Fred H Smith
Biographic Data
| ID | 75917 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Fred H Smith |
| GIVEN NAMES | Fred H |
| FAMILY NAME | Smith |
| SIGNATURE | SMITH F H |
| AFFILIATIONS | Illinois State University |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 70 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 1335 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 65 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 5 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1976 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 19 |
Mousterian occupations in Dalmatia, Croatia
New dates from Mujina pećina, obtained through optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), provide the earliest radiometric dates yet recorded from an archaeological site in Dalmatia, Croatia. Associated Mousterian artefacts indicate that humans were present in this part of the Adriatic region c . 30 000 years earlier than previously believed.
Chronology of hominin activity at Vindija Cave, Croatia
The project 'Last Neanderthals at the Crossroads of Central Europe and the Mediterranean' (NECEM) combines lithic analyses of previously excavated material with new sampling for dating and environmental DNA. New radiocarbon dates from Vindija, presented here, help clarify the chronology of late Neanderthal and early modern human occupations in South-eastern and Central Europe
The diet of young Neandertals from France, Pech de l’Azé I and Hortus II, reconstructed using dental microwear texture analysis
Les adultes néandertaliens présentent des différences de régime alimentaire en fonction de leur paléohabitat. Nous examinons si les jeunes enfants néandertaliens de France datant du stade isotopique marins 3 montrent également ces distinctions alimentaires à partir de l’étude de la texture des micro-usures dentaires des deuxièmes molaires déciduales des individus Pech de l’Azé I, datant d’une phase froide-tempérée, et Hortus II, datant d’une phas…
Novi rezultati datiranja Vindije, Velike pećine (Kličevica) i Mujine pećine U-Th metodom i njihova implikacija za kronologiju srednjeg paleolitika u Hrvatskoj
This paper reports new results obtained by Uranium-Thorium (U-Th) dating of animal bones, tooth and flowstone samples from three Croatian Middle Paleolithic sites. Dates were obtained on bones and teeth from Vindija (Hrvatsko zagorje) and flowstones from Velika pećina in Kličevica and Mujina pećina (both in Dalmatia). Obtained results support the previously established chronology of the Middle Paleolithic of Croatia by confirming that the oldest …
Continuity or Replacement
Regional variability in diet between Northern European and Mediterranean Neandertals
Continuity or Replacement
Hybridization in human evolution
During the late Pleistocene, isolated lineages of hominins exchanged genes thus influencing genomic variation in humans in both the past and present. However, the dynamics of this genetic exchange and associated phenotypic consequences through time remain poorly understood. Gene exchange across divergent lineages can result in myriad outcomes arising from these dynamics and the environmental conditions under which it occurs. Here we draw from our…
The evidence from Vindija Cave (Croatia) reveals diversity of Neandertal behaviour in Europe
Hybridization in human evolution
During the late Pleistocene, isolated lineages of hominins exchanged genes thus influencing genomic variation in humans in both the past and present. However, the dynamics of this genetic exchange and associated phenotypic consequences through time remain poorly understood. Gene exchange across divergent lineages can result in myriad outcomes arising from these dynamics and the environmental conditions under which it occurs. Here we draw from our…
Cranial measures and ancient DNA both show greater similarity of Neandertals to recent modern Eurasians than to recent modern sub‐Saharan Africans
OBJECTIVES: Ancient DNA analysis has shown that present-day humans of Eurasian ancestry are more similar to Neandertals than are present-day humans of sub-Saharan African ancestry, reflecting interbreeding after modern humans first left Africa. We use craniometric data to test the hypothesis that the crania of recent modern humans show the same pattern. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We computed Mahalanobis squared distances between a published Neanderta…
The Assimilation Model of modern human origins in light of current genetic and genomic knowledge
Paleolithic hominins and settlement in Croatia from MIS 6 to MIS 3
New research on the Late Pleistocene in the Lim Channel, Istria
As a part of the multidisciplinary project entitled 'Archaeological Investigations into the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene of the Lim Channel, Istria', archaeological research has been conducted at four sites: Romuald's Cave, Abri Kontija 002, Pećina at Rovinjsko Selo and Lim 001 (Figure 1). There is much debate on issues related to biological and behavioural continuity, to patterns of changes and adaptations during this crucial period, and …
The Importance of Croatian Pleistocene Hominin Finds in the Study of Human Evolution
Recent Research on the Croatian Middle/Upper Paleolithic Interface in the Context of Central and Southeast Europe
On some aspects of Neandertal zygomatic morphology
The Origins of Modern Humans
"This work provides an update of an award-winning classic, which introduced the major competing theories in human evolution. The coverage now features new fossil and molecular evidence, such as the genetic evidence including evolutionary inferences drawn from assesments of modern humans and large segments of the genome of the Neanderthal. The inclusion of younger scholars also enhances the work, leading to a comprehensive and vibrant current edit…
Alternative Interpretations of the Middle/Upper Paleolithic Interface at Vindija Cave (Northwestern Croatia) in the Context of Central Europe and the Adriatic
A short research history of the Middle/Upper Paleolithic interface at Vindija Cave is presented. Alternative interpretations of this evidence are discussed from various perspectives (archaeological, paleoanthropological, and genetic) in the context of other continental and Mediterranean (Adriatic) sites. There are notable differences between the Middle/Upper Paleolithic at Vindija and the sites from the eastern Adriatic region. The lack of data f…
The Fate of the Neandertals
The fate of the Neandertals is the oldest debate in paleoanthropology and one of the longest, most contentious in science. Here I present my perspective on the biological distinction of Neandertals and their role in the emergence of modern people in Europe and the circum-Mediterranean. Neandertals were highly adapted to life in the cold, demanding realm of Europe during the later Pleistocene. This adaptation was strongly biological, and it came a…
Hard-Object Feeding in Sooty Mangabeys (Cercocebus atys) and Interpretation of Early Hominin Feeding Ecology
Morphology of the dentofacial complex of early hominins has figured prominently in the inference of their dietary adaptations. Recent theoretical analysis of craniofacial morphology of Australopithecus africanus proposes that skull form in this taxon represents adaptation to feeding on large, hard objects. A modern analog for this specific dietary specialization is provided by the West African sooty mangabey, Cercocebus atys. This species habitua…
Man the Fat Hunter
The worldwide association of H. erectus with elephants is well documented and so is the preference of humans for fat as a source of energy. We show that rather than a matter of preference, H. erectus in the Levant was dependent on both elephants and fat for his survival. The disappearance of elephants from the Levant some 400 kyr ago coincides with the appearance of a new and innovative local cultural complex--the Levantine Acheulo-Yabrudian and,…
Archaeological, Paleontological and Genomic Perspectives on Late European Neandertals at Vindija Cave, Croatia
Assimilation Revisited
The Middle Paleolithic from Mujina Pećina, Dalmatia, Croatia
Mujina Pećina in Dalmatia, Croatia is the only systematically excavated and well-dated Middle Paleolithic cave site in the eastern Adriatic. Its stratigraphic sequence covers the period between 45 and 39 uncalibrated years ka. Results of sedimentological, lithic, faunal, and paleobotanical analyses of the upper levels (Levels B, C, D1, and D2) show that this was a hunting site only sporadically visited by humans. During these occupation episodes …
The Excavations in Kebara Cave, Mt. Carmel [and Comments and Replies]
This paper summarizes the results of recent excavations (1982-90) at the Middle Paleolithic site of Kebara Cave. Work at the cave by earlier excavators is also discussed. Although analysis of the Kebara materials is still far from completed, an overview of the current stage of the investigations includes (1) a synthesis of the site's complex stratigraphy and dating; (2) a description of the spatial patterning of hearths, ash lenses, and bone and …
Theories of Modern Human Origins
Modern human origins
During the past decade or so, considerable new data pertinent to the origin of modern humans have come to light. Based on these new data and reinterpretation of older information, three models have been offered to explain the development of modern people. These models—Bräuer's Afro-European sapiens hypothesis, Stringer and Andrew's recent African evolution model, and Wolpoff, Wu, and Thorne's multiregional evolution model—have their roots in earl…
The assimilation model, modern human origins in Europe, and the extinction of Neandertals
Upper pleistocene human remains from Vindija cave, Croatia, Yugoslavia
Human remains excavated from Vindija cave include a large although fragmentary sample of late Mousterian‐associated specimens and a few additional individuals from the overlying early Upper Paleolithic levels. The Mousterian‐associated sample is similar to European Neandertals from other regions. Compared with earlier Neandertals from south central Europe, this sample evinces evolutionary trends in the direction of Upper Paleolithic Europeans. Co…
Evolution of the supraorbital region in Upper Pleistocene fossil hominids from South‐Central Europe
South‐Central European fossil hominids dated to the Upper Pleistocene exhibit a distinct morphological and metric continuum in supraorbital form from early Neandertal (Krapina), through late Neandertals (Vindija), to early Upper Paleolithic hominids. The supraorbital morphologies pertinent to this continuum are documented, and the alterations in size and morphology are discussed ralative to the function of supraorbital superstructures and their r…
New discoveries and interpretations of hominid fossils and artifacts from Vindija Cave, Croatia
Beginning with excavations during the 1970s, Vindija Cave (Croatia) has yielded significant Middle and Upper Paleolithic fossil and archaeological finds. We report on seven recently identified hominid fossils, a newly associated partial hominid cranial vault from level G(3), nine possible bone retouchers, and a revised interpretation of the Mousterian artifact assemblage from the site. This new information reinforces our knowledge of the complex …
Some Aspects of the Evolution of Early Hominid Sexual Dimorphism [and Comments and Reply]
This paper reviews the patterns of sexual dimorphism in the living higher primates and suggests criteria for sex determination in the australopithecines. Using the bimodal distribution for australopithecine canine breadths, sex determination for individual specimens is attempted. The pattern of sexual dimorphism in the australopithecines differs from that in other higher primates: posterior-tooth dimorphism, mandibular-corpus dimorphism, and prob…
The Supraorbital Torus
The supraorbital torus is found only in some genera of the primate order. Because no muscles of consequence attach directly to it, it has been considered nonfunctional. However, invitro strain-gauge experiments demonstrate that when the anterior teeth are loaded, the supraorbital region acts as a bent beam, pulled downward on each end by masticatory muscle forces and pushed upward centrally by bite force. Clinical and experimental data indicate t…
Frontal bone morphometrics of southwest Asian Pleistocene hominids
The Neandertals
The role of Eurasian Neandertals in modern human origins continues to be debated. The nature of the debate twenty-five years ago is compared to the nature of the debate today, and the changes and similarities in how Neandertals were then and are now viewed are discussed. Adaptive explanations for the existence of Neandertals and the origin of modern people are also reviewed. It is concluded that Neandertal morphology is likely the result of accel…
Continuity and change in the origin of modern Homo sapiens
This paper presents a review of the hominid fossil record pertinent to the archaic/modern Homo sapiens transition in 5 regions of the Old World. In each individual region, the data are consi stent with a localized, independent derivation of modern//, sapiens from the preceding archaic sapi ens populations in that respective region. There is evidence of morphological continuity in all regions and in none is there unequivocal evidence for the tempo…
Les hommes fossiles de Saccopastore et leurs relations phylogenetiques
Evolutionary significance of the mandibular foramen area in neandertals
An unusual morphology of the mandibular foramen area is described, and its incidence determined for several fossil and modern hominid skeletal samples. This morphology, designated the horizontal‐oval type mandibular foramen, is found in 46.2% of the 26 Neandertal foramina examined and in 23.1% of a European Upper Paleolithic sample of 13 foramina. In a total of 747 foramina from five modern skeletal samples, the highest incidence is 3.72%. Possib…
Getting It Straight
Peer Reviewed
Upper Pleistocene Hominids From Vindija, Croatia, Yugoslavia
Additional upper pleistocene human remains from Vindija cave, Croatia, Yugoslavia
This report presents a morphological description of ten hominid skeletal fragments found at Vindija cave, northwestern Yugoslavia, in 1980‐1981. Eight of the specimens (seven cranial fragments and one complete hand proximal phalanx) were excavated from level G 3 , a stratum correlated to the Lower Würm stadial and containing Mousterian lithic elements. The salient morphological features of these new specimens are similar to those of previously de…
More on the Neanderthal Problem
Human Population Relationships in the Late Pleistocene
Chronological changes in stone tool assemblages from Krapina (Croatia)
Sexual differences in European Neanderthal crania with special reference to the Krapina remains
The Middle Paleolithic from Mujina Pećina, Dalmatia, Croatia
Mujina Pećina in Dalmatia, Croatia is the only systematically excavated and well-dated Middle Paleolithic cave site in the eastern Adriatic. Its stratigraphic sequence covers the period between 45 and 39 uncalibrated years ka. Results of sedimentological, lithic, faunal, and paleobotanical analyses of the upper levels (Levels B, C, D1, and D2) show that this was a hunting site only sporadically visited by humans. During these occupation episodes …
Alternative Interpretations of the Middle/Upper Paleolithic Interface at Vindija Cave (Northwestern Croatia) in the Context of Central Europe and the Adriatic
A short research history of the Middle/Upper Paleolithic interface at Vindija Cave is presented. Alternative interpretations of this evidence are discussed from various perspectives (archaeological, paleoanthropological, and genetic) in the context of other continental and Mediterranean (Adriatic) sites. There are notable differences between the Middle/Upper Paleolithic at Vindija and the sites from the eastern Adriatic region. The lack of data f…
The Fate of the Neandertals
The fate of the Neandertals is the oldest debate in paleoanthropology and one of the longest, most contentious in science. Here I present my perspective on the biological distinction of Neandertals and their role in the emergence of modern people in Europe and the circum-Mediterranean. Neandertals were highly adapted to life in the cold, demanding realm of Europe during the later Pleistocene. This adaptation was strongly biological, and it came a…
Paleolithic hominins and settlement in Croatia from MIS 6 to MIS 3
The Neandertal remains from Krapina, northern Yugoslavia
The site of Krapina (Yugoslavia) has produced one of the largest and most valuable collections of Neandertal osteological remains ever discovered. Although much has been written concerning these remains, there is still some confusion regarding certain aspects of the material. Some portions of the collection have not been extensively studied. This paper presents the first complete inventory of the upper limb remains from Krapina. Included is a dis…
A fossil hominid frontal from Velika Pećina (Croatia) and a consideration of Upper Pleistocene hominids from Yugoslavia
Fossil hominid remains dating to the Upper Pleistocene in Yugoslavia are reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed on the assessment of a hominid frontal from the site of Velika Pećina in northwestern Croatia. This specimen represents the earliest absolutely‐dated hominid associated with the Upper Paleolithic in Europe. Also the hominid material from the site of Veternica is discussed, and data are presented on the new remains from Šandalja. It is …
Some Aspects of the Evolution of Early Hominid Sexual Dimorphism [and Comments and Reply]
This paper reviews the patterns of sexual dimorphism in the living higher primates and suggests criteria for sex determination in the australopithecines. Using the bimodal distribution for australopithecine canine breadths, sex determination for individual specimens is attempted. The pattern of sexual dimorphism in the australopithecines differs from that in other higher primates: posterior-tooth dimorphism, mandibular-corpus dimorphism, and prob…
Black Gospel
On the Application of Morphological "Dating" to the Hominid Fossil Record
This article considers the possible contribution of a modified concept of morphological "dating" to paleoanthropology. It is suggested that when a fossil specimen is discovered which does not "fit" morphologically with its supposed contemporaries, morphological dissimilarity should function to focus attention on the accuracy of its suggested antiquity. Examples from the Upper Pleistocene of Europe and North America illustrate that whenever such a…
Evolutionary significance of the mandibular foramen area in neandertals
An unusual morphology of the mandibular foramen area is described, and its incidence determined for several fossil and modern hominid skeletal samples. This morphology, designated the horizontal‐oval type mandibular foramen, is found in 46.2% of the 26 Neandertal foramina examined and in 23.1% of a European Upper Paleolithic sample of 13 foramina. In a total of 747 foramina from five modern skeletal samples, the highest incidence is 3.72%. Possib…
IV. The Fossil Record
IV. The Fossil Record
Evolution of the supraorbital region in Upper Pleistocene fossil hominids from South‐Central Europe
South‐Central European fossil hominids dated to the Upper Pleistocene exhibit a distinct morphological and metric continuum in supraorbital form from early Neandertal (Krapina), through late Neandertals (Vindija), to early Upper Paleolithic hominids. The supraorbital morphologies pertinent to this continuum are documented, and the alterations in size and morphology are discussed ralative to the function of supraorbital superstructures and their r…
Sexual differences in European Neanderthal crania with special reference to the Krapina remains
Upper Pleistocene Hominids From Vindija, Croatia, Yugoslavia
Upper pleistocene human remains from Vindija cave, Croatia, Yugoslavia
Human remains excavated from Vindija cave include a large although fragmentary sample of late Mousterian‐associated specimens and a few additional individuals from the overlying early Upper Paleolithic levels. The Mousterian‐associated sample is similar to European Neandertals from other regions. Compared with earlier Neandertals from south central Europe, this sample evinces evolutionary trends in the direction of Upper Paleolithic Europeans. Co…
The significance of Aleš Hrdlička's “Neanderthal phase of man”
Aleš Hrdlička's hypothesis on a Neandertal phase of human evolution is examined in light of current data and interpretations on Neandertals. Hrdlička's interpretations are related to his ideas regarding the peopling of the New World. A major early statement of Hrdlička's views on Neandertal was his Huxley Memorial Lecture of 1927. We assess this formulation and subsequent development of his hypothesis. Hrdlička's position is compared with the “pr…
Upper Pleistocene Hominid Evolution in South-Central Europe
South-Central Europe has yielded rather large and significant samples of archaic and early modern Homo sapiens dated to the Upper Pleistocene. These hominid samples have received proportionately little detailed consideration in discussions of the nature of the relationship between archaic and modern Homo sapiens in Europe. The First purpose of this paper is to review this material. The second purpose of this paper is to review this material. The …
Homo Erectus
Continuity and change in the origin of modern Homo sapiens
This paper presents a review of the hominid fossil record pertinent to the archaic/modern Homo sapiens transition in 5 regions of the Old World. In each individual region, the data are consi stent with a localized, independent derivation of modern//, sapiens from the preceding archaic sapi ens populations in that respective region. There is evidence of morphological continuity in all regions and in none is there unequivocal evidence for the tempo…
Additional upper pleistocene human remains from Vindija cave, Croatia, Yugoslavia
This report presents a morphological description of ten hominid skeletal fragments found at Vindija cave, northwestern Yugoslavia, in 1980‐1981. Eight of the specimens (seven cranial fragments and one complete hand proximal phalanx) were excavated from level G 3 , a stratum correlated to the Lower Würm stadial and containing Mousterian lithic elements. The salient morphological features of these new specimens are similar to those of previously de…
The Supraorbital Torus
The supraorbital torus is found only in some genera of the primate order. Because no muscles of consequence attach directly to it, it has been considered nonfunctional. However, invitro strain-gauge experiments demonstrate that when the anterior teeth are loaded, the supraorbital region acts as a bent beam, pulled downward on each end by masticatory muscle forces and pushed upward centrally by bite force. Clinical and experimental data indicate t…
Modern human origins
During the past decade or so, considerable new data pertinent to the origin of modern humans have come to light. Based on these new data and reinterpretation of older information, three models have been offered to explain the development of modern people. These models—Bräuer's Afro-European sapiens hypothesis, Stringer and Andrew's recent African evolution model, and Wolpoff, Wu, and Thorne's multiregional evolution model—have their roots in earl…
Frontal bone morphometrics of southwest Asian Pleistocene hominids
The Neandertals
The role of Eurasian Neandertals in modern human origins continues to be debated. The nature of the debate twenty-five years ago is compared to the nature of the debate today, and the changes and similarities in how Neandertals were then and are now viewed are discussed. Adaptive explanations for the existence of Neandertals and the origin of modern people are also reviewed. It is concluded that Neandertal morphology is likely the result of accel…
Human Population Relationships in the Late Pleistocene
The Excavations in Kebara Cave, Mt. Carmel [and Comments and Replies]
This paper summarizes the results of recent excavations (1982-90) at the Middle Paleolithic site of Kebara Cave. Work at the cave by earlier excavators is also discussed. Although analysis of the Kebara materials is still far from completed, an overview of the current stage of the investigations includes (1) a synthesis of the site's complex stratigraphy and dating; (2) a description of the spatial patterning of hearths, ash lenses, and bone and …
Theories of Modern Human Origins
Samples, Species, and Speculations in the Study of Modern Human Origins
Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology (53 works) · Archaeology (47 works) · Geography (41 works) · Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies (36 works) · Biology (34 works) · Archaeology and ancient environmental studies (32 works) · Paleontology (27 works) · Paleontology (27 works) · Geology (23 works) · History (23 works)