Stanley M Garn
Biographic Data
| ID | 74846 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Stanley M Garn |
| GIVEN NAMES | Stanley M |
| FAMILY NAME | Garn |
| SIGNATURE | GARN S M |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Michigan |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 167 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 746 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 167 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1950 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2018 |
| H-INDEX | 16 |
Edward Eyre Hunt 1922-1991
Reynolds on the Record
Mis -Statement on Race
Peer Reviewed
Uses of the present
Working with the living, human biologists are in a fortunate position to put individuals and populations of the past in their appropriate quantitative places and to identify and comprehend environmental “stresses” of previous times. Although some writers have romanticized the human past as a disease‐free and natural existence, the evidence is strongly contradictory. Our ancestors and even our hominoid ancestors were much parasitized, with impairm…
Obesity in black and white mothers and daughters
Obesity in black and white mothers and daughters. S M GarnCopyRight https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.84.11.1727 Published Online: October 07, 2011
Continuing bone expansion and increasing bone loss over a two‐decade period in men and women from a total community sample
As shown in 744 adult men and women aged 30–49 at entry and followed for 21.4 ± 0.9 years there is continuing subperiosteal expansion in both sexes as well as continuing and increasing endosteal surface resorption. In this longitudinal study, bone loss (as shown by medullary cavity expansion) begins by the 5th decade and increases thereafter. The smaller gains at the outer bone surface are essentially independent of the larger losses at the inner…
What "Four Fields" of Anthropology
We Are What We Are
On the optimum number of metacarpals for roentgenogrammetric measurement
Aging Medicine is an open access journal for international collaboration in multiple research disciplines across the aging sciences. The American Journal of Biological Anthropology is a physical anthropology publication, accepting evolutionary articles in bioarcheology, human & primate biology, & more
The education of one spouse and the fatness of the other spouse
As shown in 702 wives with 9–12 years of education and 612 husbands similarly educated, the summed skinfolds of one spouse are influenced by the educational level of the other spouse, considerably so for the husbands. Women with 9–12 years of education married to men of lower educational attainment are higher in the sum of four skinfolds while women of similar years of schooling married to men of college education and beyond are leaner ( P =0.001…
Fatness and obesity among the parents of lean probands
As shown in 1368 proband‐parent pairings involving lean probands and their parents, the fathers and mothers of lean probands tend to be of reduced fatness level themselves (–0.25 Z scores for the sum of two skinfolds) and infrequently obese (10.2% of cases as compared with 16% expectancy). However, these descriptive values are curvilinearily related to the age of the proband, maximizing when the proband is an adolescent. For adolescents, fathers …
The return of circumferences in health appraisal
The return of circumferences in health appraisal. S M GarnCopyRight https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.79.6.688 Published Online: October 07, 2011
Fatness dependence of skinfold ratios and its implications to fat patterning
As shown in 1639 adult white men and 1851 adult white women aged 20–49, skinfold/skinfold ratios involving the triceps, subscapular, iliac and abdominal skinfolds are all fatness‐dependent, exhibiting a nonlinear relationship with the summed skinfold thickness (2 sf) as variously calculated. When adjusted or partialled for the level of fatness, these ratios no longer exhibit useful correlations with systolic and diastolic blood pressure or total …
Interpreting Blood Pressure and "Modernization" in Brazil
Polymorphisms in eruption sequence of permanent teeth in American children
This study provides basic descriptive data on the frequency of pairwise eruption sequences ascertained in cross‐sectional examination of 6,000 black and white American children in the Ten State Nutritional Survey of 1968–1970. All sex and race groups share a distinct pattern of sequence polymorphisms in terms of location, number, and level. Teeth in eruption phase I (M1, I1, I2) rarely reverse in sequence with those in phase II (C, P1, P2, and M2…
Definitive quantification of the smoking effect on birthweight
As shown in 45,522 liveborn singletons, the decrease in birthweight associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy may be stated as 5.4 gm/cigarette/day in whites and 2.3 gm/cigarette/day in blacks. If confounding variables such as maternal weight and pregnancy weight gains are factored out, the apparent effects of cigarette smoking alone are reduced by no more than 17 %. New values for birthweights of the progency of nonsmoking mothers still …
Assessment of Skeletal Maturity and Prediction of Adult Height (TW2 Method)
Smoking, weight standards and “ideal” weight
Key words: Smokingweightweight standards“ideal” weight
The Supraorbital Torus
The supraorbital torus is found only in some genera of the primate order. Because no muscles of consequence attach directly to it, it has been considered nonfunctional. However, invitro strain-gauge experiments demonstrate that when the anterior teeth are loaded, the supraorbital region acts as a bent beam, pulled downward on each end by masticatory muscle forces and pushed upward centrally by bite force. Clinical and experimental data indicate t…
On Undernutrition Among the Unacculturated
Comparison of three‐year weight and fat change distributions of lean and obese individuals
As shown in 329 pregnant women, 179 non‐pregnant women and 151 men, the distribution of three‐year weight changes differs markedly between the lean and the obese. For lean men and women, aged 20–40, weight changes are narrowly grouped. Obese men, pregnant women and non‐pregnant women show a much broader range of weight changes. Obese individuals of both sexes also lose more fat and gain more fat in a three‐year period, as confirmed by triceps and…
Relationship between initial fatness level and long‐term fatness change
As shown in 2576 individuals followed over a two‐decade period, there is a direct and linear relationship between initial fatness level and long‐term fatness change. Those who are lean initially show the greatest fatness gains and those who are obese show the greatest fatness losses. These systematic relationships between fatness level and fatness change, which hold for both sexes and for children and adults alike, challenge the notion that fatne…
Obesity and Living Together
As shown by parent-child, sibling and twin correlations and by comparison of the children of different parental fatness combinations, fatness definitely follows family line. Indeed, fatness level can be predicted from grandparental fatness levels and from the number of obese family members living together. However, a purely genetic explanation for the level of fatness and actual obesity is untenable given fatness similarities of spouses, parents …
Relationship between fatness and hemoglobin levels in the national health and nutrition examinations of the U.S.A
As shown in a total of 3114 obese individuals and 3027 lean individuals in the National Health and Nutrition Examinations of the U.S.A. (NHANES 1), obese individuals tend to systematically higher hemoglobin levels exceeding those for lean individuals by 0.20gm/dl and by 0.2 Z scores (standard deviation units) at all ages. This fatness related difference in hemoglobin level is increased when the super‐obese (S‐obs) and the super‐lean (S‐lean) are …
Relationship between fatness level and size attainment in Central America
As shown in 15,085 individuals from six Central American countries, the level of fatness is related to size attainment not only during the growing period but also during adulthood. The fatness effect, manifest in all six Central American countries, tends to be higher in females than in males and bears a hierarchical relationship to the extent of impoverishment and undernutrition among the countries considered. The effect of fatness level on size …
Redefining Race
Analysis of physical anthropology textbooks published in the United States in the years 1932-79 reveals a significant decline in support for the race concept, expecially in the 1970s. Before 1970 the great majority of texts expressed the view that races exist and that the race concept is a valid tool for the description and study of human variation. In the 1970s an increasing proportion of texts rejected the race concept, with the no-race view be…
The Supraorbital Torus
The supraorbital torus is found only in some genera of the primate order. Because no muscles of consequence attach directly to it, it has been considered nonfunctional. However, invitro strain-gauge experiments demonstrate that when the anterior teeth are loaded, the supraorbital region acts as a bent beam, pulled downward on each end by masticatory muscle forces and pushed upward centrally by bite force. Clinical and experimental data indicate t…
The effect of prenatal factors on crown dimensions
As shown in 870 white participants in the National Collaborative Perinatal Project (NCPP), maternal health status during pregnancy and birth size are systematically related to mesiodistal and buccolingual crown dimensions of I1, I2, dc, dm1, dm2 and M1. Maternal diabetes, maternal hypothyroidism and large size at birth are associated with larger maxillary and mandibular teeth in white children. Conversely, deciduous and permanent crown diameters …
Continuing bone growth throughout life
Cross‐sectional data on 2799 subjects from five different populations and longitudinal data on 113 older adults indicate continuing adult bone growth in the second metacarpal. Similar 6‐decade increases in the size of the cranium confirm continuing bone growth as a general phenomenon not necesarily related to weightbearing or flexion stress and representing an increase of approximately 10% in skeletal volume concomitant with the major age‐associa…
Subperiosteal gain and endosteal loss in protein‐calorie malnutrition
Subperiosteal and medullary cavity diameters of 91 Guatemalan boys hospitalized with a diagnosis of protein‐calorie malnutrition show a slight but significant increase in total width but a marked reduction at the endosteal surface, and in cortical area and percent cortical area, indicative of continuing subperiosteal apposition and a dramatic excess of endosteal resorption
Early prenatal attainment of adult metacarpal‐phalangeal rankings and proportions
As shown in 56 human embryos and fetuses between 15 and 104 mm in crown‐rump length, “adult” metacarpal‐phalangeal length rankings are attained by the seventh intrauterine week and near‐adult bone‐to‐bone ratios or proportions by the thirteenth week. Micrometric measurements of optically‐projected histological hand sections show relative elongation of the distals between the 15–29 mm and 30–44 mm crown‐rump range, and relative reduction to radiog…
Communalities of the ossification centers of the hand and wrist
Complete epiphyseal union of the hand
Variability in the order of ossification of the bony centers of the hand and wrist
Aging Medicine is an open access journal for international collaboration in multiple research disciplines across the aging sciences. The American Journal of Biological Anthropology is a physical anthropology publication, accepting evolutionary articles in bioarcheology, human & primate biology, & more
The Limited Nutritional Value of Cannibalism
Partitioning the effects of secular trend and ageing on adult stature
The problem of separating the effects of secular trend and age‐associated loss on adult stature was investigated by using tibia length as a reference. Anthropometric stature and radiogrammetric tibia measurements were made on 288 Southwestern Ohio adults. Estimated statural loss was calculated by use of regression equations for the age of maximum statural attainment and age specific tibia lengths. To test the validity of the approach, these resul…
Problems of sampling and inference in the study of fluctuating dental asymmetry
Randomly distributed or “fluctuating” dental asymmetry has been accorded evolutionary meaning and interpreted as a result of environmental stress. However, except for congenital malformation syndromes, the determinants of human crown size asymmetry are still equivocal. Both a computer simulated sampling experiment using a combined sample size of N = 3000, and the requirements of adequate statistical power show that sample sizes of several hundred…
Problems in the nutritional assessment of black individuals
Nutritional assessment of American Negro (Black) individuals of largely-African ancestry is complicated by differences that transcend socioeconomic status (SES). These include smaller size at birth but greater size from 2 to 14 years, advanced skeletal development ("bone age"), advanced dental development, a larger skeletal mass and bone "density" and a lesser rate of adult bone loss in the Black female from age 40 on as shown in a variety of bon…
Economic impact on tooth emergence
As shown in nearly 10,000 Negro and White boys and girls between 4.5 and 16.5 years of age, poverty‐level children (with an income‐to‐needs ratio of 1.0) tend to be delayed in permanent tooth emergence as compared with those approximating median per‐capita income. For boys, a per‐capita income difference of $2200 was associated with a 0.15 standard deviation difference in emergence timiing of 28 permanent teeth
Age dynamics of persistent transverse lines in the tibia
Among 246 adult subjects persistent transverse radiopaque lines at the distal aspect of the tibia were observed in 30% of women and 14% of men aged 25 to 50, and 14% of women and 8% of men aged 51 to 86. Measured from the distal end of the tibia, it was clear that the persistent transverse lines had been laid down in infancy and childhood rather than during puberty. There was evidence that the age‐associated decrease in transverse lines was due t…
Genetics of hand‐wrist ossification
The Origin of Races
Paradoxical bilateral asymmetry in bone size and bone mass in the hand
Among 227 chronic renal disease patients, micrometer caliper radiogrammetric measurements of the second metacarpal at midshaft showed the right metacarpal to be larger (with greater bone area) and with a greater cortical area than the left second metacarpal, both in 208 right‐handed individuals and in 19 left‐handed individuals. This direction of asymmetry was individually characteristic of the majority of individuals, whether right‐handed, left‐…
Childhood retardation resulting in reduction of adult body size due to lesser adolescent skeletal delay
The skeletal maturation of 7972 rural children from the six Central American nations, aged one month through 22 years, is evaluated. The results suggest that retardation in skeletal maturation during childhood is significantly greater than during adolescence, while growth in body size shows a progressive delay from infancy through adolescence. In other words, the apparent improvement in skeletal maturation during adolescence is not associated wit…
On the Number of Races of Mankind1
Race and Evolution1
Sex discriminatory effectiveness using combinations of root lengths and crown diameters
Using optical‐scanner (OPTOCOM) and radiogrammetric measurements on mandibular permanent teeth, root length alone affords sex‐discriminatory effectiveness equal to or exceeding conventional crown diameters. Combinations of root lengths and crown dimensions yield up to 80% accuracy in sexing with as few as two teeth, and discriminatory effectiveness of 87% with mandibular teeth alone
Confirmation of the sex difference in continuing subperiosteal apposition
A major sex difference in the rate of continuing bone expansion was confirmed for 5660 adult subjects of European ancestry. The five‐decade gain in metacarpal midshaft area amounted to 8.4% in 3455 females and 2.8% in 2205 males. There was no systematic age effect on the length of the second metacarpal. Accordingly, both bone expansion and the marked sex difference in its magnitude may be attributed to sex‐specific aspects of ageing much like the…
Crown-Size Profile Patterns and Presumed Evolutionary "Trends"1
Concurrent fat loss and fat gain
Aging Medicine is an open access journal for international collaboration in multiple research disciplines across the aging sciences. The American Journal of Biological Anthropology is a physical anthropology publication, accepting evolutionary articles in bioarcheology, human & primate biology, & more
C omments on S imon's “R eview of F orm and F unction in P hysical A nthropology
On the Number of Races of Mankind1
Concurrent fat loss and fat gain
Aging Medicine is an open access journal for international collaboration in multiple research disciplines across the aging sciences. The American Journal of Biological Anthropology is a physical anthropology publication, accepting evolutionary articles in bioarcheology, human & primate biology, & more
Race and Evolution1
Physical Anthropology
Communalities of the ossification centers of the hand and wrist
Physical Anthropology
The number of hand‐wrist centers
Aging Medicine is an open access journal for international collaboration in multiple research disciplines across the aging sciences. The American Journal of Biological Anthropology is a physical anthropology publication, accepting evolutionary articles in bioarcheology, human & primate biology, & more
Variability in the order of ossification of the bony centers of the hand and wrist
Aging Medicine is an open access journal for international collaboration in multiple research disciplines across the aging sciences. The American Journal of Biological Anthropology is a physical anthropology publication, accepting evolutionary articles in bioarcheology, human & primate biology, & more
Behavior Genetics
Complete epiphyseal union of the hand
Association between alternate sequences of hand‐wrist ossification
Increments in hand‐wrist ossification
Physical Anthropology
Automation in anthropometry
The adductor sesamoid of the thumb
The Newer Physical Anthropology
Phylogenetic and Intra-Specific Variations in Tooth Sequence Polymorphism
Genetics of hand‐wrist ossification
Physical anthropology today
On the prevalence of skewness in incremental data
Aging Medicine is an open access journal for international collaboration in multiple research disciplines across the aging sciences. The American Journal of Biological Anthropology is a physical anthropology publication, accepting evolutionary articles in bioarcheology, human & primate biology, & more
Skin and gonadal dosages during investigative radiography
A Constitutional Correlate of Early Intellective Functioning
The Origin of Races
Races of Man. Sonia Cole
Medicine (87 works) · Computer Science (62 works) · Biology (61 works) · Sociology (54 works) · Library science (52 works) · Citation (47 works) · Demography (39 works) · Anatomy (38 works) · Anatomy (35 works) · Internal Medicine (34 works)