W J Scarborough
Biographic Data
| ID | 57007 |
|---|---|
| NAME | W J Scarborough |
| GIVEN NAMES | W J |
| FAMILY NAME | Scarborough |
| SIGNATURE | SCARBOROUGH W J |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of North Texas |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-1566-4921 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 40 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 669 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 39 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1941 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 10 |
The Effect of the Texas Migrant Busing Program on the 2024 U.S. Presidential Election
From 2022 to 2024, Texas transported more than 100,000 migrants from the U.S.–Mexico border to six cities led by Democratic mayors, creating a unique migration shock far from the border. We use county-level data to estimate the program’s effects on presidential elections. Comparing two elections prior to the program (2016–2020) with one after (2024), we find that the busing program increased Trump’s vote share by more than three percentage points…
Research Note
As part of the largest and most expensive state-run immigration program in U.S. history, the state of Texas bused more than 100,000 immigrants to six Democratic-led cities with sanctuary ordinances between 2022 and 2024. In this research note, we examine whether the Texas migrant busing program led to an increase in Hispanic homelessness in cities that received buses chartered by the state. Using point-in-time data measuring local homeless popula…
The Relative Contributions of Changes in Vertical and Horizontal Mechanisms to Overall Changes in Occupational Gender Segregation in the United States, 2006–2019
Objective In this article, we examine how the expansion of feminized industries impacted horizontal and vertical patterns of occupational gender segregation. Methods We apply Thiel's H to data drawn from the American Community Survey (2006–2019) and run regression and counterfactual analyses. Results Horizontal shifts accounted for 74% of the decline in occupational gender segregation during the study period, while changes to vertical patterns ac…
The Caregiving Gap
Mothers still do more childcare per week than fathers. We call this the caregiving gap, a persistent source of gender inequality. Meanwhile, men's involvement in care boasts wide-ranging benefits for women, men, and children. Here, we focus on one important, understudied cultural dimension that shapes men's time spent in care: confidence. We apply unique data from The American Social Survey ( n = 1061) to weigh two theoretical arguments-gender so…
What Makes a Decision Fair? Relative Earnings, Gender, and Justifications for Couples' Decision-Making
This article builds on research demonstrating that inequality is widely accepted when it results from practices that are perceived to be fair. Using a survey experiment on a nationally representative sample of US adults (n=3,978), the study adds new insight into the mechanisms that sustain gender inequality in relationships. Findings show that Americans’ beliefs about gender are relied on more often than economic explanations to diminish concerns…
Configurations of attitudes toward immigration in Europe
Scholarship on immigrant stereotypes suggest that individuals’ viewpoints toward immigration may be differentiated across the dimensions of culture and economics. In this study, we use latent class analysis, which avoids the assumption that attitudes are unidimensional, scalar, and polarized, to examine configurations of immigration attitudes in Europe from 2002 through 2010, a period of time leading up to and within the Great Recession. Analyzin…
Childcare Provision in Neoliberal Times
Not Just They/Them
Gender-neutral pronouns, such as they/them, have been studied as a site of identity affirmation and, at other times, contestation for non-binary individuals. In this study, we draw from interviews with 123 non-binary individuals to better understand the role of pronouns in these individuals' lives. We find that pronoun practices are ontoformative-they actively (re)construct the meanings attached to gender and gender identities. Yet, not all non-b…
Covid ‐19 and the role of gender, earnings, and telecommuting in parents' employment
Objective To understand how married mothers' and fathers' earnings and ability to telecommute structured their employment throughout the COVID‐19 pandemic. Background We weigh two competing explanations—rational choice and gendered resources—to evaluate the association between married parents' financial and workplace resources and sustained employment throughout the pandemic. Method We use hierarchical logistic regression models to analyze rotati…
Remote Schooling and Mothers’ Employment During the Covid-19 Pandemic by Race, Education, and Marital Status
Public schools in the United States saw unprecedented reductions to in-person instruction during the 2020–2021 school year. Using the Elementary School Operating Status database, the American Community Survey, and the Current Population Survey, we show remote instruction was associated with reduced employment among mothers compared with fathers and women without children. The gender gap in employment between mothers and fathers grew as much as 5 …
Multidimensional attitudes
Attitudinal studies illustrate high levels of support toward homosexuality across European countries. Although these patterns suggest that European societies are becoming more progressive and tolerant, they do not extend to Muslim migration. As Western conceptions of liberalism are increasingly defined in terms of tolerance of sexual minorities as a marker of societal progress, persistent anti-Muslim sentiment presents a liberalism paradox. Exist…
The costs of occupational gender segregation in high-tech growth and productivity across US local labor markets
Theories of endogenous economic growth propose that the exchange of information between workers with different knowledge facilitates innovation. In this study, we explore whether occupational gender segregation poses a barrier to endogenous growth by limiting the extent to which women and men workers exchange information, ideas and perspectives. Focusing on technology industries as a sector where information exchange plays a large role, we use er…
Culture’s Gendered Consequences
Local economic conditions have been found to be highly influential in shaping patterns of gender inequality across the United States. Less attention, however, has been directed toward exploring the role of cultural characteristics, such as gender norms toward women’s leadership and family divisions of labor. Using data from the American Community Survey and the General Social Survey, we examine the relationship between local gender norms and leve…
Research Note
In the fall of 2020, school districts across the country reopened under a variety of instructional modes. Some districts returned to in-person instruction and some operated remotely. Others reopened under hybrid models, wherein students alternated times, days, or weeks of in-person instruction. To capture this variation, we developed the Elementary School Operating Status (ESOS) database. ESOS provides data on elementary school districts' primary…
Exclusionary attitudes toward immigrants
Research on immigration attitudes focuses on two dimensions of exclusionary preferences: those related to achieved characteristics and those related to ascribed characteristics. First, we expand this work by unpacking how individuals blend attitudes across these two dimensions. Applying latent profile analysis to a comprehensive set of exclusionary indicators from the European Social Survey in 2002 and 2014, we observe seven attitudinal configura…
Do high childcare costs and low access to Head Start and childcare subsidies limit mothers' employment? A state-level analysis
Head Start and Families' Recovery From Economic Recession
Objective This article examines whether the availability of Head Start during the Great Recession mitigated the impact of this crisis on poverty rates among families with young children. Background The first 2 decades of the 21st century have witnessed two major economic crises: the Great Recession and the COVID‐19 pandemic. Poverty rates among families with young children grew substantially during the Great Recession. Families with young childre…
How Cultural Environments Shape Online Sentiment Toward Social Movements
This study explores the relationship between offline and online contexts in social movement discourse. We test whether local place character—the cultural reputations, values, and ideals associated with a particular location—predict support for feminism expressed on Twitter. Applying topic modeling to a unique corpus describing cities’ cultural reputations, we identify five cultural attributes of U.S. cities that constitute their place character. …
Are States Created Equal? Moving to a State With More Expensive Childcare Reduces Mothers' Odds of Employment
Married mothers who relocate are less likely to be employed after an interstate move than married childless women and nonmobile mothers. Here, we ask whether moving to a state with more expensive childcare is associated with lower odds of maternal employment among mothers who had been employed prior to relocation. We use hierarchical binomial logistic regression models, combining data from the 2015 American Community Survey five-year sample and s…
Fixing Parental Leave
The Intersection of Racial and Gender Attitudes, 1977 through 2018
Intersectionality scholars have long identified dynamic configurations of race and gender ideologies. Yet, survey research on racial and gender attitudes tends to treat these components as independent. We apply latent class analysis to a set of racial and gender attitude items from the General Social Survey (1977 to 2018) to identify four configurations of individuals' simultaneous views on race and gender. Two of these configurations hold unifie…
Shifting Inequalities? Parents' Sleep, Anxiety, and Calm during the Covid-19 Pandemic in Australia and the United States
This article examines traditional gender roles during the COVID-19 pandemic and its economic fallout as an opportunity to evaluate shifting gender dynamics amidst rapid changes in employment and domestic demands for heterosexual couples with children in Australia and the United States. The authors argue that traditional gender roles were reinforced for U.S. parents but eroded for Australian parents
How do Gender Norms and Childcare Costs Affect Maternal Employment Across US States
In this article, we investigate how state-to-state differences in U.S. childcare costs and gender norms are associated with maternal employment. Although an abundance of research has examined factors that influence mothers' employment, few studies explore the interrelationship between maternal employment and culture, policy, and individual resources across U.S. states. Using a representative sample of women in the 2017 American Community Survey a…
The Gendered Consequences of a Weak Infrastructure of Care
The COVID-19 pandemic has upended in-person public education across the United States, a critical infrastructure of care that parents-especially mothers-depend on to work. To understand the nature and magnitude of school closures across states, we collected detailed primary data-the Elementary School Operating Status database (ESOS)-to measure the percentage of school districts offering in-person, remote, and hybrid instruction models for element…
Covid‐19 and the gender gap in work hours
School and day care closures due to the COVID-19 pandemic have increased caregiving responsibilities for working parents. As a result, many have changed their work hours to meet these growing demands. In this study, we use panel data from the US Current Population Survey to examine changes in mothers' and fathers' work hours from February through April 2020, the period of time prior to the widespread COVID-19 outbreak in the United States and thr…
Covid‐19 and the gender gap in work hours
School and day care closures due to the COVID-19 pandemic have increased caregiving responsibilities for working parents. As a result, many have changed their work hours to meet these growing demands. In this study, we use panel data from the US Current Population Survey to examine changes in mothers' and fathers' work hours from February through April 2020, the period of time prior to the widespread COVID-19 outbreak in the United States and thr…
Attitudes and the Stalled Gender Revolution
Empirical studies show that though there is more room for improvement, much progress has been made toward gender equality since the second wave of feminism. Evidence also suggests that women's advancements have been more dramatic in the public sphere of work and politics than in the private sphere of family life. We argue that this lopsided gender progress may be traced to uneven changes in gender attitudes. Using data from more than 27,000 respo…
Early Signs Indicate That Covid-19 Is Exacerbating Gender Inequality in the Labor Force
In this data visualization, the authors examine how the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis in the United States has affected labor force participation, unemployment, and work hours across gender and parental status. Using data from the Current Population Survey, the authors compare estimates between February and April 2020 to examine the period of time before the COVID-19 outbreak in the United States to the height of the first wave, when…
The Gendered Consequences of a Weak Infrastructure of Care
The COVID-19 pandemic has upended in-person public education across the United States, a critical infrastructure of care that parents-especially mothers-depend on to work. To understand the nature and magnitude of school closures across states, we collected detailed primary data-the Elementary School Operating Status database (ESOS)-to measure the percentage of school districts offering in-person, remote, and hybrid instruction models for element…
Shifting Inequalities? Parents' Sleep, Anxiety, and Calm during the Covid-19 Pandemic in Australia and the United States
This article examines traditional gender roles during the COVID-19 pandemic and its economic fallout as an opportunity to evaluate shifting gender dynamics amidst rapid changes in employment and domestic demands for heterosexual couples with children in Australia and the United States. The authors argue that traditional gender roles were reinforced for U.S. parents but eroded for Australian parents
The Intersection of Racial and Gender Attitudes, 1977 through 2018
Intersectionality scholars have long identified dynamic configurations of race and gender ideologies. Yet, survey research on racial and gender attitudes tends to treat these components as independent. We apply latent class analysis to a set of racial and gender attitude items from the General Social Survey (1977 to 2018) to identify four configurations of individuals' simultaneous views on race and gender. Two of these configurations hold unifie…
Support of workplace diversity policies
How do Gender Norms and Childcare Costs Affect Maternal Employment Across US States
In this article, we investigate how state-to-state differences in U.S. childcare costs and gender norms are associated with maternal employment. Although an abundance of research has examined factors that influence mothers' employment, few studies explore the interrelationship between maternal employment and culture, policy, and individual resources across U.S. states. Using a representative sample of women in the 2017 American Community Survey a…
Changes in the gender structure
As a society, we've made tremendous progress toward gender equality over the past several decades. Yet there remains significant inequality between women and men. Furthermore, when we look closely at some of the progress made toward gender equality, we find it considerably less impressive than surface appearances. In this article, we review the updated framework of Risman's (2017) gender structure theory and argue that it can help us make sense o…
Research Note
In the fall of 2020, school districts across the country reopened under a variety of instructional modes. Some districts returned to in-person instruction and some operated remotely. Others reopened under hybrid models, wherein students alternated times, days, or weeks of in-person instruction. To capture this variation, we developed the Elementary School Operating Status (ESOS) database. ESOS provides data on elementary school districts' primary…
Feminist Twitter and Gender Attitudes
In this study, the author tests whether one form of big data, tweets about feminism, provides a useful measure of public opinion about gender. Through qualitative and naive Bayes sentiment analysis of more than 100,000 tweets, the author calculates region-, state-, and county-level Twitter sentiment toward feminism and tests how strongly these measures correlate with aggregated gender attitudes from the General Social Survey. Then, the author exa…
Multidimensional attitudes
Attitudinal studies illustrate high levels of support toward homosexuality across European countries. Although these patterns suggest that European societies are becoming more progressive and tolerant, they do not extend to Muslim migration. As Western conceptions of liberalism are increasingly defined in terms of tolerance of sexual minorities as a marker of societal progress, persistent anti-Muslim sentiment presents a liberalism paradox. Exist…
Are States Created Equal? Moving to a State With More Expensive Childcare Reduces Mothers' Odds of Employment
Married mothers who relocate are less likely to be employed after an interstate move than married childless women and nonmobile mothers. Here, we ask whether moving to a state with more expensive childcare is associated with lower odds of maternal employment among mothers who had been employed prior to relocation. We use hierarchical binomial logistic regression models, combining data from the 2015 American Community Survey five-year sample and s…
Do high childcare costs and low access to Head Start and childcare subsidies limit mothers' employment? A state-level analysis
Gendered Places
In this study, we explore the dimensions of local gender norms across U.S. commuting zones. Applying hierarchical cluster analysis with four established indicators of gender norms, we find that these local cultural environments are best conceptualized with a multilevel framework. Commuting zones can be differentiated between those that are egalitarian and those that are traditional. Within these general categories, however, exist more complex dim…
The [Human Resource Management] Revolution Will Not Be Televised
Since the late 1970s, the profession of human resource management has grown in both size and influence. The number of human resource managers in 2010 is almost twice the number that existed in 1980. Furthermore, this profession has become increasingly feminized since the 1970s—today, around 60 percent of human resource managers are women. While previous research has found that women’s presence in certain occupations can improve gender equity, the…
Remote Schooling and Mothers’ Employment During the Covid-19 Pandemic by Race, Education, and Marital Status
Public schools in the United States saw unprecedented reductions to in-person instruction during the 2020–2021 school year. Using the Elementary School Operating Status database, the American Community Survey, and the Current Population Survey, we show remote instruction was associated with reduced employment among mothers compared with fathers and women without children. The gender gap in employment between mothers and fathers grew as much as 5 …
Exclusionary attitudes toward immigrants
Research on immigration attitudes focuses on two dimensions of exclusionary preferences: those related to achieved characteristics and those related to ascribed characteristics. First, we expand this work by unpacking how individuals blend attitudes across these two dimensions. Applying latent profile analysis to a comprehensive set of exclusionary indicators from the European Social Survey in 2002 and 2014, we observe seven attitudinal configura…
The Complexity of Policy Preferences
Women's-Group Fishponds in Bangladesh
In this article, the authors assess the impact of a fish polyculture program introduced through women-only groups on the gender asset gap among households in the Jessore District of Bangladesh. The analysis is framed using gender structure theory to examine the ways individual, interactional, and macro forces shape the asset gap as a key gender equity outcome. The authors find that participation in the fishpond program, as a mechanism at the macr…
Childcare Provision in Neoliberal Times
Culture’s Gendered Consequences
Local economic conditions have been found to be highly influential in shaping patterns of gender inequality across the United States. Less attention, however, has been directed toward exploring the role of cultural characteristics, such as gender norms toward women’s leadership and family divisions of labor. Using data from the American Community Survey and the General Social Survey, we examine the relationship between local gender norms and leve…
Choosing Schools, Reproducing Family Inequality? Race, Gender, and the Negotiation of a New Domestic Task
In this article, I explore gendered patterns in the tasks parents perform when choosing a school for their children. I analyze interviews with 18 fathers and 70 mothers in Chicago and confirm patterns revealed in these interviews with descriptive trends from the 2016 American Time Use Survey. I find that white fathers are unengaged in the school choice process, while women and non-white fathers make extensive efforts involving significant amounts…
James the Just
James the Just WILLIAM J. SCARBOROUGH WILLIAM J. SCARBOROUGH Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Volume IX, Issue 4, November 1941, Pages 234–238, https://doi.org/10.1093/jaarel/IX.4.234 Published: 01 November 1941
A Collection of Addresses
A Collection of Addresses
A Collection of Addresses: This Troubled Century." The Journal of Higher Education, 20(3), pp. 166–167
The [Human Resource Management] Revolution Will Not Be Televised
Since the late 1970s, the profession of human resource management has grown in both size and influence. The number of human resource managers in 2010 is almost twice the number that existed in 1980. Furthermore, this profession has become increasingly feminized since the 1970s—today, around 60 percent of human resource managers are women. While previous research has found that women’s presence in certain occupations can improve gender equity, the…
Changes in the gender structure
As a society, we've made tremendous progress toward gender equality over the past several decades. Yet there remains significant inequality between women and men. Furthermore, when we look closely at some of the progress made toward gender equality, we find it considerably less impressive than surface appearances. In this article, we review the updated framework of Risman's (2017) gender structure theory and argue that it can help us make sense o…
Women's-Group Fishponds in Bangladesh
In this article, the authors assess the impact of a fish polyculture program introduced through women-only groups on the gender asset gap among households in the Jessore District of Bangladesh. The analysis is framed using gender structure theory to examine the ways individual, interactional, and macro forces shape the asset gap as a key gender equity outcome. The authors find that participation in the fishpond program, as a mechanism at the macr…
Handbook of the Sociology of Gender
A Relevant Pedagogy
Recently, there has been a growing interest in teaching sociology to high school students. Yet, unlike other academic fields that are well established in high school curricula, there are few well-known models of how to expose high schoolers to sociology. In this article, we assess one project designed to engage high school students with their sociological imagination through research and writing. In this project, students enrolled in a high schoo…
Feminist Twitter and Gender Attitudes
In this study, the author tests whether one form of big data, tweets about feminism, provides a useful measure of public opinion about gender. Through qualitative and naive Bayes sentiment analysis of more than 100,000 tweets, the author calculates region-, state-, and county-level Twitter sentiment toward feminism and tests how strongly these measures correlate with aggregated gender attitudes from the General Social Survey. Then, the author exa…
Attitudes and the Stalled Gender Revolution
Empirical studies show that though there is more room for improvement, much progress has been made toward gender equality since the second wave of feminism. Evidence also suggests that women's advancements have been more dramatic in the public sphere of work and politics than in the private sphere of family life. We argue that this lopsided gender progress may be traced to uneven changes in gender attitudes. Using data from more than 27,000 respo…
Choosing Schools, Reproducing Family Inequality? Race, Gender, and the Negotiation of a New Domestic Task
In this article, I explore gendered patterns in the tasks parents perform when choosing a school for their children. I analyze interviews with 18 fathers and 70 mothers in Chicago and confirm patterns revealed in these interviews with descriptive trends from the 2016 American Time Use Survey. I find that white fathers are unengaged in the school choice process, while women and non-white fathers make extensive efforts involving significant amounts…
Support of workplace diversity policies
Covid‐19 and the gender gap in work hours
School and day care closures due to the COVID-19 pandemic have increased caregiving responsibilities for working parents. As a result, many have changed their work hours to meet these growing demands. In this study, we use panel data from the US Current Population Survey to examine changes in mothers' and fathers' work hours from February through April 2020, the period of time prior to the widespread COVID-19 outbreak in the United States and thr…
Early Signs Indicate That Covid-19 Is Exacerbating Gender Inequality in the Labor Force
In this data visualization, the authors examine how the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis in the United States has affected labor force participation, unemployment, and work hours across gender and parental status. Using data from the Current Population Survey, the authors compare estimates between February and April 2020 to examine the period of time before the COVID-19 outbreak in the United States to the height of the first wave, when…
Gendered Places
In this study, we explore the dimensions of local gender norms across U.S. commuting zones. Applying hierarchical cluster analysis with four established indicators of gender norms, we find that these local cultural environments are best conceptualized with a multilevel framework. Commuting zones can be differentiated between those that are egalitarian and those that are traditional. Within these general categories, however, exist more complex dim…
The Complexity of Policy Preferences
Head Start and Families' Recovery From Economic Recession
Objective This article examines whether the availability of Head Start during the Great Recession mitigated the impact of this crisis on poverty rates among families with young children. Background The first 2 decades of the 21st century have witnessed two major economic crises: the Great Recession and the COVID‐19 pandemic. Poverty rates among families with young children grew substantially during the Great Recession. Families with young childre…
How Cultural Environments Shape Online Sentiment Toward Social Movements
This study explores the relationship between offline and online contexts in social movement discourse. We test whether local place character—the cultural reputations, values, and ideals associated with a particular location—predict support for feminism expressed on Twitter. Applying topic modeling to a unique corpus describing cities’ cultural reputations, we identify five cultural attributes of U.S. cities that constitute their place character. …
Are States Created Equal? Moving to a State With More Expensive Childcare Reduces Mothers' Odds of Employment
Married mothers who relocate are less likely to be employed after an interstate move than married childless women and nonmobile mothers. Here, we ask whether moving to a state with more expensive childcare is associated with lower odds of maternal employment among mothers who had been employed prior to relocation. We use hierarchical binomial logistic regression models, combining data from the 2015 American Community Survey five-year sample and s…
Fixing Parental Leave
The Intersection of Racial and Gender Attitudes, 1977 through 2018
Intersectionality scholars have long identified dynamic configurations of race and gender ideologies. Yet, survey research on racial and gender attitudes tends to treat these components as independent. We apply latent class analysis to a set of racial and gender attitude items from the General Social Survey (1977 to 2018) to identify four configurations of individuals' simultaneous views on race and gender. Two of these configurations hold unifie…
Shifting Inequalities? Parents' Sleep, Anxiety, and Calm during the Covid-19 Pandemic in Australia and the United States
This article examines traditional gender roles during the COVID-19 pandemic and its economic fallout as an opportunity to evaluate shifting gender dynamics amidst rapid changes in employment and domestic demands for heterosexual couples with children in Australia and the United States. The authors argue that traditional gender roles were reinforced for U.S. parents but eroded for Australian parents
How do Gender Norms and Childcare Costs Affect Maternal Employment Across US States
In this article, we investigate how state-to-state differences in U.S. childcare costs and gender norms are associated with maternal employment. Although an abundance of research has examined factors that influence mothers' employment, few studies explore the interrelationship between maternal employment and culture, policy, and individual resources across U.S. states. Using a representative sample of women in the 2017 American Community Survey a…
The Gendered Consequences of a Weak Infrastructure of Care
The COVID-19 pandemic has upended in-person public education across the United States, a critical infrastructure of care that parents-especially mothers-depend on to work. To understand the nature and magnitude of school closures across states, we collected detailed primary data-the Elementary School Operating Status database (ESOS)-to measure the percentage of school districts offering in-person, remote, and hybrid instruction models for element…
Culture’s Gendered Consequences
Local economic conditions have been found to be highly influential in shaping patterns of gender inequality across the United States. Less attention, however, has been directed toward exploring the role of cultural characteristics, such as gender norms toward women’s leadership and family divisions of labor. Using data from the American Community Survey and the General Social Survey, we examine the relationship between local gender norms and leve…
Psychology (25 works) · Sociology (25 works) · Political science (23 works) · Economics (20 works) · Demographic economics (18 works) · Gender Studies (14 works) · Social Psychology (13 works) · Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics (11 works) · Work-Family Balance Challenges (11 works) · Gender Studies (10 works)