Michael Harris Bond
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 74734 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Michael Harris Bond |
| NOMBRES | Michael Harris |
| APELLIDO | Bond |
| FIRMA | BOND M H |
| AFILIACIONES | Chinese University of Hong Kong |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-5409-9614 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 143 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 1714 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 142 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 1 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1968 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 22 |
Is Societal Progress Muting the Expressivity of Negative Emotions? Evidence from Two Cross-national Studies
Contemporary theories of emotion emphasize the dual role of emotions as both personal experiences and communicative signals during social interactions. However, the impact of macro-level societal structures on emotional expression remains underexplored. This study investigates the expression-experience discrepancy for self-reported emotions across nations, focusing on how societal development relates to this discrepancy, which captures expressivi…
Strong‐Ties and Weak‐Ties Rationalities
In this study, we test the theory of strong‐ties and weak‐ties rationalities (STWTR) (Sundararajan 2020) and the criterion validity of its measures using strong‐ties rationality and weak‐ties rationality scales to predict COVID‐19 related perceptions and behaviours. These include public stigma, help‐seeking networks, and health behaviours across four societies (Han‐Chinese, Chinese‐Malaysians, Malay‐Malaysians, and White‐Australians, n = 918). Th…
Mind the Gap
The link between economic inequality and individual well-being has been gaining increasing research attention. This study examines this relationship using data from 71 countries with diverse national incomes, addressing three key research gaps: (1) incorporating measures of both perceived and objective economic inequality, (2) extending analysis to multiple components of well-being beyond happiness, including meaning in life, harmony, and spiritu…
Culture as an ontological universe
This article proposes a model of culture that adds an ontological dimension to conventional wisdom that approaches culture as social-ecological environments and associated practices. This new model entails a paradigm shift from epistemology to ontology and from a downstream to an upstream analysis of culture. The heuristic value of this novel model of culture consists in (1) rendering visible and intelligible the ontological universe of cultural …
The reflexive etic approach
Cross‐cultural psychology (C‐CP) and Indigenous psychology (IP) represent two distinct yet complementary approaches for bringing cultural issues into psychology. These methodological orientations diverge primarily in their focus: C‐CP emphasises measurement equivalence of concepts, identifying universal truths across cultures as these truths are revealed in different cultural contexts. In its search for generalisability, however, C‐CP may overloo…
Happiness Maximization Is a Weird Way of Living
Psychological science tends to treat subjective well-being and happiness synonymously. We start from the assumption that subjective well-being is more than being happy to ask the fundamental question: What is the ideal level of happiness? From a cross-cultural perspective, we propose that the idealization of attaining maximum levels of happiness may be especially characteristic of Western, educated, industrial, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) societ…
Confidence in Societal Institutions Extends Citizens’ Radius of Trust, Leading to Even Greater Life Satisfaction in Societies with Stronger Rule of Law
A Cross-cultural Study On the Association Between Societal Conditions and the Idealization of Happiness
Although most people aspire to be happy, the extent to which people pursue or idealize experiencing high levels of happiness does differ according to sociocultural context. This study was designed to elucidate which societal and cultural indicators are the most conducive to fostering high levels of happiness idealization. To accomplish this goal, we measured levels of happiness idealization for 11,170 participants residing in 43 different countri…
Love beyond east and west
Cultural religiosity moderates the relationship between being in love and subjective well-being
Love, culture, and well-being
Ethnicity and worldviews associated with attributing responsibility for Covid-19 to people of Asian descent
God and Gold
Household income is an important predictor of that individual's satisfaction with life, but the ecological-cultural context of one's society can qualify the strength of this relationship. In this research, we examine the extent to which qualitative differences in a country's religious heritage moderate the strength of the relationship between household income and life satisfaction. In exploring this question, we used data from 86 countries, group…
The Role of Cultural Heterogeneity in Strengthening the Link Between Family Relationships and Life Satisfaction in 50 Societies
We argue that the importance of family relationships for individual well-being varies across societies as a function of a society’s degree of cultural heterogeneity. To examine the role of family relationships, we analyzed the responses from 13,009 participants in 50 societies on their life satisfaction across societies varying in their levels of historical and contemporary cultural heterogeneity. Such heterogeneity creates differences in the fre…
Comparative Culturology and Cross-Cultural Psychology
Cross-cultural research in social and behavioral sciences has expanded hugely over the past 50 years, but progress is currently hampered by a lack of appreciation of the profoundly differing principles and goals of two distinct traditions. The first is the main variant of cross-cultural psychology (CCP), focusing on how culture shapes individual psychological functioning. The second was pioneered by Hofstede. It studies societal differences, and …
Introduction to a Culturally Sensitive Measure of Well-Being
How can one conclude that well-being is higher in country A than country B, when well-being is being measured according to the way people in country A think about well-being? We address this issue by proposing a new culturally sensitive method to comparing societal levels of well-being. We support our reasoning with data on life satisfaction and interdependent happiness focusing on individual and family, collected mostly from students, across for…
National wealth, individualism, generalised trust, and religiosity as moderators of the relationship between helping strangers and life satisfaction in 137 societies
We predicted that the relationship between helping strangers and life satisfaction would depend partially on the wealth of the country in which one lives. We argue that wealthy societies provide a wide range of welfare provisions for assisting their citizens. By contrast, people living in poorer countries with associated lower individualism, lower generalised trust, and higher religiosity have fewer financial and institutional supports for their …
Unpackaging the link between economic inequality and self-construal
Past research has shown that economic inequality shapes individuals' self-construals. However, it has been unclear which dimensions of self-construal are associated with and affected by economic inequality. A correlational (Study 1: N = 264) and an experimental study (Study 2: N = 532) provided converging evidence linking perceived economic inequality with two forms of independent (vs. interdependent) self-construal: Difference from Others and Se…
Self-construals predict personal life satisfaction with different strengths across societal contexts differing in national wealth and religious heritage
We explore to what extent previously observed pan-cultural association between dimensions of self-construal and personal life satisfaction (PLS) may be moderated by three national-contextual variables: national wealth, economic inequality, and religious heritage. The results showed that Self-reliance (vs. dependence on others) predicted PLS positively in poorer countries but negatively in richer countries. Connectedness to others (vs. self-contai…
Unpackaging gender differences in justifying morally debatable behaviors around the world
Women generally report greater religiosity and justify morally debatable behaviors less than men. This study examined if personal religiosity mediates the relationship of gender and justification of different types of morally debatable behaviors across societies with diverse religious heritages. We also explored how a society’s endorsement of preferred qualities in the socialization of children would moderate the links between personal religiosit…
Family First
People care about their own well-being and about the well-being of their families. It is currently, however, unknown how much people tend to value their own versus their family’s well-being. A recent study documented that people value family happiness over personal happiness across four cultures. In this study, we sought to replicate this finding across a larger sample size ( N = 12,819) and a greater number of countries ( N = 49). We found that …
Societal Emphasis on Religious Faith as a Cultural Context for Shaping the Social-Psychological Relationships Between Personal Religiosity and Well-Being
How does a society’s religious context affect the relationships between personal religiosity and well-being? To explore this question, we used two measures of personal religiosity, the absolute importance of religion, and the importance of religion relative to the importance of six life domains, viz., family, friends, work, politics, leisure, and religion. To test the generalizability of relationships between these two measures of personal religi…
Four Decades of Challenges by Culture to Mainstream Psychology
Over 5 days at the Nag’s Head Conference Center, USA in 1987, social and cross-cultural psychologists discussed what would be required if research relating to culture were to gain greater attention from psychology in general, and in particular from what was perceived at the time as its mainstream. The criteria for gaining greater credibility laid down by three leading social psychologists proved daunting in relation to the cross-cultural work pre…
The weight of culture
Values and Moral Behavior in Mainland China
Bicultural Identity, Bilingualism, and Psychological Adjustment in Multicultural Societies
The present investigation examined the impact of bicultural identity, bilingualism, and social context on the psychological adjustment of multicultural individuals. Our studies targeted three distinct types of biculturals: Mainland Chinese immigrants in Hong Kong, Filipino domestic workers (i.e., sojourners) in Hong Kong, and Hong Kong and Mainland Chinese college students. Individual differences in Bicultural Identity Integration (BII; Benet-Mar…
Pancultural explanations for life satisfaction
The impact of cultural collectivism on reward allocation
Chinese University of Hong KongIt is argued that the collectivism of a culture leads to different styles of rewardallocation with in-group and out-group members. Two studies using Chinese andAmerican subjects examined this issue. In the first study an out-group situationwas used, in which subjects were led to believe that they worked with a partnerwhom they would not meet, to obtain a group reward. The collectivistic Chinesesubjects were found to…
Hofstede's Culture Dimensions
Ng et al. (1982) collected data among students in nine Asian and Pacific countries using a modified version of the Rokeach Value Survey. Their data were reanalyzed by the present authors through an ecological factor analysis that produced five factors. Six of the countries covered also appear in Hofstede's (1983) extended study of work-related values among employees of a multinational corporation in 53 countries and regions. For the overlapping c…
Evaluating replicability of factors in the Revised NEO Personality Inventory
Despite the empirical robustness of the 5-factor model of personality, recent confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) of NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI) data suggest they do not fit the hypothesized model. In a replication study of 229 adults, a series ofCFAs showed that Revised NEO-PI scales are not simple-structured but do approximate the normative 5-factor structure. CFA goodness-of-fit indices, however, were not high. Comparability analyses sh…
Unpackaging Culture's Influence on Self-Esteem and Embarrassability
A growing body of research supports the notion that individuals simultaneously hold two views of self. Members of collective cultures have stronger interdependent images of self, but less strong independent images, than do individualist groups. University students in Hong Kong ( n = 271), Hawaii ( n = 146), and mainland United States ( n = 232) completed the Self-Construal Scale, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the Modigliani Embarrassabilit…
Finding universal dimensions of individual variation in multicultural studies of values
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Culture-Level Dimensions of Social Axioms and Their Correlates across 41 Cultures
Leung and colleagues have revealed a five-dimensional structure of social axioms across individuals from five cultural groups. The present research was designed to reveal the culture level factor structure of social axioms and its correlates across 41 nations. An ecological factor analysis on the 60 items of the Social Axioms Survey extracted two factors: Dynamic Externality correlates with value measures tapping collectivism, hierarchy, and cons…
On the Empirical Identification of Dimensions for Cross-Cultural Comparisons
In cross-cultural psychology a major goal is to identify dimensions of culture. For this purpose, the cross-cultural analysis (referred to as ecological analysis by Hofstede, 1980) is often used. Two methodological difficulties associated with this method are discussed, and their solution is proposed. A method intended to identify universal dimensions of individual difference, the pancultural analysis, is likely to produce results similar to thos…
Social Axioms
To broaden our conceptual framework for understanding cultural differences, the present article reports two studies that examined whether pancultural dimensions based on general beliefs, or social axioms, can be identified in persons from five cultures. A Social Axioms Survey was constructed, based on both previous psychological research primarily in Europe and North America on beliefs and qualitative research conducted in Hong Kong and Venezuela…
Collectivism-individualism in everyday social life
Used the Rochester Interaction Record (RIR) to investigate the effects of individualism-collectivism on everyday social interaction. Triandis (in press) defined collectivism as placing great emphasis on (a) the views, needs, and goals of the in-group rather than of oneself, (b) social norms and duty defined by the in-group rather than behavior to get pleasure, (c) beliefs shared with the in-group rather than beliefs that distinguish oneself from …
College Students' Spontaneous Self-Concept
Cross-cultural comparisons of the self-concept have typically used structured inventories created in the United States. Importing and using such methodology may prevent culturally unique dimensions and contents from appearing. To overcome this problem, the Twenty Statements Test was administered to university students in Japan, the United States, and Hong Kong to assess cultural influences on the self-concept assessed from this open-ended invento…
Ethnic Affirmation Versus Cross-Cultural Accommodation
Chinese bilinguals from Hong Kong responded to three different question-naires in their first or second language of Chinese or English. On some questionnaire items their answers to the English version differed from those to the Chinese version in a more "Western" direction (cross-cultural accommodation); for others, in a more Chinese direction (ethnic affirmation). These outcomes were unaffected by the respondents' level of identification with tr…
Ethnic Affirmation by Chinese Bilinguals
What is the effect on the response of bilinguals when they are presented with a questionnaire in their first or their second languages? To examine this question 121 university students completed a survey on their identification with Chinese or Western practices. The questionnaire was written in Chinese or English and administered in small groups by one of four investigators-two Chinese, two Western. Results showed higher levels of Chinese identif…
How Does Cultural Collectivism Operate
How is the collectivism of a culture related to the allocation of reward for task and maintenance inputs toward a group goal? To examine this question, students from the United States and Hong Kong were asked to read a scenario describing a group member who made high, medium or low task and maintenance contributions towards a group project for a university course. Subjects then rated their perceptions of, and behavioral intentions towards, this t…
Exploring implicit personality theories with indigenous or imported constructs
This study is concerned with the relation between indigenous and imported constructs of personality perception. A pool of Chinese personality descriptors was used by Chinese Ss to rate a variety of target persons. These same Ss then rated the same target persons using the (translated) personality descriptions first isolated by Tupes and Christal (1961) from Americans. Five factors of personality perception were then derived from both the emic Chi…
Interpreting personality profiles across cultures
Prior research (R. R. McCrae, P. T. Costa, & M. S. M. Yik, 1996) using a Chinese translation of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory suggested substantial differences between Hong Kong and North American undergraduates. Study 1, with a sample of bilingual Hong Kong students (N = 162), showed that prior findings were not due simply to the translation. Study 2, with undergraduates of European and Chinese ancestry living in Canada (N = 633), sugges…
A Reconsideration of Hofstede’s Fifth Dimension
Hofstede’s “long-term orientation” (LTO) may be one of the most important dimensions of national culture, as it highlights differences on a continuum from East Asia to Africa and Latin America, strongly associated with differences in educational achievement. However, LTO’s structure lacks theoretical coherence. We show that a statistically similar, and theoretically more focused and coherent, dimension of national culture, called “flexibility ver…
Reclaiming the individual from Hofstede's ecological analysis--A 20-year odyssey
D. Oyserman, H. M. Coon, and M. Kemmelmeier (2002) challenge the stereotype that European Americans are more individualistic and less collectivistic than persons from most other ethnic groups. The author contends that this stereotype took firm empirical root with G. Hofstede's (1980) monumental publication identifying the United States as the most individualistic of his then 40 nations. This empirical designation arose because of challengeable de…
How Language Variation Affects Inter-Cultural Differentiation of Values By Hong Kong Bilinguals
Chinese bilinguals from Hong Kong responded to an expanded version of Rokeach's (1973) Value Survey written in either Chinese or English. Their task was to rate the perceived positions of a typical Hong Kong Chinese (auto stereotype) and a typical English-speaking Westerner (hetero stereotype). There was considerable differentiation between the two groups. with 18 values showing differences at the 0.01 confidence level. The size of this differenc…
Coping with the threat of westernization in Hong Kong
How are Responses to Verbal Insult Related to Cultural Collectivism and Power Distance
It is assumed that an act is construed as aggressive and the actor thus negatively evaluated when that act falls outside legitimate modes of social control. If true, then cultural variations in the use of social control should be related to perceptions of an insult and of the insulter. In a scenario study, responses of Hong Kong Chinese, who are high in collectivism and power distance, were compared with those of Americans, who are low in collect…
Culture and the distinctiveness motive
The motive to attain a distinctive identity is sometimes thought to be stronger in, or even specific to, those socialized into individualistic cultures. Using data from 4,751 participants in 21 cultural groups (18 nations and 3 regions), we tested this prediction against our alternative view that culture would moderate the ways in which people achieve feelings of distinctiveness, rather than influence the strength of their motivation to do so. We…
Linking Person Perception to Behavior Intention Across Cultures
This research addressed two questions: (1) What are the potentially universal links between the dimensions of person perception and those of behavior intention, and (2) what dimensions of person perception are most salient in collectivist as opposed to individualistic cultures? Male subjects from Hong Kong and Australia read a description of a target person (TP) varying across the universal dimensions of extroversion, agreeableness, conscientious…
Citizen-making
Effect of Occupational Prestige and Attitude Similarity on Attraction as a Function of Assumed Similarity of Attitude
Previous research has shown that the effect of attitudes on attraction is independent of the prestige or status of the stranger expressing the attitudes. It was hypothesized that in the absence of additional information, attraction toward a stranger is a positive function of his occupational prestige and that attraction is a positive function of assumed attitudinal similarity between stranger and S. Ss were 139 Stanford students who were given ei…
Response to Political Candidates as a Function of Attitude Similarity - Dissimilarity
Proportion of positive adjectives and personal relevance of adjectival descriptions as determinants of attraction
Effect of an impression set on subsequent behavior
The Acceptance of "Barnum" Personality Interpretations by Japanese, Japanese-American, and Caucasian American College Students
Native Japanese, Japanese-American, and Caucasian American students at universities in Japan and Hawaii were compared on their acceptance of Barnum personality statements. The Barnum descriptions were filled with personality clich6s and were presented to the subjects as having been interpreted by "several clinical psychologists" from the Ss' Rorschach protocols. The results indicated that all three groups were equally and highly likely to endorse…
The effect of interaction anticipation and experience as a victim on aggressive behavior
Universality and Distinctiveness in Dimensions of Japanese Person Perception
Dimensions of Japanese person perception were assessed using Norman's (1963) method and stimulus materials. These dimensions were then compared statistically with results from similar studies involving subjects from the United States and from the Philippines. Students from Japan and the United States grouped the same behaviors into the five factors of extroversion, good-naturedness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and culture. For all thr…
Targets of gazing and eye contact during interviews
The gaze direction of both the subject and his interviewer were varied independently, such that either looked at the other's eyes or at the other's knees in a 2 X 2 design. A repeated measures design was used with nonverbal vehaviors of Japanese manes as dependent variables. When the interviewers gazed at the subjects' eyes, the response latencies of the subjects were shortened and their torso movements were reduced. Results from other studies of…
Ethnic Affirmation by Chinese Bilinguals
What is the effect on the response of bilinguals when they are presented with a questionnaire in their first or their second languages? To examine this question 121 university students completed a survey on their identification with Chinese or Western practices. The questionnaire was written in Chinese or English and administered in small groups by one of four investigators-two Chinese, two Western. Results showed higher levels of Chinese identif…
The Social Impact of Self-Effacing Attributions
It is argued that a person in Chinese societies who makes self-effacing attributions for his performance should be better liked because his self-effacing attributions support norms whose function is to maintain harmonious interpersonal relationships. To test this hypothesis, Chinese Ss (N = 56) in the experiment watched two confederates (Cs) working on an intellectual task. These Cs were either competent or incompetent and subsequently made eithe…
How Do Chinese Bilinguals Respond To Variations of Interviewer Language and Ethnicity
Do Chinese bilinguals change their non-verbal behaviours when they are speaking English as opposed to Cantonese and speaking with Americans as opposed to fellow Chinese? In order to answer these questions, 64 female English majors at the Chinese University were video-taped during a standardised interview in either Cantonese or English by an interviewer of American or Chinese ethnicity. Measures of self-perception and perception of the interviewer…
How Does Cultural Collectivism Operate
How is the collectivism of a culture related to the allocation of reward for task and maintenance inputs toward a group goal? To examine this question, students from the United States and Hong Kong were asked to read a scenario describing a group member who made high, medium or low task and maintenance contributions towards a group project for a university course. Subjects then rated their perceptions of, and behavioral intentions towards, this t…
Ethnic Affirmation Versus Cross-Cultural Accommodation
Chinese bilinguals from Hong Kong responded to three different question-naires in their first or second language of Chinese or English. On some questionnaire items their answers to the English version differed from those to the Chinese version in a more "Western" direction (cross-cultural accommodation); for others, in a more Chinese direction (ethnic affirmation). These outcomes were unaffected by the respondents' level of identification with tr…
How Language Variation Affects Inter-Cultural Differentiation of Values By Hong Kong Bilinguals
Chinese bilinguals from Hong Kong responded to an expanded version of Rokeach's (1973) Value Survey written in either Chinese or English. Their task was to rate the perceived positions of a typical Hong Kong Chinese (auto stereotype) and a typical English-speaking Westerner (hetero stereotype). There was considerable differentiation between the two groups. with 18 values showing differences at the 0.01 confidence level. The size of this differenc…
College Students' Spontaneous Self-Concept
Cross-cultural comparisons of the self-concept have typically used structured inventories created in the United States. Importing and using such methodology may prevent culturally unique dimensions and contents from appearing. To overcome this problem, the Twenty Statements Test was administered to university students in Japan, the United States, and Hong Kong to assess cultural influences on the self-concept assessed from this open-ended invento…
Linking Person Perception Dimensions to Behavioral Intention Dimensions
Using Norman's (1963) procedures and materials, four independent dimensions of person perception (extroversion, good-naturedness, conscientiousness, and emotional stability) have been isolated in a number of different cultures. In addition, Triandis (1977) has identified four universal dimensions of interpersonal behavior: overtness, association, subordination, and formality. To explore the connection between these domains, 256 male subjects read…
Experimenter language choice and ethnic affirmation by Chinese trilinguals in Hong Kong
When communicating with a member of his or her ethnic in-group, a multilingual typically uses his common first language. If, however, the multilingual uses a common second or third language, we believe this choice will indicate his or her endorsement of attitudes believed to be held by that language out-group. An audience will respond to this implicit statement by a shift in its ethnically relevant altitudes either towards or away from the positi…
When modesty fails
This study explored how group members perceived a fellow group member who made either group‐serving or group‐effacing attributions following success or failure. Forty male undergraduates from the Chinese University co‐operated in pairs with a confederate on a demanding group task. After learning that their group's performance had exceeded or failed to meet a standard, the subjects heard their confederate‐partner make group‐effacing or group‐servi…
The impact of cultural collectivism on reward allocation
Chinese University of Hong KongIt is argued that the collectivism of a culture leads to different styles of rewardallocation with in-group and out-group members. Two studies using Chinese andAmerican subjects examined this issue. In the first study an out-group situationwas used, in which subjects were led to believe that they worked with a partnerwhom they would not meet, to obtain a group reward. The collectivistic Chinesesubjects were found to…
Hofstede's Culture Dimensions
Ng et al. (1982) collected data among students in nine Asian and Pacific countries using a modified version of the Rokeach Value Survey. Their data were reanalyzed by the present authors through an ecological factor analysis that produced five factors. Six of the countries covered also appear in Hofstede's (1983) extended study of work-related values among employees of a multinational corporation in 53 countries and regions. For the overlapping c…
Linking Person Perception to Behavior Intention Across Cultures
This research addressed two questions: (1) What are the potentially universal links between the dimensions of person perception and those of behavior intention, and (2) what dimensions of person perception are most salient in collectivist as opposed to individualistic cultures? Male subjects from Hong Kong and Australia read a description of a target person (TP) varying across the universal dimensions of extroversion, agreeableness, conscientious…
The Confucian Paradigm of Man
Coping with the threat of westernization in Hong Kong
Group‐serving attributions across intergroup contexts
This research attempted to integrate Tajfel's (1978) social identity theory with self‐presentational concerns by exploring attributions about perceived group differences in behaviour. As such, it dealt with group‐level rather than individual‐level attributions, exploring whether bias in making such verbal attributions varied as a function of the interviewer's group identity and the presence of an ingroup audience. Undergraduate men and women at T…
How are Responses to Verbal Insult Related to Cultural Collectivism and Power Distance
It is assumed that an act is construed as aggressive and the actor thus negatively evaluated when that act falls outside legitimate modes of social control. If true, then cultural variations in the use of social control should be related to perceptions of an insult and of the insulter. In a scenario study, responses of Hong Kong Chinese, who are high in collectivism and power distance, were compared with those of Americans, who are low in collect…
Psychology (123 obras) · Social Psychology (118 obras) · Cultural Differences and Values (97 obras) · Social Psychology (73 obras) · Sociology (73 obras) · Political science (56 obras) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (53 obras) · Individualism (25 obras) · Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction (24 obras) · Collectivism (23 obras)