Frederik W Rademakers
Biographic Data
| ID | 632004 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Frederik W Rademakers |
| GIVEN NAMES | Frederik W |
| FAMILY NAME | Rademakers |
| SIGNATURE | RADEMAKERS F W |
| AFFILIATIONS | British Museum |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-6036-1612 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 23 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 121 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 23 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2015 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 7 |
Ayn Soukhna (2025)
Bronze production in the Po Plain
The second half of the 2nd millennium BCE was a period of technological and economic transformation in Europe, marked by intensified metallurgical production and extensive exchange networks. Communities in the Po Plain (Northern Italy) played a pivotal role in bronze production and in mediating the diffusion of metallurgical knowledge between continental Europe and the Mediterranean. Despite significant advances in recent decades, research on met…
Crucible technology at Dangeil. New insights into Kushite copper alloy metallurgy
This paper presents an in-depth study of Meroitic metallurgical remains from the Kushite city of Dangeil (third century BCE – third century CE). An assemblage of production waste was found within the construction phase of a temple dedicated to the god Amun, consisting of crucibles, casting moulds, and other technical ceramic fragments. This was followed by an analytical study using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (with energy …
Potential and limitations of adhesive identification on museum curated metal objects
Potential to identify ancient adhesives on museum-curated metal objects. • Chemical identifications demonstrate exploitation of various adhesive materials. • Wax related conservation treatments may cause limitations in adhesive interpretation. • Iron age objects highlight combined material technologies or réseaux opératoires . In Europe, adhesives were produced and employed from the Middle Palaeolithic onwards. In the earlier periods, adhesives w…
Speiss at Amarna (Egypt, c. 1353–1336 BCE) – Exotic anachronism or cherished commodity
This paper presents the most comprehensive study of speiss from the Late Bronze Age world published so far, and the first detailed study of speiss from the Nile Valley overall. It combines the results of XRD, optical microscopy, SEM-EDS, trace element (ICP-OES and ICP-MS) and lead isotopic analysis to fully characterise two fragments of speiss from the 18th Dynasty capital Amarna in Egypt, now in the British Museum collection. This multi-analytic…
Metals and pigments at Amara West
This paper presents the results of elemental and lead isotopic analysis of copper alloys, copper-based pigments and an extremely rare tin-based alloy from the town of Amara West (Sudan), the centre for pharaonic control of occupied Upper Nubia between 1300 and 1070 BCE. It is the first assemblage of its kind to be analysed for Upper Nubia during this period. This research examines the selection and consumption of alloys in a colonial context, in …
Copper at ancient Kerma
This paper describes the first comprehensive study of metal artefacts found at ancient Kerma, Sudan. Covering a period of several millennia, it investigates the development of copper alloy recipes as well as metal provenance through the trace element and lead isotope ratio analysis of forty-eight sampled objects. These include grave goods as well as production waste related to large-scale bronze casting performed at Kerma. This study is part of a…
Re-Membering Osiris
In 1969, a unique set of Late Period bronze casting moulds was discovered at the Qubbet el-Hawa necropolis illustrating the chaîne opératoire of the lost-wax technique. Usually only mould fragments, if anything at all, remain in the archaeological record, but this assemblage presents complete examples representative of different phases of the production of solid-cast bronze artefacts. μCT scans of the moulds have revealed the existence of two ent…
Contributions of experimental archaeology to excavation and material studies
The Chaîne Opératoire of Middle Kingdom smelting batteries and the problem of fuel
Provenance reinterpretation of some early Egyptian copper alloy artefacts
An old problem in a new light
From desert ores to Middle Kingdom copper
Sasanian copper and billon coins from the collections of the Royal Museums of Art and History, Brussels, Belgium—insights using semi-quantitative analysis by μXRF
Geochemical changes during Egyptian copper smelting? An experimental approach to the Ayn Soukhna process and broader implications for archaeometallurgy
Provenancing Central African copper croisettes
Novel analytical protocols for elemental and isotopic analysis of lead coins-Sasanian lead coins as a case study
Reconstructing bronze production technology from ancient crucible slag
Copper for the afterlife in Predynastic to Old Kingdom Egypt
Copper Production and Trade in the Niari Basin (Republic of Congo) During the 13th to 19th Centuries ce
In Central Africa, copper ore occurs in only a few locations and copper appears to have been a scarce commodity in the past—contrary to iron, which is attested more widely and earlier in the sub‐Saharan archaeological record. This paper presents the first detailed characterization of an early copper‐working region in Central Africa. Located along the southern border of the Republic of the Congo, the Niari Basin has revealed several copper product…
Bronze metallurgy in the Late Phrygian settlement of Gordion, Turkey
Copper for the Pharaoh
Seeing the forest for the trees
Metallurgical crucible remains have been found in many archaeological contexts and in varying degrees of preservation. The reconstruction of metallurgical activity through the study of these remains, by means of microscopy and chemical analysis, is undertaken with the aims of understanding technological choices of ancient craftspeople, their use of different raw materials and, by extension, the organisation of production and trade. When large ass…
Copper for the Pharaoh
Geochemical changes during Egyptian copper smelting? An experimental approach to the Ayn Soukhna process and broader implications for archaeometallurgy
Copper for the afterlife in Predynastic to Old Kingdom Egypt
Bronze metallurgy in the Late Phrygian settlement of Gordion, Turkey
Seeing the forest for the trees
Metallurgical crucible remains have been found in many archaeological contexts and in varying degrees of preservation. The reconstruction of metallurgical activity through the study of these remains, by means of microscopy and chemical analysis, is undertaken with the aims of understanding technological choices of ancient craftspeople, their use of different raw materials and, by extension, the organisation of production and trade. When large ass…
Copper Production and Trade in the Niari Basin (Republic of Congo) During the 13th to 19th Centuries ce
In Central Africa, copper ore occurs in only a few locations and copper appears to have been a scarce commodity in the past—contrary to iron, which is attested more widely and earlier in the sub‐Saharan archaeological record. This paper presents the first detailed characterization of an early copper‐working region in Central Africa. Located along the southern border of the Republic of the Congo, the Niari Basin has revealed several copper product…
From desert ores to Middle Kingdom copper
Provenancing Central African copper croisettes
Novel analytical protocols for elemental and isotopic analysis of lead coins-Sasanian lead coins as a case study
Metals and pigments at Amara West
This paper presents the results of elemental and lead isotopic analysis of copper alloys, copper-based pigments and an extremely rare tin-based alloy from the town of Amara West (Sudan), the centre for pharaonic control of occupied Upper Nubia between 1300 and 1070 BCE. It is the first assemblage of its kind to be analysed for Upper Nubia during this period. This research examines the selection and consumption of alloys in a colonial context, in …
Reconstructing bronze production technology from ancient crucible slag
Speiss at Amarna (Egypt, c. 1353–1336 BCE) – Exotic anachronism or cherished commodity
This paper presents the most comprehensive study of speiss from the Late Bronze Age world published so far, and the first detailed study of speiss from the Nile Valley overall. It combines the results of XRD, optical microscopy, SEM-EDS, trace element (ICP-OES and ICP-MS) and lead isotopic analysis to fully characterise two fragments of speiss from the 18th Dynasty capital Amarna in Egypt, now in the British Museum collection. This multi-analytic…
Contributions of experimental archaeology to excavation and material studies
Seeing the forest for the trees
Metallurgical crucible remains have been found in many archaeological contexts and in varying degrees of preservation. The reconstruction of metallurgical activity through the study of these remains, by means of microscopy and chemical analysis, is undertaken with the aims of understanding technological choices of ancient craftspeople, their use of different raw materials and, by extension, the organisation of production and trade. When large ass…
Copper for the Pharaoh
Reconstructing bronze production technology from ancient crucible slag
Copper for the afterlife in Predynastic to Old Kingdom Egypt
Copper Production and Trade in the Niari Basin (Republic of Congo) During the 13th to 19th Centuries ce
In Central Africa, copper ore occurs in only a few locations and copper appears to have been a scarce commodity in the past—contrary to iron, which is attested more widely and earlier in the sub‐Saharan archaeological record. This paper presents the first detailed characterization of an early copper‐working region in Central Africa. Located along the southern border of the Republic of the Congo, the Niari Basin has revealed several copper product…
Bronze metallurgy in the Late Phrygian settlement of Gordion, Turkey
Provenancing Central African copper croisettes
Novel analytical protocols for elemental and isotopic analysis of lead coins-Sasanian lead coins as a case study
Sasanian copper and billon coins from the collections of the Royal Museums of Art and History, Brussels, Belgium—insights using semi-quantitative analysis by μXRF
Geochemical changes during Egyptian copper smelting? An experimental approach to the Ayn Soukhna process and broader implications for archaeometallurgy
Contributions of experimental archaeology to excavation and material studies
The Chaîne Opératoire of Middle Kingdom smelting batteries and the problem of fuel
Provenance reinterpretation of some early Egyptian copper alloy artefacts
An old problem in a new light
From desert ores to Middle Kingdom copper
Copper at ancient Kerma
This paper describes the first comprehensive study of metal artefacts found at ancient Kerma, Sudan. Covering a period of several millennia, it investigates the development of copper alloy recipes as well as metal provenance through the trace element and lead isotope ratio analysis of forty-eight sampled objects. These include grave goods as well as production waste related to large-scale bronze casting performed at Kerma. This study is part of a…
Re-Membering Osiris
In 1969, a unique set of Late Period bronze casting moulds was discovered at the Qubbet el-Hawa necropolis illustrating the chaîne opératoire of the lost-wax technique. Usually only mould fragments, if anything at all, remain in the archaeological record, but this assemblage presents complete examples representative of different phases of the production of solid-cast bronze artefacts. μCT scans of the moulds have revealed the existence of two ent…
Metals and pigments at Amara West
This paper presents the results of elemental and lead isotopic analysis of copper alloys, copper-based pigments and an extremely rare tin-based alloy from the town of Amara West (Sudan), the centre for pharaonic control of occupied Upper Nubia between 1300 and 1070 BCE. It is the first assemblage of its kind to be analysed for Upper Nubia during this period. This research examines the selection and consumption of alloys in a colonial context, in …
Speiss at Amarna (Egypt, c. 1353–1336 BCE) – Exotic anachronism or cherished commodity
This paper presents the most comprehensive study of speiss from the Late Bronze Age world published so far, and the first detailed study of speiss from the Nile Valley overall. It combines the results of XRD, optical microscopy, SEM-EDS, trace element (ICP-OES and ICP-MS) and lead isotopic analysis to fully characterise two fragments of speiss from the 18th Dynasty capital Amarna in Egypt, now in the British Museum collection. This multi-analytic…
Potential and limitations of adhesive identification on museum curated metal objects
Potential to identify ancient adhesives on museum-curated metal objects. • Chemical identifications demonstrate exploitation of various adhesive materials. • Wax related conservation treatments may cause limitations in adhesive interpretation. • Iron age objects highlight combined material technologies or réseaux opératoires . In Europe, adhesives were produced and employed from the Middle Palaeolithic onwards. In the earlier periods, adhesives w…
Ayn Soukhna (2025)
Bronze production in the Po Plain
The second half of the 2nd millennium BCE was a period of technological and economic transformation in Europe, marked by intensified metallurgical production and extensive exchange networks. Communities in the Po Plain (Northern Italy) played a pivotal role in bronze production and in mediating the diffusion of metallurgical knowledge between continental Europe and the Mediterranean. Despite significant advances in recent decades, research on met…
Crucible technology at Dangeil. New insights into Kushite copper alloy metallurgy
This paper presents an in-depth study of Meroitic metallurgical remains from the Kushite city of Dangeil (third century BCE – third century CE). An assemblage of production waste was found within the construction phase of a temple dedicated to the god Amun, consisting of crucibles, casting moulds, and other technical ceramic fragments. This was followed by an analytical study using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (with energy …
Archaeology (18 works) · Archaeology and ancient environmental studies (17 works) · Materials Science (15 works) · Metallurgy (14 works) · Cultural Heritage Materials Analysis (12 works) · Metallurgy and Cultural Artifacts (12 works) · Bronze (10 works) · Geography (10 works) · Geology (10 works) · History (10 works)