Fitzpatrick
Biographic Data
| ID | 69723 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Fitzpatrick |
| FAMILY NAME | Fitzpatrick |
| SIGNATURE | FITZPATRICK |
| AFFILIATIONS | The University of Sydney |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-9934-7535 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 84 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 354 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 84 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1971 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2024 |
| H-INDEX | 11 |
Lost Souls
A vivid history of how Cold War politics helped solve one of the twentieth century’s biggest refugee crises When World War II ended, about one million people whom the Soviet Union claimed as its citizens were outside the borders of the USSR, mostly in the Western-occupied zones of Germany and Austria. These “displaced persons,” or DPs—Russians, prewar Soviet citizens, and people from West Ukraine and the Baltic states forcibly incorporated into t…
An appreciation of Katherine Verdery's My life as a spy
As a foreign anthropologist in Romania in the 1970s and ’80s, Katherine Verdery was under observation by the secret police. Later, having obtained her files, she put the secret police under her own ethnographic observation. Her analyses are examined in this article
The Women's Side of the Story
Migration of Jewish “Displaced Persons” from Europe to Australia after the Second World War
Post‐war Jewish immigration from Europe to Australia has been much discussed in the scholarship, primarily with reference to the question of discriminatory (anti‐semitic) intention on the part of the Australian government and the Department of Immigration bureaucracy. The assumption has often been made that the existence of discriminatory policy and practices necessarily led to a reduction in the number of Jewish migrants entering Australia. Usin…
The prodigals’ return
After the end of mass (often forced) repatriation of Soviet “displaced persons” (DPs) from Europe after World War II, the Soviet Union continued to press its citizens to return, and some thousands did so each year up until the early 1950s. While the numbers involved were small, the process is of great interest to the historian because, after successfully passing through filtration, the repatriates were interviewed and spoke remarkably freely of t…
Russians in the jungle
In 1949, Australia took in over 1300 ‘White Russians’ ... from China. They had been evacuated to the Philippines island of Tubabao by the International Refugee Organization (IRO) from Shanghai to escape the advancing Communists. This was a surprising move on Australia’s part, given longstanding suspicions of Shanghai’s Russian and Jewish community on grounds of immorality and political unreliability and the large-scale commitments Australia had a…
Anti-Communism in Australian Immigration Policies 1947–54
This article assesses the role of anti-Communism in Australia’s postwar immigration policy in the years before the Petrov affair, with particular reference to the entry of Russians and Russian-speaking Jews from Europe and China. Our discussion focuses on the Department of Immigration under Arthur Calwell and his successor, Harold Holt, and the security agency, ASIO. We conclude that policy in this sphere was essentially bipartisan, and that anti…
The ABC of communism revisited
The Motherland Calls
The Allies agreed at Yalta in February 1945 on the speedy repatriation of all persons displaced in the course of the Second World War, despite worrying signs that some Soviet prisoners of war (POWs) and forced laborers would resist return to their homeland. From the Soviet standpoint, repatriation of all Soviet citizens, whether they wanted it or not, was nonnegotiable. Over 4 million POWs and other displaced persons (DPs) were duly dispatched to…
The Tramp's Tale
Anastasia Egorova was a one-legged Russian tramp whose wanderings took her all over the Soviet Union in the 1920s-1940s. At the end of the Second World War, she decided to see the world, and successfully crossed the Western border in 1945, claiming to be Polish. Travelling on to Italy, she found refuge in a psychiatric hospital and stayed there for four years, until Soviet officials looking for repatriation prospects came by and offered her free …
Soviet Repatriation Efforts among “Displaced Persons” Resettled in Australia, 1950-53
In the early 1950s, the Soviet Union made great efforts to persuade its former citizens among the “displaced persons” (DPs) resettled in Australia after the war to repatriate. They sent two undercover military intelligence men to Canberra to identify DPs who might be interested in returning, offer them free passages, and organize the repatriation. The result was a paltry dozen repatriations, out of the estimated 50,000 eligible DPs resettled in A…
Celebrating (or Not) The Russian Revolution
The Russian Revolution has long been a subject of controversy among Russian/Soviet historians, both in the West and Russia/the Soviet Union. Now that the centenary has arrived, conferences are being held widely in Europe and the Americas, but less widely in the Russian Federation. For Putin’s regime, with its ambiguous relationship to the Soviet past, the centenary of the Russian Revolution is something of an embarrassment. An attempt to celebrat…
James Heinzen. The Art of the Bribe
Endemic corruption in the Soviet Union is usually associated with the Brezhnev period, with the assumption that nothing of the kind could have existed under Stalin because it would simply have been too dangerous. In The Art of the Bribe: Corruption under Stalin, 1943–1953, James Heinzen shows that this assumption is wrong, and that the giving and taking of bribes became a major problem in the administrative and judicial system in the postwar peri…
Mark Sandle, Igor Cașu, Leonid Brezhnev in Moldavia, 1950-52
This is the first article dealing specifically with Brezhnev in Soviet Moldavia. The article draws mainly on recently disclosed files from the Archive of the Social-Political Organizations of the Republic of Moldova, the former archive of the Central Committee of Communist Party of Moldavia. The authors are trying to understand the importance of the period when Brezhnev served as First Secretary of Central Committee of Moldavia from 1950 to 1952 …
Displaced Persons from the Soviet Union to Australia in the Wake of the Second World War
The ‘displaced persons’ (DPs) from Eastern Europe, including the Soviet Union, whom Australia took in as immigrants under the mass resettlement scheme after the Second World War, dramatically changed the country’s immigration patterns and demography. They paved the way for further diversity to come. There is a growing scholarly literature on displaced persons (DPs) after World War II, both in general and with reference to their postwar resettleme…
Determined to get on’
Millions of people were displaced as a result of the Second World War. Most were repatriated, but a ‘hard core’ of almost a million refused repatriation, awaiting resettlement outside Europe. These included many from the Baltic states, forcibly incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1940. The essay presents a case study of three Latvians who found themselves in displaced persons’ (DP) camps in Germany after the war and ultimately settled in the Un…
Impact of the Opening of Soviet Archives on Western Scholarship on Soviet Social History
The opening of formerly closed and classified archives following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 was a remarkable experience for historians working in this field. Our data base abruptly expanded in a quantum leap, changing our situation from one roughly comparable to that of researchers on early modern Europe (working with the limited range of sources generated by a relatively unambitious state with a small literate population) to that o…
Things Under Socialism
The unequal distribution of things was one of the basic iniquities of capitalism. Coupled with confidence in future abundance was the recognition that, for the short term, in the wake of the Russian Revolution and before the ‘building of socialism’ had been completed, things might be tough and goods scarce. So the immediate Revolutionary task was to ensure that those who had formerly been poor in goods became rich, and vice versa. The challenge f…
The Question of Social Support for Collectivization
There was support for the Soviet project in the Russian village (as well as opposition to it) in the 1920s. But then came collectivization, and all internal support apparently vanished – at any rate, it finds no reflection either in the historiography or in recently-published archival documents. This essay argues that support for collectivization did indeed exist in the Russian at the end of the 1920s, but that much of that support had a built-in…
Beyond Totalitarianism
In essays written jointly by specialists on Soviet and German history, the contributors to this book rethink and rework the nature of Stalinism and Nazism and establish a new methodology for viewing their histories that goes well beyond the now-outdated twentieth-century models of totalitarianism, ideology, and personality. Doing the labor of comparison gives us the means to ascertain the historicity of the two extraordinary regimes and the wreck…
Foreigners Observed
Revisionism in Retrospect
This is a participant's account of the movement in Soviet history during the 1970s and 1980s known as "revisionism," which Sheila Fitzpatrick understands as an iconoclastic challenge by social historians to the dominance in Sovietology of political scientists and the totalitarian model. Particular attention is paid to the debates on the nature of Stalinism, which in the context of the Cold War became highly politicized and bitterly polemical, as …
Revisionism in Soviet History
This essay is an account of the "revisionism" movement of the 1970s and 1980s in Soviet history, analyzing its challenge to the totalitarian model in terms of Kuhnian paradigm shift. The focus is on revisionism of the Stalin period, an area that was particularly highly charged by the passions of the Cold War. These passions tended to obscure the fact that one of the main issues at stake was not ideological but purely disciplinary, namely a challe…
Social parasites
Parasites sociaux : comment les vagabonds, la jeunesse oisive et les entrepreneurs entravèrent la marche de l’Union soviétique vers le communismeL’article étudie la législation soviétique contre les parasites en vigueur à l’époque de Hruščev, notamment la loi du 4 mai 1961. Après un historique rapide de la législation soviétique visant les marginaux, il explore le lent processus d’élaboration de la loi contre le parasitisme, -- il dura quatre ans…
Tear Off the Masks
When revolutions happen, they change the rules of everyday life--both the codified rules concerning the social and legal classifications of citizens and the unwritten rules about how individuals present themselves to others. This occurred in Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, which laid the foundations of the Soviet state, and again in 1991, when that state collapsed. Tear Off the Masks! is about the remaking of identities in these ti…
Supplicants and Citizens
Which one of us had never written letters to the supreme powers...If they are preserved, these mountains of letters will be a veritable treasure trove for historians." So wrote Nadezhda Mandelstam, always a sharp-eyed anthropologist of Soviet everyday life. Historians who have encountered this treasure trove in Soviet archives newly opened over the past few years are likely to agree. The great volume of public letter-writing-the "mountains" of co…
Stalin and the Making of a New Elite, 1928-1939
Cadres decide everything," Stalin proclaimed in 1935. The slogan is familiar, as is the image of Stalin as a politician skilled in the selection and deployment of personnel. But who were his cadres? The literature on the prewar Stalin period tells us little even about his closest political associates, let alone those one step down the political hierarchy-Central Committee members, people's commissars and their deputies, obkom secretaries-or in ke…
Ascribing Class
Tear Off the Masks
When revolutions happen, they change the rules of everyday life--both the codified rules concerning the social and legal classifications of citizens and the unwritten rules about how individuals present themselves to others. This occurred in Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, which laid the foundations of the Soviet state, and again in 1991, when that state collapsed. Tear Off the Masks! is about the remaking of identities in these ti…
Cultural Revolution in Russia 1928-32
Everyday Stalinism
Here is a pioneering account of everyday life under Stalin, written by one of our foremost authorities on modern Russian history. Focusing on urban areas in the 1930s, Sheila Fitzpatrick shows that with the adoption of collectivization and the first Five-Year Plan, everyday life was utterly transformed. With the abolition of the market, shortages of food, clothing, and all kinds of consumer goods became endemic. As peasants fled the collectivized…
Revisionism in Retrospect
This is a participant's account of the movement in Soviet history during the 1970s and 1980s known as "revisionism," which Sheila Fitzpatrick understands as an iconoclastic challenge by social historians to the dominance in Sovietology of political scientists and the totalitarian model. Particular attention is paid to the debates on the nature of Stalinism, which in the context of the Cold War became highly politicized and bitterly polemical, as …
The Cultural Front
When Lenin asked, "Who will beat whom?" ( Kto kogo ?), he had no plan to wage revolutionary class war in culture. Many young Communists thought differently, however. Seeking in the name of the proletariat to wrest "cultural hegemony" from the intelligentsia, they turned culture into a battlefield in the 1920s. But was this, as Communist militants thought, a genuine class struggle between "proletarian" Communists and the "bourgeois" intelligentsia…
Culture and Politics Under Stalin
Much is known about Soviet cultural life under Stalin. It has been described in a large memoir literature which, whether published in the Soviet Union or the West, basically expresses the viewpoint of the old Russian intelligentsia and tends to be a literature of moral protest, either against the Soviet regime as such or against the abuses of the Stalin period. There is an equally impressive body of Western scholarly literature analyzing the synd…
The Commissariat of Enlightenment. Soviet Organization of Education and the Arts under Lunacharsky
Introduction to the Practices of Denunciation in Modern European History
Celebrating (or Not) The Russian Revolution
The Russian Revolution has long been a subject of controversy among Russian/Soviet historians, both in the West and Russia/the Soviet Union. Now that the centenary has arrived, conferences are being held widely in Europe and the Americas, but less widely in the Russian Federation. For Putin’s regime, with its ambiguous relationship to the Soviet past, the centenary of the Russian Revolution is something of an embarrassment. An attempt to celebrat…
The "Soft" Line on Culture and Its Enemies
The year 1928 was a turning point not only for Soviet cultural policy but for policy in all fields. It was the beginning of a new revolution which overturned everything but the Stalinist leadership, an upheaval so violent that it seemed that the ruling party had revolted simultaneously against the society it governed and its own governing institutions. Among these institutions was the Commissariat of Enlightenment, headed by A. V. Lunacharsky and…
Social parasites
Parasites sociaux : comment les vagabonds, la jeunesse oisive et les entrepreneurs entravèrent la marche de l’Union soviétique vers le communismeL’article étudie la législation soviétique contre les parasites en vigueur à l’époque de Hruščev, notamment la loi du 4 mai 1961. Après un historique rapide de la législation soviétique visant les marginaux, il explore le lent processus d’élaboration de la loi contre le parasitisme, -- il dura quatre ans…
Revisionism in Soviet History
This essay is an account of the "revisionism" movement of the 1970s and 1980s in Soviet history, analyzing its challenge to the totalitarian model in terms of Kuhnian paradigm shift. The focus is on revisionism of the Stalin period, an area that was particularly highly charged by the passions of the Cold War. These passions tended to obscure the fact that one of the main issues at stake was not ideological but purely disciplinary, namely a challe…
Signals from Below
Ordzhonikidze's takeover of Vesenkha
The World of Ostap Bender
In this article, Sheila Fitzpatrick investigates the phenomenon of Soviet conmanship in the Stalin period through the medium of conman stories, both real (as reported in newspapers and archives) and fictional. While attention is paid to the distinctive characteristics of conman stories as a discursive genre, die main emphasis is on the social. The article explores the sources and processes of the Soviet confidence trick, as well as showing how co…
New Perspectives on Stalinism
Education and Social Mobility in the Soviet Union 1921-1934
The Bolsheviks' Dilemma
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Everyday Stalinism. Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times
War and Society in Soviet Context
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Impact of the Opening of Soviet Archives on Western Scholarship on Soviet Social History
The opening of formerly closed and classified archives following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 was a remarkable experience for historians working in this field. Our data base abruptly expanded in a quantum leap, changing our situation from one roughly comparable to that of researchers on early modern Europe (working with the limited range of sources generated by a relatively unambitious state with a small literate population) to that o…
Women's Lives under Socialism
Anna Hilly ar and Jane McDermid, Revolutionary Women in Russia, 1870-1917: A Study in Collective Biography (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2000). Sheila Fitzpatrick and Yuri Slezkine, eds., In the Shadow of the Revolution: Life Stories of Russian Women from 1917 to the Second World War (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2000). Susan Gal and Gail Kligman, The Politics of Gender after Socialism: A Compara tiv…
The emergence of Glaviskusstvo. Class war on the cultural front, Moscow, 1928–29
The Commissariat of Enlightenment. Soviet Organization of Education and the Arts under Lunacharsky
The Commissariat of Enlightenment
Educating the New Soviet Man
Cultural Revolution in Russia 1928-32
The "Soft" Line on Culture and Its Enemies
The year 1928 was a turning point not only for Soviet cultural policy but for policy in all fields. It was the beginning of a new revolution which overturned everything but the Stalinist leadership, an upheaval so violent that it seemed that the ruling party had revolted simultaneously against the society it governed and its own governing institutions. Among these institutions was the Commissariat of Enlightenment, headed by A. V. Lunacharsky and…
Culture and Politics Under Stalin
Much is known about Soviet cultural life under Stalin. It has been described in a large memoir literature which, whether published in the Soviet Union or the West, basically expresses the viewpoint of the old Russian intelligentsia and tends to be a literature of moral protest, either against the Soviet regime as such or against the abuses of the Stalin period. There is an equally impressive body of Western scholarly literature analyzing the synd…
Sex and Revolution
Education and Social Mobility in the Soviet Union 1921–1934
This is a history of Soviet education policy 1921–34 that places special emphasis upon the theme of social mobility through education. One of the hitherto untold stories of Soviet history is the making of the 'Brezhnev generation', a cohort of young workers and Communists sent to higher education during the First Five-Year Plan (1928–1932) and subsequently catapulted into leadership positions in the wake of the Great Purge of 1937/38. A focal poi…
Cultural Revolution in Russia, 1928-1931
Cultural revolution, as defined by contemporary Soviet historians, is a necessary part of the transition to a socialist society. Its occurrence conforms to a general law governing the development of socialism.1 Its prerequisite is the political revolution by which the Marxist-Leninist party takes power. The party, having taken power, is the initiator of cultural revolution whose characteristics are democratization of cul
Lenin and the Cultural Revolution
Stalin and the Making of a New Elite, 1928-1939
Cadres decide everything," Stalin proclaimed in 1935. The slogan is familiar, as is the image of Stalin as a politician skilled in the selection and deployment of personnel. But who were his cadres? The literature on the prewar Stalin period tells us little even about his closest political associates, let alone those one step down the political hierarchy-Central Committee members, people's commissars and their deputies, obkom secretaries-or in ke…
Women's Work in Soviet Russia
Education and Social Mobility in the Soviet Union 1921-1934
Education and Social Mobility in the Soviet Union 1921-1934
Education and Social Mobility in the Soviet Union, 1921-1934
Bolshevik Feminist
The Russian Revolution
What Made Stalinism Work
Moscow Workers and the 1917 Revolution. Diane Koenker
The Russian Revolution and Social Mobility
Ordzhonikidze's takeover of Vesenkha
After Nep
New Perspectives on Stalinism
Afterword
Let me start with a point of clarification. The commentators are kind enough to treat me as a young revisionist. However, time passes. I may still be a revisionist (though if that implies a dominant preoccupation with revising the totalitarian model, probably not). But surely I now belong, like Steve Cohen, to the middle-aged cohort. Young revisionists, in my definition, are scholars whose innovative work has just come to the attention of the fie…
Political science (69 works) · Law (52 works) · Sociology (46 works) · History (44 works) · Soviet and Russian History (44 works) · Politics (36 works) · Economic history (28 works) · Law (28 works) · History (27 works) · Eastern European Communism and Reforms (22 works)