Daniel Schmitt
Biographic Data
| ID | 75888 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Daniel Schmitt |
| GIVEN NAMES | Daniel |
| FAMILY NAME | Schmitt |
| SIGNATURE | SCHMITT D |
| AFFILIATIONS | Duke University |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-4314-5819 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 56 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 586 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 55 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1994 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2024 |
| H-INDEX | 14 |
Développer la pensée informatique à travers la conception de jeux vidéo éducatifs. Educational Game & Play Design Project
La place des jeux vidéo dans les loisirs quotidiens des enfants s’accroît. Leur utilisation en tant que support pédagogique semble un bon moyen de lutter contre la baisse de motivation observée chez les élèves comme la perte de sens dans les apprentissages. L’approche constructionniste proposée par Papert vise à explorer la création de jeux vidéo par les apprenants. Plusieurs études ont montré qu’elle s’associait à un développement de la pensée i…
Short but meaningful
For more than a century, the timing and tracking (T&T) approach has been widely used in museums. Museum professionals tend to find the average time visitors spend in front of artworks ‘too short’. This implies to consider mediation devices as a hindrance that could distract even more visitors’ attention from artworks. However, when visiting an exhibition, what happens when a visitor looks at an artwork which is systematically accompanied by a lab…
Médiation du religieux et expérience visitorielle
Prsenter dans une collection des oeuvres mdivales pouvant avoir une porte religieuse interroge les conditions de leur mise en exposition.Le Palais des Beaux-arts de Lille explore diverses formes de discours pour donner sens des objets dont l'interprtation initiale peut tre mal connue, voire dprcie des visiteurs contemporains.Une analyse fine de leur exprience de visite permet de reconstruire leur dynamique corporelle, cognitive et motionnelle dur…
Mobile Government
The growing number of mobile and wireless devices is a key reason for the rising importance of and the interest in mobile government. As researchers and practitioners still ask for further empirical research in this area, it is necessary to analyze existing research and cluster it in order to reveal research gaps. This literature review focuses this demand by scrutinizing the available quantitative empirical research approaches, and therefore ide…
Jumping performance in tree squirrels
Le lien à la culture renouvelé par les mobilités informationnelles
Comment mettre les patrimoines culturels rendus temporairement ou définitivement inaccessibles à disposition des publics immobilisés ou distants, pour répondre à leur demande de culture ? Les technologies de l’information et de la communication offrent des réponses instrumentées à ce nouveau défi. Ce type de ressource promeut les mobilités informationnelles en substitution aux mobilités réelles.Après une première partie consacrée à l’introduction…
Making sense of visitors' sense-making experiences
Ten years of studying museum visitors’ sense-making processes have led to developing two in situ research methods. First, from a conceptual ‘enactive’ perspective, our REMIND method seeks to understand more clearly visitors’ sense-making processes. This involves employing an eye-tracker video recording of visitors’ gaze points as the basis of semi-guided interviews conducted on the site of the museum immediately after the visit. Second, our E-MOT…
Éclairer pour illuminer. L’éclairage, un dispositif muséal de médiation
clairage dynamique (install en 2014) de la Grande Galerie de l'volution. MNHN/B. Jay 1 Le pilotage dynamique de l'clairage offre aujourd'hui de nombreuses possibilits de modlisation et de contrle de la lumire. Ces technologies peuvent guider le regard clairer pour illuminer. L'clairage, un dispositif musal de mdiation
Effects of human variation on foot and ankle pain in rural Madagascar
OBJECTIVES: Foot and ankle dysfunction in barefoot/minimally shod populations remains understudied. Although factors affecting musculoskeletal pain in Western populations are well-studied, little is known about how types of work, gender, and body shape influence bone and joint health in non-Western and minimally shod communities. This study examines the effect of human variation on locomotor disability in an agrarian community in Madagascar. MATE…
Le design de l’expérience au musée
Cet article part du constat que la compréhension de l’expérience des visiteurs, entendue comme construction de sens au fur et à mesure de leur visite dans ses dimensions corporelle, cognitive et émotionnelle, pourrait s’enrichir de nouvelles méthodes d’enquêtes. La recherche met en œuvre Remind, une méthode d’entretien des visiteurs en rappel stimulé qui permet de recueillir des verbalisations très précises de l’activité cognitive et émotionnelle…
Mechanics of heel-strike plantigrady in African apes
The mechanical origins of arm-swinging
Do forelimb shape and peak forces co‐vary in strepsirrhines
OBJECTIVES: In this study, we explore whether ground reaction forces recorded during horizontal walking co-vary with the shape of the long bones of the forelimb in strepsirrhines. To do so, we quantify (1) the shape of the shaft and articular surfaces of each long bone of the forelimb, (2) the peak vertical, mediolateral, and horizontal ground reaction forces applied by the forelimb during arboreal locomotion, and (3) the relationship between the…
Functional associations between support use and forelimb shape in strepsirrhines and their relevance to inferring locomotor behavior in early primates
The Evolution of the Primate Hand
Evolution of the Primate Hand
The Evolution of the Primate Hand
This book demonstrates how the primate hand combines both primative and novel morphology, both general function with specialization, and both a remarkable degree of diversity within some clades and general similarity across many others. Across these chapters, different authors have addressed a variety of specific questions and provided their perspectives, but all explore the main themes described above to provide an overarching "primitive primate…
Patterns of quadrupedal locomotion in a vertical clinging and leaping primate ( Propithecus coquereli ) with implications for understanding the functional demands of primate quadrupedal locomotion
OBJECTIVES: Many primates exhibit a suite of characteristics that distinguish their quadrupedal gaits from non-primate mammals including the use of a diagonal sequence gait, a relatively protracted humerus at touchdown, and relatively high peak vertical forces on the hindlimbs compared to the forelimbs. These characteristics are thought to have evolved together in early, small-bodied primates possibly in response to the mechanical demands of navi…
Ontogenetic scaling of fore limb and hind limb joint posture and limb bone cross‐sectional geometry in vervets and baboons
OBJECTIVES: Previous studies suggest that the postures habitually adopted by an animal influence the mechanical loading of its long bones. Relatively extended limb postures in larger animals should preferentially reduce anteroposterior (A-P) relative to mediolateral (M-L) bending of the limb bones and therefore decrease A-P/M-L rigidity. We test this hypothesis by examining growth-related changes in limb bone structure in two primate taxa that di…
Understanding the evolution of the windlass mechanism of the human foot from comparative anatomy
Humans stand alone from other primates in that we propel our bodies forward on a relatively stiff and arched foot and do so by employing an anatomical arrangement of bones and ligaments in the foot that can operate like a “windlass.” This is a significant evolutionary innovation, but it is currently unknown when during hominin evolution this mechanism developed and within what genera or species it originated. The presence of recently discovered f…
Single‐limb force data for two lemur species while vertically clinging
OBJECTIVES: Vertical clinging and climbing have been integral to hypotheses about primate origins, yet little is known about how an animal with nails instead of claws resists gravity while on large, vertical, and cylindrical substrates. Here we test models of how force is applied to maintain posture, predicting (1) the shear component force (Fs ) at the hands will be higher than the feet; (2) the normal component force (Fn ) at the feet will be r…
Kinetics of bipedal locomotion during load carrying in capuchin monkeys
Lumbar vertebral morphology of flying, gliding, and suspensory mammals
Positional Behavior of Delacour’s Langurs (Trachypithecus delacouri) in Northern Vietnam
Interpreting the Role of Climbing in Primate Locomotor Evolution
The kinetics of primate quadrupedalism
Experimental Evidence Concerning Spear Use in Neandertals and Early Modern Humans
Origins of primate locomotion
The locomotion of primates differs from that of other mammals in three fundamental ways. During quadrupedal walking, primates use diagonal sequence gaits, protract their arms more at forelimb touchdown, and experience lower vertical substrate reaction forces on their forelimbs relative to their hindlimbs. It is widely held that the unusual walking gaits of primates represent a basal adaptation for movement on thin, flexible branches and reflect a…
Forelimb mechanics as a function of substrate type during quadrupedalism in two anthropoid primates
Heel contact as a function of substrate type and speed in primates
In this report we provide detailed data on the patterns and frequency of heel contact with terrestrial and arboreal supports in primates. These data can help resolve the question of whether African apes and humans are uniquely “plantigrade” (Gebo [1992] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 89 :29–58; Gebo [1993a] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 97 :382–385; Gebo [1993b] Postcranial Adaptation in Nonhuman Primates ), or if plantigrady is common in other primates (Meld…
Evolutionary implications of the unusual walking mechanics of the common marmoset ( C. jacchus )
Several features that appear to differentiate the walking gaits of most primates from those of most other mammals (the prevalence of diagonal‐sequence footfalls, high degrees of humeral protraction, and low forelimb vs. hindlimb peak vertical forces) are believed to have evolved in response to requirements of locomotion on thin arboreal supports by early primates that had developed clawless grasping hands and feet. This putative relationship betw…
Substrate alters forelimb to hindlimb peak force ratios in primates
Mediolateral reaction forces and forelimb anatomy in quadrupedal primates
Substrate Size and Primate Forelimb Mechanics
EMG of the human flexor pollicis longus muscle
Forelimb and hindlimb forces in walking and galloping primates
One trait that distinguishes the walking gaits of most primates from those of most mammalian nonprimates is the distribution of weight between the forelimbs and hindlimbs. Nonprimate mammals generally experience higher vertical peak substrate reaction forces on the forelimb than on the hindlimb. Primates, in contrast, generally experience higher vertical peak substrate reaction forces on the hindlimb than on the forelimb. It is currently unclear …
The paleobiology of Amphipithecidae, South Asian late Eocene primates
Understanding the adaptive value of diagonal‐sequence gaits in primates
Understanding the evolution of the windlass mechanism of the human foot from comparative anatomy
Humans stand alone from other primates in that we propel our bodies forward on a relatively stiff and arched foot and do so by employing an anatomical arrangement of bones and ligaments in the foot that can operate like a “windlass.” This is a significant evolutionary innovation, but it is currently unknown when during hominin evolution this mechanism developed and within what genera or species it originated. The presence of recently discovered f…
Locomotor mechanics of the slender loris (Loris tardigradus)*1
Positional Behavior of Delacour’s Langurs (Trachypithecus delacouri) in Northern Vietnam
Locomotor energetics in primates
All primates regularly move within three‐dimensional arboreal environments and must often climb, but little is known about the energetic costs of this critical activity. Limited previous work on the energetics of incline locomotion suggests that there may be differential selective pressures for large compared to small primates in choosing to exploit a complex arboreal environment. Necessary metabolic and gait data have never been collected to exa…
Patterns of quadrupedal locomotion in a vertical clinging and leaping primate ( Propithecus coquereli ) with implications for understanding the functional demands of primate quadrupedal locomotion
OBJECTIVES: Many primates exhibit a suite of characteristics that distinguish their quadrupedal gaits from non-primate mammals including the use of a diagonal sequence gait, a relatively protracted humerus at touchdown, and relatively high peak vertical forces on the hindlimbs compared to the forelimbs. These characteristics are thought to have evolved together in early, small-bodied primates possibly in response to the mechanical demands of navi…
The mechanical origins of arm-swinging
Lumbar vertebral morphology of flying, gliding, and suspensory mammals
Functional associations between support use and forelimb shape in strepsirrhines and their relevance to inferring locomotor behavior in early primates
Ontogenetic scaling of fore limb and hind limb joint posture and limb bone cross‐sectional geometry in vervets and baboons
OBJECTIVES: Previous studies suggest that the postures habitually adopted by an animal influence the mechanical loading of its long bones. Relatively extended limb postures in larger animals should preferentially reduce anteroposterior (A-P) relative to mediolateral (M-L) bending of the limb bones and therefore decrease A-P/M-L rigidity. We test this hypothesis by examining growth-related changes in limb bone structure in two primate taxa that di…
Interpreting the Role of Climbing in Primate Locomotor Evolution
Role of the prehensile tail during ateline locomotion
The dynamic role of the prehensile tail of atelines during locomotion is poorly understood. While some have viewed the tail of Ateles simply as a safety mechanism, others have suggested that the prehensile tail plays an active role by adjusting pendulum length or controlling lateral sway during bimanual suspensory locomotion. This study examines the bony and muscular anatomy of the prehensile tail as well as the kinematics of tail use during tail…
New technique for studying reaction forces during primate behaviors on vertical substrates
Recording reaction forces from primates during behaviors on vertical substrates, such as leaping, climbing, or biting trees, typically requires the design and construction of customized recording devices or mounting commercially available force platforms in a vertical position. The technical difficulties imposed by either option have hindered in vivo research on the kinetics of primate behaviors on vertical substrates. We describe a simple, inexp…
Forelimb mechanics as a function of substrate type during quadrupedalism in two anthropoid primates
The kinetics of primate quadrupedalism
Heel contact as a function of substrate type and speed in primates
In this report we provide detailed data on the patterns and frequency of heel contact with terrestrial and arboreal supports in primates. These data can help resolve the question of whether African apes and humans are uniquely “plantigrade” (Gebo [1992] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 89 :29–58; Gebo [1993a] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 97 :382–385; Gebo [1993b] Postcranial Adaptation in Nonhuman Primates ), or if plantigrady is common in other primates (Meld…
The relation between hand morphology and quadrupedalism in primates
Primate hands can be classified into two broad categories on the basis of ray proportions and other features. Ectaxonic hands are characterized by a longer fourth ray and are found in most strepsirhines. Most haplorhines possess mesaxonic hands which are characterized by a longer third ray. Preuschoft et al. ([1993] in H. Preuschoft and D.J. Chivers (eds.): Hands of Primates. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 21–30) proposed a biomechanical model whic…
The relation between hand morphology and quadrupedalism in primates
Primate hands can be classified into two broad categories on the basis of ray proportions and other features. Ectaxonic hands are characterized by a longer fourth ray and are found in most strepsirhines. Most haplorhines possess mesaxonic hands which are characterized by a longer third ray. Preuschoft et al. ([1993] in H. Preuschoft and D.J. Chivers (eds.): Hands of Primates. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 21-30) proposed a biomechanical model whic…
EMG of the human flexor pollicis longus muscle
Compliant walking in primates
It is now well recognized that terrestrial mammals can maintain equivalent bone stresses despite dramatic differences in body size through the adoption of extended limb positions during locomotion. However, this dynamic solution is not available to all mammals. Medium‐ and large‐bodied arboreal mammals, such as anthropoid primates, must maintain relatively gracile and mobile limbs in order to manoeuvre in a discontinuous arboreal environment. But…
Pendular motion in the brachiation of captive Lagothrix and Ateles
Pendular motion during brachiation of captive Lagothrix lagothricha lugens and Ateles fusciceps robustus was analyzed to demonstrate similarities, and differences, between these two closely related large bodied atelines. This is the first captive study of the kinematics of brachiation in Lagothrix. Videorecordings of one adult male of each species were made in a specially designed cage constructed at the DuMond Conservancy/Monkey Jungle, Miami, F…
Pendular motion in the brachiation of captiveLagothrix andAteles
Pendular motion during brachiation of captive Lagothrix lagothricha lugens and Ateles fusciceps robustus was analyzed to demonstrate similarities, and differences, between these two closely related large bodied atelines. This is the first captive study of the kinematics of brachiation in Lagothrix. Videorecordings of one adult male of each species were made in a specially designed cage constructed at the DuMond Conservancy/Monkey Jungle, Miami, F…
Uniqueness of primate forelimb posture during quadrupedal locomotion
Among the characteristics that are thought to set primate quadrupedal locomotion apart from that of nonprimate mammals are a more protracted limb posture and larger limb angular excursion. However, kinematic aspects of primate or nonprimate quadrupedal locomotion have been documented in only a handful of species, and more widely for the hind than the forelimb. This study presents data on arm (humerus) and forelimb posture during walking for 102 s…
Uniqueness of primate forelimb posture during quadrupedal locomotion
Among the characteristics that are thought to set primate quadrupedal locomotion apart from that of nonprimate mammals are a more protracted limb posture and larger limb angular excursion. However, kinematic aspects of primate or nonprimate quadrupedal locomotion have been documented in only a handful of species, and more widely for the hind than the forelimb. This study presents data on arm (humerus) and forelimb posture during walking for 102 s…
Support polygons and symmetrical gaits in mammals
The symmetrical gaits of quadrupedal mammals are often described in terms of two variables: duty factor (S = the stanceperiod of one foot, as a percentage of the gait cycle) and diagonality(D = the percentage of the cycle period by which the left hind footfall precedes the left fore footfall). We show that support polygons are optimized during walking (i.e. the percentage of the locomotor cycle spent standing on only two feet is minimized) for: (…
Hand and body position during locomotor behavior in the aye‐aye ( Daubentonia madagascariensis )
Aye‐ayes ( Daubentonia madagascariensis ) have unique hands among primates, with extraordinarily long fingers in relation to body size. These long digits may be vulnerable to damage from forces during locomotion, particularly during head‐first descent—a locomotor mode that the aye‐aye utilizes frequently. Previous behavioral studies of aye‐aye locomotion reported that Daubentonia must curl its fingers during horizontal quadrupedalism and/or desce…
Origins of primate locomotion
The locomotion of primates differs from that of other mammals in three fundamental ways. During quadrupedal walking, primates use diagonal sequence gaits, protract their arms more at forelimb touchdown, and experience lower vertical substrate reaction forces on their forelimbs relative to their hindlimbs. It is widely held that the unusual walking gaits of primates represent a basal adaptation for movement on thin, flexible branches and reflect a…
Substrate Size and Primate Forelimb Mechanics
Experimental Evidence Concerning Spear Use in Neandertals and Early Modern Humans
Evolutionary implications of the unusual walking mechanics of the common marmoset ( C. jacchus )
Several features that appear to differentiate the walking gaits of most primates from those of most other mammals (the prevalence of diagonal‐sequence footfalls, high degrees of humeral protraction, and low forelimb vs. hindlimb peak vertical forces) are believed to have evolved in response to requirements of locomotion on thin arboreal supports by early primates that had developed clawless grasping hands and feet. This putative relationship betw…
Mediolateral reaction forces and forelimb anatomy in quadrupedal primates
Bipedalism in Homo ergaster
New technique for studying reaction forces during primate behaviors on vertical substrates
Recording reaction forces from primates during behaviors on vertical substrates, such as leaping, climbing, or biting trees, typically requires the design and construction of customized recording devices or mounting commercially available force platforms in a vertical position. The technical difficulties imposed by either option have hindered in vivo research on the kinetics of primate behaviors on vertical substrates. We describe a simple, inexp…
Substrate alters forelimb to hindlimb peak force ratios in primates
The paleobiology of Amphipithecidae, South Asian late Eocene primates
Locomotor mechanics of the slender loris (Loris tardigradus)*1
Role of the prehensile tail during ateline locomotion
The dynamic role of the prehensile tail of atelines during locomotion is poorly understood. While some have viewed the tail of Ateles simply as a safety mechanism, others have suggested that the prehensile tail plays an active role by adjusting pendulum length or controlling lateral sway during bimanual suspensory locomotion. This study examines the bony and muscular anatomy of the prehensile tail as well as the kinematics of tail use during tail…
Forelimb and hindlimb forces in walking and galloping primates
One trait that distinguishes the walking gaits of most primates from those of most mammalian nonprimates is the distribution of weight between the forelimbs and hindlimbs. Nonprimate mammals generally experience higher vertical peak substrate reaction forces on the forelimb than on the hindlimb. Primates, in contrast, generally experience higher vertical peak substrate reaction forces on the hindlimb than on the forelimb. It is currently unclear …
Biology (39 works) · Primate Behavior and Ecology (37 works) · Anatomy (31 works) · Anatomy (31 works) · Primate (27 works) · Quadrupedalism (23 works) · Ecology (22 works) · Arboreal locomotion (21 works) · Animal Vocal Communication and Behavior (20 works) · Ecology (20 works)