Jennifer Schwartz
Biographic Data
| ID | 76891 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Jennifer Schwartz |
| GIVEN NAMES | Jennifer |
| FAMILY NAME | Schwartz |
| SIGNATURE | SCHWARTZ J |
| AFFILIATIONS | Washington State University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-5091-3137 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 41 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 252 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 41 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1963 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 7 |
Social factors shape federal environmental crime prosecution patterns in the USA
Teaching with Inclusivity
Courses with enrollment of over 100 students pose particular accessibility and engagement challenges, especially for students struggling with health issues or work, family, and/or extracurricular obligations. When classes returned to campus after the pandemic, we adopted flexible pedagogical techniques in a Sociology of Sport class to alleviate some of these challenges. We retained online assignments, removed attendance requirements, and institut…
Has Postponed Entry into Adult Roles Modified U.S. Age-Crime Curves? Age-Arrest Patterns of Teens, Emerging Adults and Adult Age Groups, 1980–2019
Social changes in industrialized societies have prolonged adolescence, postponing entry into adult roles. We use U.S. age-arrest data to investigate whether this delay has contributed to higher crime rates among emerging adults, altering population age-arrest curves. We compare parameters for multiple offenses from 1980 to 2019 to answer: (1) Have there been recent shifts toward older, less adolescent-spiked curves; (2) If so, do emerging adults …
International and Historical Variation in the Age–Crime Curve
Our goals were to assess competing narratives within criminology about contextual variation in the age–crime curve (ACC)—most prominently, whether the ACC shows constancy or difference across societies and historically and whether the prevalence of adolescent lawbreaking is high, with a majority of teens committing crime, contributing to a steep peak followed by rapid, continuous descent among adjacent adult age groups. We analyzed historical and…
Good Old Boys From Good Old Families
In this paper, we draw upon 71 in‐depth interviews to explore an under‐researched aspect of the criminal–legal experience as it pertains to reproduction of inequality: interactions of symbolic resources including social and moral capital with criminal–legal trajectories in rural communities. We find that rural communities can provide significant support to residents when caught in legal transgressions, minimizing both trauma and long‐term impacts…
Rethinking the age-crime curve
Nepali Translation, Validity and Reliability Study of the Cohen-Hoberman Inventory of Physical Symptoms for Utilization With Bhutanese Refugees
The Nepali translated version of CHIPS showed strong validity and reliability for utilization in the Bhutanese refugee population and improves health access to outcome measurements for a vulnerable population
The Impact of Aqap’s Governing Structure on Foreign Fighter Civilian Victimization
What role does rebel governance play on the level of civilian casualties stemming from foreign fighters (FF)? I focus on the connection between rebel group governance and the amount of civilian victimization that FF conduct. I argue that inclusive governing structures can decrease the amount of disembeddedness that FF experience, which decreases their propensity for violence against civilians. To make my argument, I use a process tracing model to…
The Rebel Foreign Fighter Dataset
This article introduces the Rebel Foreign Fighter Dataset (RFFD) which can be used to expand research on civil war and foreign fighters (FFs). First, it largely expands the previously reported data on the number of FFs that have and continue to be involved in conflicts across the globe. Second, this database disaggregates FFs into the various rebel groups they inhabit as opposed to simply categorizing them as residing within a rebel movement. Thi…
The Fine Line
In this article, we provide an early glimpse into how the issues of public health and safety played out in the rural United States during the coronavirus pandemic, focusing on Washington State. We utilize a combination of news articles and press releases, sheriff's department Facebook posts, publicly available jail data, courtroom observations, in-depth interviews with those who have been held in rural jails, and interviews with rural law enforce…
The False Promise of Foreign Fighters
Why is there intra-rebel group variation in the amount of civilian victimization perpetrated during civil war? I focus on the connection between intra-rebel group distribution of foreign fighters and civilian victimization. I argue that cells within a rebel group that include more foreign fighters are going to be more likely to commit violence on civilians than cells that do not include foreign fighters. In order to make my argument, a most simil…
Indiana University School of Medicine
Medical Education Program Highlights Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM) is the largest MD-granting medical school in the United States, educating over 1,450 medical students across 9 statewide campuses. IUSM, established in 1903, has been a pioneer in regional medical education. Beginning with an expansion from Bloomington to Indianapolis in 1958, by 1971, IUSM expanded with 2-year campuses in South Bend, West Lafayette, Evansville, For…
How Hospital Leaders and Risk Managers Can Nurture Ethics-Driven Lawyering
How hospital lawyers assess legal risk in clinically and ethically complex cases can shape risk management operations, influence clinicians' morale, and affect the care patients receive. This article suggests that many disagreements, particularly those involving key ethical and legal questions arising from a patient's care, should launch a process that might include family meetings, early palliative care integration, and ethics consultation or co…
The criminalization of environmental harm
Over the past four decades, criminal, as opposed to civil or administrative, prosecutions have assumed an increasingly visible role in US environmental law enforcement. There is little understanding about the types of acts and defendants criminally prosecuted for pollution offenses in the United States or the sanctions received. In this paper, a unique dataset on virtually all federal criminal prosecutions of pollution-related offenses between 19…
County-Level Differences in Support for Recreational Cannabis on the Ballot
Cannabis is traversing an extraordinary journey from an illicit substance to a legal one, due in part to an unprecedented wave of bottom-up law reform through successful citizen ballot initiatives. Yet, even in states that have legalized recreational cannabis, there is substantial geographic variability in support of cannabis legalization. Geographic variability in voter support for cannabis legalization is impactful (e.g., county moratoriums/ban…
Compositional Theory of Urbanism
Compositional theories of urbanism assert that urban unconventionality and urban–rural differences are due mainly to the social characteristics (i.e., class, race/ethnicity, age) of city dwellers. The density and heterogeneity that define the urban environment do not affect how people relate to one another or cause people to deviate. In other words, there are no independent effects of city life on people's behaviors
The Klein-Winnicott Dialectic
Female Violence and Gender Gap Trends in Taiwan
Two long-standing explanations of converging violence gender gap trends in the United States are net-widening enforcement and offender-behavioral changes. We examine these explanations in an Asian context, democratic Taiwan. We use sex-specific arrests, conviction, and imprisonment statistics for violent offenses, 1989 to 2012, to identify whether Taiwanese gender gaps are converging across the criminal justice system. This study did not identify…
Criminal Justice at the Crossroads
An examination of exposure and avoidance behavior related to second-hand cigarette smoke among adolescent girls in Canada
Despite historically low smoking rates, many adolescent girls continue to report regular SHS exposure in multiple locations in British Columbia. Girls with the most frequent exposure were significantly less likely to report habitual avoidance behavior related to SHS compared to those less frequently exposed. This study elucidates settings of high SHS exposure among adolescent girls that could be targeted in future policy interventions. Additional…
Thirty Years of Sex Stratification in Violent Crime Partnerships and Groups
Historically, crime groups rarely included women, but debates continue over whether women today are more violent, or have greater involvement in mixed-sex or all-female crime partnerships. We analyze variability in sex stratification of violent crime groups over time, and across situational offense characteristics, utilizing co-offending data from Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR; 1980-2007) for homicide and National Incident-Based Reporting S…
Sex and World Peace
Gender and Twenty-First-Century Corporate Crime
We extend the scarce research on corporate crime to include gender by developing and testing a gendered focal concerns and crime opportunities framework that predicts minimal and marginal female involvement in corporate criminal networks. Lacking centralized information, we developed a rich database covering 83 corporate frauds involving 436 defendants. We extracted information from indictments and secondary sources on corporate conspiracy networ…
A "New" Female Offender or Increasing Social Control of Women's Behavior? Cross-National Evidence
Influence of Patients' Coronary Artery Calcium on Subsequent Medication Use Patterns
This study suggests that physicians' prescribing practices are influenced by patients' CAC scores obtained via CT
An Assessment of Recent Trends in Girls' Violence Using Diverse Longitudinal Sources
Applying Dickey-Fuller time series techniques in tandem with intuitive plot-displays, we examine recent trends in girls' violence and the gender gap as reported in four major sources of longitudinal data on youth violence. These sources are arrest statistics of the Uniform Crime Reports, victimization data of the National Crime Victimization Survey (where the victim identifies sex of offender) and self-reported violent behavior of Monitoring the …
Gender and Twenty-First-Century Corporate Crime
We extend the scarce research on corporate crime to include gender by developing and testing a gendered focal concerns and crime opportunities framework that predicts minimal and marginal female involvement in corporate criminal networks. Lacking centralized information, we developed a rich database covering 83 corporate frauds involving 436 defendants. We extracted information from indictments and secondary sources on corporate conspiracy networ…
Trends in the Gender Gap in Violence
Gender Gap Trends for Violent Crimes, 1980 to 2003
The authors examine 1980 to 2003 trends in female-to-male interpersonal violence reported in Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) arrest statistics and National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) victimization data. Augmented Dickey-Fuller time-series techniques and intuitive plot displays show much overlap yet differences in each source’s portrayal of trends in female violence levels and the gender gap. Both sources show little or no change in the gender …
Effects of Diverse Forms of Family Structure on Female and Male Homicide
Utilizing 2000 data on 1,618 counties and seemingly unrelated regression, I assess whether family structure effects on homicide vary across family structure measures and gender. There is evidence of robust, multidimensional family structure effects across constructs reflecting the presence of two-parent families: mother/father absence, shortages of employed men, and nonmarital/teen childbearing. Findings indicate mainly gender similarity in famil…
Assessing Trends in Women's Violence via Data Triangulation
Constructionist theories suggest the national rise in female violence arrests may be policy-generated because arrest statistics are produced by violent behavior and changing official responses (e.g., net-widening enforcement policies). Normative theories attribute the rise to female behavior changes (e.g., in response to increased freedoms or hardships). We examine whether any narrowing of the arrest gender gap is borne out across offense types o…
The Narrowing Gender Gap in Arrests
We evaluate two alternative explanations for the converging gender gap in arrest—changes in women's behavior versus changes in mechanisms of social control. Using the offense of drunk driving and three methodologically diverse data sets, we explore trends in the DUI gender gap. We probe for change across various age groups and across measures tapping DUI prevalence and chronicity. Augmented Dickey‐Fuller time‐series techniques are used to assess …
A "New" Female Offender or Increasing Social Control of Women's Behavior? Cross-National Evidence
Stability and Change in Female and Male Violence across Rural and Urban Counties, 1981-2006
Two durable criminological patterns have been higher violence rates in urban compared to rural areas and by males compared to females. To derive and evaluate hypotheses related to correspondence across place and sex groups in changes in violence trends, we draw on a spatial-inequality perspective that attends to the geographic distribution of inequalities at the subnational scale, as well as to recent extensions of social-disorganization theory t…
The criminalization of environmental harm
Over the past four decades, criminal, as opposed to civil or administrative, prosecutions have assumed an increasingly visible role in US environmental law enforcement. There is little understanding about the types of acts and defendants criminally prosecuted for pollution offenses in the United States or the sanctions received. In this paper, a unique dataset on virtually all federal criminal prosecutions of pollution-related offenses between 19…
Thirty Years of Sex Stratification in Violent Crime Partnerships and Groups
Historically, crime groups rarely included women, but debates continue over whether women today are more violent, or have greater involvement in mixed-sex or all-female crime partnerships. We analyze variability in sex stratification of violent crime groups over time, and across situational offense characteristics, utilizing co-offending data from Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR; 1980-2007) for homicide and National Incident-Based Reporting S…
County-Level Differences in Support for Recreational Cannabis on the Ballot
Cannabis is traversing an extraordinary journey from an illicit substance to a legal one, due in part to an unprecedented wave of bottom-up law reform through successful citizen ballot initiatives. Yet, even in states that have legalized recreational cannabis, there is substantial geographic variability in support of cannabis legalization. Geographic variability in voter support for cannabis legalization is impactful (e.g., county moratoriums/ban…
Exploring Gender-Specific Trends in Underage Drinking Across Adolescent Age Groups and Measures of Drinking
Effects of Two Sources of Male Capital on Female and Male Rates of Violence
Drawing on recent advances in community-ecological research, emerging scholarship within family sociology on the importance of men, and current research on gender stratification, this article lays out a theoretical framework and offers evidence of the importance of two forms of male capital, men in families and old heads, for lessening female and male violence rates across communities. Using arrest and ecological data from more than 1,600 countie…
International and Historical Variation in the Age–Crime Curve
Our goals were to assess competing narratives within criminology about contextual variation in the age–crime curve (ACC)—most prominently, whether the ACC shows constancy or difference across societies and historically and whether the prevalence of adolescent lawbreaking is high, with a majority of teens committing crime, contributing to a steep peak followed by rapid, continuous descent among adjacent adult age groups. We analyzed historical and…
The Fine Line
In this article, we provide an early glimpse into how the issues of public health and safety played out in the rural United States during the coronavirus pandemic, focusing on Washington State. We utilize a combination of news articles and press releases, sheriff's department Facebook posts, publicly available jail data, courtroom observations, in-depth interviews with those who have been held in rural jails, and interviews with rural law enforce…
Framing Power
Despite political representation remaining below Latinos’ share of the population, no research has solely compared news coverage between Latino candidates and non-Latino candidates. This study content analyzed 815 newspaper photographs and 608 photograph-associated headlines of Latino candidates and non-Latino candidates in 14 newspapers during the last 2 months of 4 statewide elections between 2003 and 2008 in the U.S. Southwest. Overall, newspa…
Content of Advance Directives for Individuals With Advanced Dementia
For advance directives to better reflect a person's wishes, discussions with individuals and families about advance directives should include a range of care issues in the settings of terminal illness, persistent vegetative state or end-stage illness. These documents should be reviewed periodically to make certain that they convey accurately the person's treatment preferences
In Search of a Dependent Variable
In a previous Criminology article, Avakame (1998) applies hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) techniques to Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR) to disentangle individual‐ and aggregate‐level factors associated with offending. A close reading of his analysis reveals serious flaws in the dependent variable, which renders the results meaningless. Although it is ambiguous whether Avakame intended to model homicide “risk” or “frequency,” either is pro…
Men's Clothing and the Negro
The My Lai Massacre and Its Cover-up
Prelude to Disaster. The American Role in Vietnam, 1940-1963
The Political Trial of Anne Hutchinson
In Search of a Dependent Variable
In a previous Criminology article, Avakame (1998) applies hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) techniques to Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR) to disentangle individual‐ and aggregate‐level factors associated with offending. A close reading of his analysis reveals serious flaws in the dependent variable, which renders the results meaningless. Although it is ambiguous whether Avakame intended to model homicide “risk” or “frequency,” either is pro…
Gender Gap Trends for Violent Crimes, 1980 to 2003
The authors examine 1980 to 2003 trends in female-to-male interpersonal violence reported in Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) arrest statistics and National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) victimization data. Augmented Dickey-Fuller time-series techniques and intuitive plot displays show much overlap yet differences in each source’s portrayal of trends in female violence levels and the gender gap. Both sources show little or no change in the gender …
An Assessment of Recent Trends in Girls' Violence Using Diverse Longitudinal Sources
Applying Dickey-Fuller time series techniques in tandem with intuitive plot-displays, we examine recent trends in girls' violence and the gender gap as reported in four major sources of longitudinal data on youth violence. These sources are arrest statistics of the Uniform Crime Reports, victimization data of the National Crime Victimization Survey (where the victim identifies sex of offender) and self-reported violent behavior of Monitoring the …
Effects of Diverse Forms of Family Structure on Female and Male Homicide
Utilizing 2000 data on 1,618 counties and seemingly unrelated regression, I assess whether family structure effects on homicide vary across family structure measures and gender. There is evidence of robust, multidimensional family structure effects across constructs reflecting the presence of two-parent families: mother/father absence, shortages of employed men, and nonmarital/teen childbearing. Findings indicate mainly gender similarity in famil…
Content of Advance Directives for Individuals With Advanced Dementia
For advance directives to better reflect a person's wishes, discussions with individuals and families about advance directives should include a range of care issues in the settings of terminal illness, persistent vegetative state or end-stage illness. These documents should be reviewed periodically to make certain that they convey accurately the person's treatment preferences
The Narrowing Gender Gap in Arrests
We evaluate two alternative explanations for the converging gender gap in arrest—changes in women's behavior versus changes in mechanisms of social control. Using the offense of drunk driving and three methodologically diverse data sets, we explore trends in the DUI gender gap. We probe for change across various age groups and across measures tapping DUI prevalence and chronicity. Augmented Dickey‐Fuller time‐series techniques are used to assess …
Effects of Two Sources of Male Capital on Female and Male Rates of Violence
Drawing on recent advances in community-ecological research, emerging scholarship within family sociology on the importance of men, and current research on gender stratification, this article lays out a theoretical framework and offers evidence of the importance of two forms of male capital, men in families and old heads, for lessening female and male violence rates across communities. Using arrest and ecological data from more than 1,600 countie…
Trends in the Gender Gap in Violence
Assessing Trends in Women's Violence via Data Triangulation
Constructionist theories suggest the national rise in female violence arrests may be policy-generated because arrest statistics are produced by violent behavior and changing official responses (e.g., net-widening enforcement policies). Normative theories attribute the rise to female behavior changes (e.g., in response to increased freedoms or hardships). We examine whether any narrowing of the arrest gender gap is borne out across offense types o…
Exploring Gender-Specific Trends in Underage Drinking Across Adolescent Age Groups and Measures of Drinking
Stability and Change in Female and Male Violence across Rural and Urban Counties, 1981-2006
Two durable criminological patterns have been higher violence rates in urban compared to rural areas and by males compared to females. To derive and evaluate hypotheses related to correspondence across place and sex groups in changes in violence trends, we draw on a spatial-inequality perspective that attends to the geographic distribution of inequalities at the subnational scale, as well as to recent extensions of social-disorganization theory t…
Framing Power
Despite political representation remaining below Latinos’ share of the population, no research has solely compared news coverage between Latino candidates and non-Latino candidates. This study content analyzed 815 newspaper photographs and 608 photograph-associated headlines of Latino candidates and non-Latino candidates in 14 newspapers during the last 2 months of 4 statewide elections between 2003 and 2008 in the U.S. Southwest. Overall, newspa…
Influence of Patients' Coronary Artery Calcium on Subsequent Medication Use Patterns
This study suggests that physicians' prescribing practices are influenced by patients' CAC scores obtained via CT
Gender and Twenty-First-Century Corporate Crime
We extend the scarce research on corporate crime to include gender by developing and testing a gendered focal concerns and crime opportunities framework that predicts minimal and marginal female involvement in corporate criminal networks. Lacking centralized information, we developed a rich database covering 83 corporate frauds involving 436 defendants. We extracted information from indictments and secondary sources on corporate conspiracy networ…
A "New" Female Offender or Increasing Social Control of Women's Behavior? Cross-National Evidence
An examination of exposure and avoidance behavior related to second-hand cigarette smoke among adolescent girls in Canada
Despite historically low smoking rates, many adolescent girls continue to report regular SHS exposure in multiple locations in British Columbia. Girls with the most frequent exposure were significantly less likely to report habitual avoidance behavior related to SHS compared to those less frequently exposed. This study elucidates settings of high SHS exposure among adolescent girls that could be targeted in future policy interventions. Additional…
Thirty Years of Sex Stratification in Violent Crime Partnerships and Groups
Historically, crime groups rarely included women, but debates continue over whether women today are more violent, or have greater involvement in mixed-sex or all-female crime partnerships. We analyze variability in sex stratification of violent crime groups over time, and across situational offense characteristics, utilizing co-offending data from Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR; 1980-2007) for homicide and National Incident-Based Reporting S…
Sex and World Peace
The Klein-Winnicott Dialectic
Female Violence and Gender Gap Trends in Taiwan
Two long-standing explanations of converging violence gender gap trends in the United States are net-widening enforcement and offender-behavioral changes. We examine these explanations in an Asian context, democratic Taiwan. We use sex-specific arrests, conviction, and imprisonment statistics for violent offenses, 1989 to 2012, to identify whether Taiwanese gender gaps are converging across the criminal justice system. This study did not identify…
Criminal Justice at the Crossroads
Political science (24 works) · Psychology (22 works) · Criminology (19 works) · Medicine (18 works) · Law (15 works) · Sociology (15 works) · Crime Patterns and Interventions (13 works) · Law (11 works) · Poison control (11 works) · Social Psychology (10 works)