Harry C Triandis
Biographic Data
| ID | 75680 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Harry C Triandis |
| GIVEN NAMES | Harry C |
| FAMILY NAME | Triandis |
| SIGNATURE | TRIANDIS H C |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 100 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 4359 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 100 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1958 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2018 |
| H-INDEX | 24 |
Individualism and Collectivism
Attributes of Individualism and Collectivism
Cultural and religious diversity
This is an excellent contribution that integrates a diverse literature and suggests many avenues for further research. It makes a convincing case for the cultural ecosystem approach. The article mi
Collectivism and Individualism
Universal truths
Purpose – There are four criteria that people universally value: health, well-being, longevity, and environmental preservation. When these criteria are violated, a society becomes unsustainable. In order to preserve cultures, these four universal criteria therefore need to be taken into account. But nation states are no longer the dominant form of social organizing – corporations are. This raises questions about the role of corporations in preser…
Culture and self-deception
The distribution of self-deceptions among individuals and cultures around the world is an important topic for future study. In this paper definitions of cultural variations and self-deceptions are presented and the links among these constructs are examined
The Ibadan Conference and Beyond
In January 1967 a conference took place in Ibadan, Nigeria. The organizers were Herbert Kelman and Henri Tajfel. The purpose of the conference was to bring psychologists and others social scientists from Africa and the West together, and hope that they could develop research collaborations. In that conference I was most impressed by the paper of a Tunisian sociologist, who argued that social scientists engage in "intellectual colonialism." That i…
Fooling Ourselves
Self-deception occurs because we often see the world the way we would like it to be, rather than the way it is. Our brains so long for things the way we want them, we might not even be aware we are fooling ourselves, explains author Harry Triandis, a widely known Professor Emeritus of Psychology. Across cultures and around the world, self-deception is a phenomenon that has subtle and profound effects on everyday life, explains Triandis, also form…
When does group norm or group identity predict cooperation in a public goods dilemma? The moderating effects of idiocentrism and allocentrism
Cultural Intelligence in Organizations
Successful interaction across cultures requires cultural intelligence. Several aspects of cultural intelligence in organizations are described: suspending judgment until enough information about the other person becomes available; paying attention to the situation; cross-cultural training that increases isomorphic attributions, appropriate affect, and appropriate behaviors; matching personal and organizationally attributes; increasing the probabi…
Obituary of William W. Lambert
The Future of Workforce Diversity in International Organisations
Cet article examine plusieurs sortes de diversités ethniques dans les organisations internationales. Il recense les facteurs susceptibles de rendre particul‐ièrement faciles ou difficiles les relations intergroupes relevant de ces diversités. Il propose aussi des solutions qui peuvent favoriser les relations intergroupes. L’avenir imposera une conjonction de ces pratiques pour assurer un bon fonctionnement des organisations internationales. Human…
Cultural Influences on Personality
Ecologies shape cultures; cultures influence the development of personalities. There are both universal and culture-specific aspects of variation in personality. Some culture-specific aspects correspond to cultural syndromes such as complexity, tightness, individualism, and collectivism. A large body of literature suggests that the Big Five personality factors emerge in various cultures. However, caution is required in arguing for such universali…
Odysseus Wandered for 10, I Wondered for 50 Years
The title of this paper is highly individualistic: It uses “I” and it is very competitive! Yet I was raised in Greece when it was a collectivist culture, as is clear from Triandis (1972). I started as an allocentric and ended up as idiocentric person. In January 1948, at age 21, I came to Canada, to study at McGill University, because the Technical University (Polytechnion) where I was studying in Athens was not in good shape just after the war (…
Subjective Culture
The definition of subjective culture is followed by a listing of the elements of subjective culture and an examination of the content of each element and the methodological problems in studying that element
The Study of Cross Cultural Management and Organization
Culture and Deception in Business Negotiations
This article investigates the relationship between culture, personality, and deception in a simulated international management negotiation at multiple levels of analysis. `Deception' was operationalized here as the propensity to lie and bribe. As predicted, at the cultural level the results from a scenario study with 1583 participants from eight cultures suggested that cultural collectivism was positively related to reported use of deception in n…
Individualism-Collectivism and Personality
This paper provides a review of the main findings concerning the relationship between the cultural syndromes of individualism and collectivism and personality. People in collectivist cultures, compared to people in individualist cultures, are likely to define themselves as aspects of groups, to give priority to in-group goals, to focus on context more than the content in making attributions and in communicating, to pay less attention to internal …
Collectivism and individualism
Training to recognize individual differences in collectivism and individualism within culture
Converging measurement of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism
The constructs of horizontal (H) and vertical (V) individualism (I) and collectivism (C) were theoretically defined and empirically supported. Study 1 confirmed, via factor analysis, that the 4 constructs, HI, VI, HC, and VC, which were previously found in the United States, which has an individualist culture, also were found in Korea, which has a collectivist culture. Study 2 investigated multimethod-multitrait matrices measuring the constructs …
The shifting basis of life satisfaction judgments across cultures
The relative importance of emotions versus normative beliefs for life satisfaction judgments was compared among individualist and collectivist nations in 2 large sets of international data (in total, 61 nations, N = 62,446). Among nations, emotions and life satisfaction correlated significantly more strongly in more individualistic nations (r =.52 in Study 1; r =.48 in Study 2). At the individual level, emotions were far superior predictors of li…
Scenarios for the Measurement of Collectivism and Individualism
This article presents a method that uses scenarios for the measurement of horizontal (H)and vertical (V) individualism (I) and collectivism (C) across cultures, with university samples. The scenarios were developed by using focus groups, to cover a wide range of social situations often found among university students. Graduate student judges indicated which responses to each scenario represented HI, VI, HC, or VC judgments. When the judges did no…
Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Personality
Individualism versus collectivism or versus authoritarianism
Although there has been progress in the definition, antecedents, and consequences of individualism and collectivism, there are some fundamental issues that need to be resolved. This study examined two such issues: the dimensionality of individualism and collectivism, and the relationship of these constructs to authoritarianism. Thirty-eight American undergraduates judged the similarity among 15 concepts that have previously been shown to be refle…
The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts
Three aspects of the self(private, public, collective) with different probabilities in different kinds of social environments were sampled. Three dimensions of cultural variation (individualism--collectivism, tightness-looseness, cultural complexity) are discussed in relation to the sampling of these three aspects of the self. The more complex the culture, the more frequent the sampling of the public and private self and the less frequent the sam…
Individualism and collectivism
The individualism and collectivism constructs are theoretically analyzed and linked to certain hypothesized consequences (social behaviors, health indices). Study 1 explores the meaning of these constructs within culture (in the United States), identifying the individual-differences variable, idiocentrism versus allocentrism, that corresponds to the constructs. Factor analyses of responses to items related to the constructs suggest that UrS. indi…
Converging measurement of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism
The constructs of horizontal (H) and vertical (V) individualism (I) and collectivism (C) were theoretically defined and empirically supported. Study 1 confirmed, via factor analysis, that the 4 constructs, HI, VI, HC, and VC, which were previously found in the United States, which has an individualist culture, also were found in Korea, which has a collectivist culture. Study 2 investigated multimethod-multitrait matrices measuring the constructs …
Individualism-Collectivism and Personality
This paper provides a review of the main findings concerning the relationship between the cultural syndromes of individualism and collectivism and personality. People in collectivist cultures, compared to people in individualist cultures, are likely to define themselves as aspects of groups, to give priority to in-group goals, to focus on context more than the content in making attributions and in communicating, to pay less attention to internal …
Multimethod probes of individualism and collectivism
The shifting basis of life satisfaction judgments across cultures
The relative importance of emotions versus normative beliefs for life satisfaction judgments was compared among individualist and collectivist nations in 2 large sets of international data (in total, 61 nations, N = 62,446). Among nations, emotions and life satisfaction correlated significantly more strongly in more individualistic nations (r =.52 in Study 1; r =.48 in Study 2). At the individual level, emotions were far superior predictors of li…
The psychological measurement of cultural syndromes
An examination of a range of definitions of culture indicates that almost all researchers agree that culture is reflected in shared cognitions, standard operating procedures, and unexamined assumptions. Cultural syndromes consist of shared attitudes, beliefs, norms, role and self definitions, and va
Horizontal and Vertical Dimensions of Individualism and Collectivism
In developing a new scale, this article makes theoretical and measurement distinctions between vertical and horizontal individualism and collectivism. Vertical collectivism includes perceiving the selfas a part (or an aspect) of a collective and accepting inequalities within the collective. Horizontal collectivism includes perceiving the self as a part of the collective, but seeing all members of the collective as the same; thus equality is stres…
Some tests of the distinction between the private self and the collective self
On the bases of Greenwald and Pratkanis's (1984) distinction between private and collective aspects of the self and on Triandis's (1989) theory about individualistic and collectivistic cultures, 2 competing theories concerning the organization of self-cognitions were proposed. Findings from 2 experi
Collectivism and Individualism as Cultural Syndromes
A cultural syndrome can be identified when shared attitudes, be liefs, norms, roles, values, and other such elements of subjective cul ture, identified among those who share a language, historic period, and geographic location, (a) are organized around a theme, (b) there is evidence that the within-culture variance of these constructs is small relative to the between-cultures variance, and (c) there is a link between these patterns of subjective …
Individualism-Collectivism
Individualism and collectivism are terms used by both social scientists and the public, but there are few systematic studies of this dimension. A sample of psychologists and anthropologists from all parts of the world was asked to respond to a questionnaire the way they believe an individualist and a collectivist would respond. The questionnaire described 10 target persons in seven situations. The responses converged, suggesting that there is con…
Measurement in Cross-Cultural Psychology
Notions of equivalence in cross-cultural measurement were related to the abstraction-concreteness and the universality-cultural difference continua. Various methods proposed for attaining satisfactory measurement were reviewed and compared within this framework. Each strategy has its own merits and shortcomings. Moreover, the level of cross-cultural equivalence presupposed, the type of equivalence demonstrated and/or improved, and the equivalence…
Allocentric versus idiocentric tendencies
Simpatía as a cultural script of Hispanics
A cultural script is a pattern of social interaction which is characteristic of a particular cultural group. Simpatia, and its component harmony, or the emphasis on positive behaviors in positive situations (e.g., complimenting somebody who has done a good job) and the de-emphasis of negative behaviors in negative situations (e.g., criticising) may be a Hispanic cultural script. Lower status individuals are not supposed to show aggression even wh…
Effects of Culture and Response Format on Extreme Response Style
Do cultural and ethnic groups differ in their extreme response style? To answer this question, Hispanic and non-Hispanic subjects were asked to respond to a questionnaire on 5-point or 10-point scales. As predicted, Hispanics were found to exhibit a stronger tendency for extreme checking (about half the time, on the average) than non-Hispanic, but only when the 5-point scales were used. Use of 10-point scales reduced the extreme responses of the …
An Etic-Emic Analysis of Individualism and Collectivism
An analysis of the responses of 1,614 subjects from 10 cultures shows that the Leung Bond procedure provides illuminating ways of extracting both strong (Separation From In-Groups, Independence, and Personal Competence) and weak (Task Orientation) eticsrelevant to individualism, and weak etics (Dependence on Others, Sociability) relevant to collectivism. Additional richness in the available information is provided when intracultural factor analys…
Scenarios for the Measurement of Collectivism and Individualism
This article presents a method that uses scenarios for the measurement of horizontal (H)and vertical (V) individualism (I) and collectivism (C) across cultures, with university samples. The scenarios were developed by using focus groups, to cover a wide range of social situations often found among university students. Graduate student judges indicated which responses to each scenario represented HI, VI, HC, or VC judgments. When the judges did no…
Cross-cultural training across the individualism-collectivism divide
Three cross-cultural studies of subjective culture
A sample of approximately 10,000 social behaviors was elicited independently using identical procedures, from American and Greek Ss. The lists of social behaviors were subjected to facet analysis, which reduced them to a set of 120 maximally heterogeneous social behaviors in each culture. These behaviors were employed in the construction of two instruments: (a) A Role Differential, which consists of roles judged on scales defined by social behavi…
Frequency of contact and stereotyping
Six samples of Ss were tested with an instrument which utilized a semantic differential format. The 'concepts' were 'Americans in general tend to be' and 'Greeks in general tend to be.' The scales were characteristics obtained from unstructured interviews of Americans and Greeks working together in jobs requiring face-to-face social relations. The six samples varied in the degree of contact. Maximum contact groups consisted of Americans and Greek…
Exploratory factor analyses of the behavioral component of social attitudes
The Self-Serving Bias in Attributions as a Coping Strategy
The present study suggests that American students tend to use an individual coping strategy (i.e., self-serving attributions) more than Japanese students do in dealing with success and failure experiences. However, this tendency was observed only on the ability-related dimensions of attention and memory. The patterns of attributions seem to suggest that on the other dimensions, the subjects' causal inferences about their task performance are rela…
Cognitive Similarity and Communication in a Dyad
Race and belief as determinants of behavioral intentions
300 Ss responded, on 12 semantic and IS behavioral differential scales, to 8 stimulus persons generated by all possible combinations of the characteristics Negro-white, male-female, proor con-civil-rights legislation. They also rated 35 political and civil rights issues on semantic differentials. A factor analysis of Ss, based on the covariances of their responses to variables, denned 11 types of Ss. 2 of these types were strongly prejudiced. One…
Multistrategy Approach to Cross-Cultural Research
A multistrategy approach in cross-cultural research was used to refine 24 of Collins's (1974) locus of control items for use among mainstream and Hispanic subjects. Use of informants in the selection of items, a multidimensional scaling method, factor analysis, and a nomological validation were performed. The Collins Difficult-Easy World factor was the only item cluster that was clearly cross-culturally equivalent. The mainstream subjects and the…
A restatement and test of Schlosberg's theory of emotion with two kinds of subjects from Greece
A comparative factorial analysis of semantic structures in monolingual Greek and American college students
Attitude Change Through Training in Industry
In the last fifteen or twenty years there has been a considerable increase in supervisory training in industry. A large variety of courses ranging in content from Human Relations to Mathematics are given. Many of these courses do not aim to impart specific facts, figures, or formulae. Instead, the aim is to change the attitudes of the supervisor in relation to some aspect of the industry's operations. They aim, for example, at having him acquire …
A critique and experimental design for the study of the relationship between productivity and job satisfaction
Cognitive Similarity and Communication in a Dyad
Some Determinants of Interpersonal Communication
A note on Rokeach's theory of prejudice
Social Science Approaches to Business Behavior
Cognitive interaction in person perception
Exploratory factor analyses of the behavioral component of social attitudes
Member Heterogeneity and Dyadic Creativity
Some determinants of social distance among American, German, and Japanese students
Race and belief as determinants of behavioral intentions
300 Ss responded, on 12 semantic and IS behavioral differential scales, to 8 stimulus persons generated by all possible combinations of the characteristics Negro-white, male-female, proor con-civil-rights legislation. They also rated 35 political and civil rights issues on semantic differentials. A factor analysis of Ss, based on the covariances of their responses to variables, denned 11 types of Ss. 2 of these types were strongly prejudiced. One…
Social Status as a Determinant of Respect and Friendship Acceptance
Previous work completed with American student Ss has shown that the behavioral component of interpersonal attitudes is multidimensional and the affective component is related to only one of the factors of the behavioral component. A theory is presented which accounts for these findings. One aspect of the theory predicts that each of the factors of the behavioral component of interpersonal attitudes is determined by different combinations of the p…
Cross-cultural invariance in the differentiation and organization of family roles
Race, status, quality of spoken English, and opinions about civil rights as determinants of interpersonal attitudes
Frequency of contact and stereotyping
Six samples of Ss were tested with an instrument which utilized a semantic differential format. The 'concepts' were 'Americans in general tend to be' and 'Greeks in general tend to be.' The scales were characteristics obtained from unstructured interviews of Americans and Greeks working together in jobs requiring face-to-face social relations. The six samples varied in the degree of contact. Maximum contact groups consisted of Americans and Greek…
Work and the Nature of Man
Plant Union-Management Relations
Three cross-cultural studies of subjective culture
A sample of approximately 10,000 social behaviors was elicited independently using identical procedures, from American and Greek Ss. The lists of social behaviors were subjected to facet analysis, which reduced them to a set of 120 maximally heterogeneous social behaviors in each culture. These behaviors were employed in the construction of two instruments: (a) A Role Differential, which consists of roles judged on scales defined by social behavi…
Attitude and Attitude Change
An Experimental Study of Black‐White Negotiations 1
One hundred and forty variables tapping aspects of the subjective culture (characteristic way or perceiving the social environment) of 300 white male students were subjected to two‐mode factor analysis. Five subject types emerged from the similarities in the responses of the students to these variables. In the next phase of the study, 88 representatives of these subject types participated in experimental negotiations. Before the negotiations, cau…
Culture Training
L'assimilateur de culture consiste en une approche auto-instructive et programmée en vue de L'initiation à une culture étrangère. Une série d'expériences en laboratoire et d'études sur les lieux, entreprises pour la validation de cet assimilateur de culture, sont ici passées en revue. Les résultats montrent que, par rapport aux autres formes traditionnelles d'initiation culturelle ou par rapport à L'absence d'initiation, L'assimilateur de culture…
Psychologists on culture and thought
Michael Cole and Sylvia Scribner. Culture and Thought: A Psychological Introduction. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1974. vii + 227 pp. Figures, references, and indexes. $8.95 (paper). J. W. Berry and P. R. Dasen, eds. Culture and Cognition: Readings in Cross‐Cultural Psychology London: Methuen (New York: Barnes & Noble), 1974. xiv + 487 pp. Figures, tables, references, and indexes. $17.00 (cloth), $8.50 (paper)
Level of Abstraction of Disagreements as a Determinant of Interpersonal Perception
Two experiments tested the hypothesis that the higher the level of abstraction of a disagreement between two individuals, the greater would be the damage of the disagreement to interpersonal perceptions. In the first experiment, paper and pencil stimulus persons differing in race (black-white) and agreement versus disagreement on values (highly abstract), norms, roles, and facilities beliefs (least abstract) were presented to subjects who indicat…
Psychology (80 works) · Social Psychology (66 works) · Cultural Differences and Values (55 works) · Sociology (47 works) · Social Psychology (41 works) · Political science (35 works) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (33 works) · Individualism (22 works) · Collectivism (21 works) · Anthropology (20 works)