et de propriété bien différentes de celles …
Political science (43 obras) · Sociology (31 obras) · African Studies and Geopolitics (30 obras) · Law (28 obras) · Multiculturalism, Politics, Migration, Gender (21 obras) · African Studies and Ethnography (20 obras) · Politics (20 obras) · Geography (19 obras) · Philosophy (18 obras) · Law (16 obras)