Patricia A Frazier
Biographic Data
| ID | 650242 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Patricia A Frazier |
| GIVEN NAMES | Patricia A |
| FAMILY NAME | Frazier |
| SIGNATURE | FRAZIER P A |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Minnesota |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-6345-8578 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 50 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 670 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 50 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1985 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 8 |
The Gender-Based Public Harassment Checklist (GBPH-C)
Gender-based public harassment (GBPH) encompasses a wide variety of behaviors (e.g. commenting, touching, following) enacted by strangers in public places and is likely motivated by targets’ perceived gender, sexual orientation, and/or gender expression. Previous research has suggested that rates of GBPH in the United States (US) are elevated among women; those who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, or of other marginalized genders/s…
Public Harassment of Runners in the United States
We investigated runners’ experiences of public harassment and the association between gender and sexual orientation and harassment. We hypothesized that cisgender women and LGBQ+ individuals would report more harassment, fear of harassment, and behavioral changes than cisgender men and straight individuals. Adult United States runners ( N = 1,645, primarily cisgender women) completed an online survey assessing lifetime and past-year experiences o…
Disclosing Past Adult Sexual Assault to Romantic Partners
The primary aim of the current mixed-method study was to examine factors that predict adult sexual assault disclosure in romantic relationships and understand how romantic partners respond if survivors choose to disclose their experiences to them. Sexual assault survivors ( N = 330; 93% cisgender women) completed online surveys assessing disclosure and various factors that might be associated with disclosure, and described how their partner respo…
Associations between sexual assault and romantic relationship functioning
Background: Research on the relation between sexual assault (SA) and romantic functioning has yielded inconsistent results. The goals of the current studies were to examine this association while addressing limitations of past research; assessing revictimization, multiple victimization, and assault timing; and examining whether this association was moderated by neuroticism, attachment orientations, or perceived partner responsiveness. Design and …
Correlates of peer classroom connectedness among undergraduate women in STEM
Women are underrepresented in physical science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (pSTEM) at the undergraduate level and beyond, and there is mounting evidence that such disparities are driven by cultural and environmental influences. This study explored one underresearched environmental context—perceptions of peer connectedness within the STEM classroom—and its concurrent and longitudinal relations with outcomes of importance for undergra…
Predictors of Sexual Harassment Using Classification and Regression Tree Analyses and Hurdle Models
Sexual harassment affects a large percentage of higher education students in the US. A previous study identified several risk factors for sexual harassment using hurdle models and classification and regression tree (CART) analyses. The purpose of the present study was to assess the robustness of these findings by replicating the analyses with a new sample of students. Secondary data analysis was conducted using data from 9,552 students from two- …
Post‐traumatic growth as positive personality change
OBJECTIVE: Post-traumatic growth typically refers to enduring positive psychological change experienced as a result of adversity, trauma, or highly challenging life circumstances. Critics have challenged insights from much of the prior research on this topic, pinpointing its significant methodological limitations. In response to these critiques, we propose that post-traumatic growth can be more accurately captured in terms of personality change-a…
Identifying Correlates of Peer and Faculty/Staff Sexual Harassment in US Students
Sexual harassment and its negative consequences continue to affect a large percentage of higher education students in the US. Previous research has identified a limited number of harassment risk factors, and has generally not examined them in combination. In this study, an expanded set of individual, relationship, and community-level risk factors were examined using hurdle models and classification and regression tree (CART) analyses to identify …
Identity disruption and its association with mental health among veterans with reintegration difficulty
Most research and theory on identity integration focuses on adolescents and young adults under age 30, and relatively little is known about how identity adjusts to major life events later in life. The purpose of the present study was to operationalize and investigate identity disruption , or a loss of temporal identity integration following a disruptive life event, within the developmental context of established adulthood and midlife. We used a m…
Online expressive writing intervention for reintegration difficulties among veterans
Analyses revealed several subgroups with unique patterns of change. Non-therapist-assisted expressive writing may be most suitable for veterans with less complex psychosocial problems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
An Assessment of Long-Term Physical and Emotional Quality of Life of Persons Injured on 9/11/2001
Fifteen years after the disaster, the World Trade Center Health Registry (Registry) conducted The Health and Quality of Life Survey (HQoL) assessing physical and mental health status among those who reported sustaining an injury on 11 September 2001 compared with non-injured persons. Summary scores derived from the Short Form-12 served as study outcomes. United States (US) population estimates on the Physical Component Score (PCS-12) and Mental C…
Comparing life satisfaction and functioning 15 years after September 11, 2001 among survivors with and without injuries
What Are Nervous Systems For
An underlying bias of contemporary cognitive science is that the brain and nervous system are in the business of carrying out computations and building representations. Gibson’s ecological approach, in contrast, is decidedly noncomputational and nonrepresentational. How, then, are we to construe the role of brain and nervous system? We consider this question against the backdrop of evidence for rich achievements in perception and action by agents…
A Review of Research on Moral Injury in Combat Veterans
The moral injury construct has been proposed to describe the suffering some veterans experience when they engage in acts during combat that violate their beliefs about their own goodness or the goodness of the world. These experiences are labeled transgressive acts to identify them as potentially traumatic experiences distinct from the fear-based traumas associated with posttraumatic stress disorder. The goal of this article was to review empiric…
Identity adjustment among Afghanistan and Iraq war veterans with reintegration difficulty
Identity adjustment is a critical yet understudied aspect of veteran reintegration into community life following combat deployment. (PsycINFO Database Record
Mediators of the relation between sexual victimization and distress
The purposes of this research were (a) to examine relationship quality and neuroticism as mediators of the relation between past sexual victimization and current distress in 2 samples of college students and (b) to examine the specificity of the mediated effects by assessing whether these variables also mediated the relation between the most common potentially traumatic event in both samples (past bereavement) and current distress. This study imp…
Using Group-Based Trajectory and Growth Mixture Modeling to Identify Classes of Change Trajectories
Many issues of interest to counseling psychologists involve questions regarding how individuals change over time. Although counseling psychologists often examine average levels of change, statistical methods can also identify patterns of change over time by empirically grouping together individuals with similar patterns of change (e.g., group-based trajectory modeling and latent growth mixture modeling). The purpose of this article is to provide …
Psychological and sociocultural adjustment of first-year international students
Despite the increasing number of international students in U.S. universities, the temporal course of international students' adjustment has not been adequately tested, and only 1 study to date has examined multiple trajectories of adjustment. Therefore, the first goal of the current study was to explore multiple trajectories of adjustment among first-year international students using a broader range of adjustment measures (i.e., psychological dis…
Trajectories of posttraumatic growth and depreciation after two major earthquakes
This study examined trajectories of posttraumatic growth or depreciation (i.e., positive or negative life change) in personal strength and relationships after 2 major earthquakes in Canterbury, New Zealand using group-based trajectory modeling. Participants completed questionnaires regarding posttraumatic growth or depreciation in personal strength and relationship domains 1 month after the first earthquake in September 2010 (N = 185) and 3 month…
Changes in functioning following potentially traumatic life events in college students
A longitudinal study of demographic factors associated with stressors and symptoms in African refugees
The objectives of this study were to assess differences in premigration, transit, and resettlement stressor exposure and post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms as a function of demographic characteristics (i.e., gender, ethnicity, age, time in United States) and to examine the concurrent and longitudinal relations between stressor exposure and PTSD symptoms. The sample consisted of adult (18-78 years) Somali and Oromo refugee men and wome…
Psychometric evaluation of the eating disorder examination and eating disorder examination‐questionnaire
The relation between trauma exposure and prosocial behavior
Prospective predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms
Perceived past, present, and future control and adjustment to stressful life events
Perceived control is a central construct in psychology and is key to understanding individual differences in poststress outcomes (Frazier, Berman, & Steward, 2001). The goals of the current studies (using 4 samples of undergraduate students, total N = 1,421) were to examine the relations between different aspects of perceived control and poststress outcomes and to differentiate perceived control over specific events from related constructs (i.e.,…
The meaning in life questionnaire
Counseling psychologists often work with clients to increase their well-being as well as to decrease their distress. One important aspect of well-being, highlighted particularly in humanistic theories of the counseling process, is perceived meaning in life. However, poor measurement has hampered research on meaning in life. In 3 studies, evidence is provided for the internal consistency, temporal stability, factor structure, and validity of the M…
Vicarious Trauma
The primary purpose of this study was to assess the effects on counselors of working with sexual violence survivors. Members of a women psychologists' organization and a group of sexual violence counselors completed questionnaires regarding the extent of their work with survivors and their psychological functioning. Counselors who had a higher percentage of survivors in their caseload reported more disrupted beliefs, (particularly about the goodn…
Correlates of Relationship Beliefs
The purposes of this study were to (a) assess the role of gender, gender-related personality attributes, age and relationship experience in explaining individual differences in relationship beliefs; (b) test various explanations of gender differences in relationship beliefs; and (c) examine correlates of relationship satisfaction for men and women. Subjects (N = 337), who ranged in age from 19 to 47, completed questionnaires assessing relationshi…
Correlates of Distress Following Heterosexual Relationship Dissolution
The purpose of this study was to examine correlates of initial distress and current recovery among individuals who have experienced the breakup of a dating relationship, including factors associated with commitment to the relationship (i.e. satisfaction, duration, closeness, perceived alternatives) and factors associated with coping with life stressors (i.e. perceptions of the controllability of the breakup, social support and self-esteem). Parti…
Predictors of Responses to Unwanted Sexual Attention
Data were collected from 4,011 male and female university students, faculty, and staff regarding responses to unwanted sexual attention. Women and undergraduate students reported the highest incidence of unwanted sexual attention; most harassers were peers. Ignoring the behavior was the most common response, followed by avoiding the harasser and talking to others about the harassment. Harassment severity was the strongest predictor of responses, …
Desire for Marriage and Life Satisfaction among Unmarried Heterosexual Adults
The purpose of this study was to examine factors that may underlie current marriage trends. A community sample of 217 unmarried adults aged over 30 years was surveyed regarding their reasons for being single, desire for marriage and life satisfaction. Results suggest, first, that unmarried adults attribute being single to both barriers and choices. Second, men desire marriage more than do women and the never-married want to marry more than the di…
Victim attributions and post-rape trauma
This study assessed (a) the kinds of attributions victims make, (b) whether behavioral and characterological self-blame are associated with other variables as hypothesized (e.g., perception of future avoidability of being raped), and (c) whether behavioral self-blame is associated with better post-rape adjustment (Janoff-Bulman, 1979). Attributions and adjustment were assessed in a sample of adult female rape victims seen at a hospital-based rape…
Perceived control and distress following sexual assault
Longitudinal data were collected from female sexual assault survivors (N = 171) at 4 points postassault. Consistent with the predictions of the temporal model (P. Frazier, M. Berman, & J. Steward, 2002), past, present, and future control were differentially related to posttrauma distress. Both personal past (behavioral self-blame) and vicarious past (rapist blame) control were associated with higher distress levels. In addition, the belief that f…
Using Group-Based Trajectory and Growth Mixture Modeling to Identify Classes of Change Trajectories
Many issues of interest to counseling psychologists involve questions regarding how individuals change over time. Although counseling psychologists often examine average levels of change, statistical methods can also identify patterns of change over time by empirically grouping together individuals with similar patterns of change (e.g., group-based trajectory modeling and latent growth mixture modeling). The purpose of this article is to provide …
Identity disruption and its association with mental health among veterans with reintegration difficulty
Most research and theory on identity integration focuses on adolescents and young adults under age 30, and relatively little is known about how identity adjusts to major life events later in life. The purpose of the present study was to operationalize and investigate identity disruption , or a loss of temporal identity integration following a disruptive life event, within the developmental context of established adulthood and midlife. We used a m…
Social Science Research on Lay Definitions of Sexual Harassment
This article critically reviews social science research relevant to lay people defining sexual harassment, including research on what behaviors are considered harassing, the effects of harasser status on perceptions of harassment, and gender differences in definitions of sexual harassment. Included in this review are data from a previously unpublished study of definitions of sexual harassment among a sample of over 4000 students, faculty, and sta…
Research on the Sexual Victimization of Women
The mental health effects of victimization of women comprise one of five priority research areas identified by the National Institute of Mental Health. However, little attention has been paid to this issue in counseling research. In this article, we review research on the prevalence and effects of three types of victimization of women: child sexual abuse, sexual assault, and sexual harassment. This research suggests that victimization is quite co…
Perceived past, present, and future control and adjustment to stressful life events
Perceived control is a central construct in psychology and is key to understanding individual differences in poststress outcomes (Frazier, Berman, & Steward, 2001). The goals of the current studies (using 4 samples of undergraduate students, total N = 1,421) were to examine the relations between different aspects of perceived control and poststress outcomes and to differentiate perceived control over specific events from related constructs (i.e.,…
Associations between sexual assault and romantic relationship functioning
Background: Research on the relation between sexual assault (SA) and romantic functioning has yielded inconsistent results. The goals of the current studies were to examine this association while addressing limitations of past research; assessing revictimization, multiple victimization, and assault timing; and examining whether this association was moderated by neuroticism, attachment orientations, or perceived partner responsiveness. Design and …
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Applying Social Psychological Theory to Counseling
What Can Counseling Psychology Contribute to the Study of Optimal Human Functioning
In their reaction to the Major Contribution, the authors outline four specific research areas where counseling psychologists could make particularly important contributions: (a) the study of multicultural aspects of optimal human functioning, (b) self-efficacy and well-being, (c) positive interpersonal relationship processes, and (c) meaning in life
Identifying Correlates of Peer and Faculty/Staff Sexual Harassment in US Students
Sexual harassment and its negative consequences continue to affect a large percentage of higher education students in the US. Previous research has identified a limited number of harassment risk factors, and has generally not examined them in combination. In this study, an expanded set of individual, relationship, and community-level risk factors were examined using hurdle models and classification and regression tree (CART) analyses to identify …
Public Harassment of Runners in the United States
We investigated runners’ experiences of public harassment and the association between gender and sexual orientation and harassment. We hypothesized that cisgender women and LGBQ+ individuals would report more harassment, fear of harassment, and behavioral changes than cisgender men and straight individuals. Adult United States runners ( N = 1,645, primarily cisgender women) completed an online survey assessing lifetime and past-year experiences o…
Disclosing Past Adult Sexual Assault to Romantic Partners
The primary aim of the current mixed-method study was to examine factors that predict adult sexual assault disclosure in romantic relationships and understand how romantic partners respond if survivors choose to disclose their experiences to them. Sexual assault survivors ( N = 330; 93% cisgender women) completed online surveys assessing disclosure and various factors that might be associated with disclosure, and described how their partner respo…
Rape trauma syndrome evidence in court
Rape trauma syndrome evidence in court
Victim attributions and post-rape trauma
This study assessed (a) the kinds of attributions victims make, (b) whether behavioral and characterological self-blame are associated with other variables as hypothesized (e.g., perception of future avoidability of being raped), and (c) whether behavioral self-blame is associated with better post-rape adjustment (Janoff-Bulman, 1979). Attributions and adjustment were assessed in a sample of adult female rape victims seen at a hospital-based rape…
Correlates of Relationship Beliefs
The purposes of this study were to (a) assess the role of gender, gender-related personality attributes, age and relationship experience in explaining individual differences in relationship beliefs; (b) test various explanations of gender differences in relationship beliefs; and (c) examine correlates of relationship satisfaction for men and women. Subjects (N = 337), who ranged in age from 19 to 47, completed questionnaires assessing relationshi…
Research on the Sexual Victimization of Women
The mental health effects of victimization of women comprise one of five priority research areas identified by the National Institute of Mental Health. However, little attention has been paid to this issue in counseling research. In this article, we review research on the prevalence and effects of three types of victimization of women: child sexual abuse, sexual assault, and sexual harassment. This research suggests that victimization is quite co…
Correlates of Distress Following Heterosexual Relationship Dissolution
The purpose of this study was to examine correlates of initial distress and current recovery among individuals who have experienced the breakup of a dating relationship, including factors associated with commitment to the relationship (i.e. satisfaction, duration, closeness, perceived alternatives) and factors associated with coping with life stressors (i.e. perceptions of the controllability of the breakup, social support and self-esteem). Parti…
Vicarious Trauma
The primary purpose of this study was to assess the effects on counselors of working with sexual violence survivors. Members of a women psychologists' organization and a group of sexual violence counselors completed questionnaires regarding the extent of their work with survivors and their psychological functioning. Counselors who had a higher percentage of survivors in their caseload reported more disrupted beliefs, (particularly about the goodn…
Social Science Research on Lay Definitions of Sexual Harassment
This article critically reviews social science research relevant to lay people defining sexual harassment, including research on what behaviors are considered harassing, the effects of harasser status on perceptions of harassment, and gender differences in definitions of sexual harassment. Included in this review are data from a previously unpublished study of definitions of sexual harassment among a sample of over 4000 students, faculty, and sta…
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Applying Social Psychological Theory to Counseling
Sexual assault cases in the legal system
The purposes of this study were to assess (a) the extent of attrition in the processing of sexual assault cases in the legal systems, (b) factors associated with attrition at various stages in the process, and (c) victims' experiences in the legal system and the relations between these experiences and recovery. Our results suggest that substantial attrition continues to occur in the prosecution of rape cases, that more severe assaults are prosecu…
Adult attachment style and partner choice
Three studies were conducted to assess the role of attachment style in partner selection using both correlational and experimental methods. Study 1 (n = 83 couples) assessed correlations between partner ratings on attachment‐style dimensions and the relations between own and partner attachment style and relationship satisfaction. In Study 2 (n = 226) and Study 3 (n = 146), participants who varied in terms of attachment style rated the desirabilit…
Desire for Marriage and Life Satisfaction among Unmarried Heterosexual Adults
The purpose of this study was to examine factors that may underlie current marriage trends. A community sample of 217 unmarried adults aged over 30 years was surveyed regarding their reasons for being single, desire for marriage and life satisfaction. Results suggest, first, that unmarried adults attribute being single to both barriers and choices. Second, men desire marriage more than do women and the never-married want to marry more than the di…
Predictors of Responses to Unwanted Sexual Attention
Data were collected from 4,011 male and female university students, faculty, and staff regarding responses to unwanted sexual attention. Women and undergraduate students reported the highest incidence of unwanted sexual attention; most harassers were peers. Ignoring the behavior was the most common response, followed by avoiding the harasser and talking to others about the harassment. Harassment severity was the strongest predictor of responses, …
The use of religious coping during stressful life events
Positive and negative life changes following sexual assault.
“I’ll never be in a relationship like that again”
This study investigated the prevalence and correlates of personal growth and distress following romantic relationship breakups. Causal attributions for why the relationship declined and ended, personality factors, gender, and initiator status were examined as correlates of growth and distress in 92 undergraduates who had experienced a recent romantic relationship breakup. In regard to the prevalence of growth, respondents reported, on average, fi…
Perceived control and distress following sexual assault
Longitudinal data were collected from female sexual assault survivors (N = 171) at 4 points postassault. Consistent with the predictions of the temporal model (P. Frazier, M. Berman, & J. Steward, 2002), past, present, and future control were differentially related to posttrauma distress. Both personal past (behavioral self-blame) and vicarious past (rapist blame) control were associated with higher distress levels. In addition, the belief that f…
Testing Moderator and Mediator Effects in Counseling Psychology Research.
The goals of this article are to (a) describe differences between moderator and mediator effects; (b) provide nontechnical descriptions of how to examine each type of effect, including study design, analysis, and interpretation of results; (c) demonstrate how to analyze each type of effect; and (d) provide suggestions for further reading. The authors focus on the use of multiple regression because it is an accessible data-analytic technique conta…
Meaning in Life
Meaning in life has been identified as a potential mediator of the link between religiousness and psychological health. The authors tested this hypothesis in 2 studies, using multiple methods and measures of religiousness and well-being. In the studies, meaning in life mediated the relation between religiousness and life satisfaction (Study 1A), as well as self-esteem and optimism (Study 1B). In addition, using an experience sampling method, the …
What Can Counseling Psychology Contribute to the Study of Optimal Human Functioning
In their reaction to the Major Contribution, the authors outline four specific research areas where counseling psychologists could make particularly important contributions: (a) the study of multicultural aspects of optimal human functioning, (b) self-efficacy and well-being, (c) positive interpersonal relationship processes, and (c) meaning in life
The meaning in life questionnaire
Counseling psychologists often work with clients to increase their well-being as well as to decrease their distress. One important aspect of well-being, highlighted particularly in humanistic theories of the counseling process, is perceived meaning in life. However, poor measurement has hampered research on meaning in life. In 3 studies, evidence is provided for the internal consistency, temporal stability, factor structure, and validity of the M…
Does Self-Reported Posttraumatic Growth Reflect Genuine Positive Change?
In this study, we evaluated the validity of self-reported posttraumatic growth (PTG) by assessing the relation between perceived growth and actual growth from pre- to posttrauma. Undergraduate students completed measures tapping typical PTG domains at Time 1 and Time 2 (2 months later). We compared change in those measures with scores on the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI; Tedeschi & Calhoun, 1996 ) for those participants who reported a tra…
Reintegration Problems and Treatment Interests Among Iraq and Afghanistan Combat Veterans Receiving VA Medical Care
OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were to describe the prevalence and types of community reintegration problems among Iraq and Afghanistan combat veterans who receive U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) medical care, identify interests in interventions or information to promote readjustment to community life, and explore associations between probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and reintegration problems and treatment interest…
Moderators of the relation between perceived and actual posttraumatic growth
The Venona Project and Cold War Espionage
On June 19, 1953, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were put to death in the electric chair. Their crime? Conspiracy. Convicted of providing atomic secrets to the Soviet Union, the Rosenbergs were the only people put to death in the United States for espionage during the Cold War. The Rosenberg case illuminates a highly charged debate on recently declassified U. S. government records that bear on the subject of Cold War espionage—the Venona documents. U…
Psychology (46 works) · Social Psychology (32 works) · Clinical Psychology (30 works) · Social Psychology (19 works) · Clinical Psychology (18 works) · Developmental psychology (18 works) · Medicine (15 works) · Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research (14 works) · Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies (13 works) · Attachment and Relationship Dynamics (11 works)